Wildfire smoke impacts lake ecosystems

Wildfire activity is increasing globally. The resulting smoke plumes can travel hundreds to thousands of kilometers, reflecting or scattering sunlight and depositing particles within ecosystems. Several key physical, chemical, and biological processes in lakes are controlled by factors affected by smoke. The spatial and temporal scales of lake exposure to smoke are extensive and under-recognized. We introduce the concept of the lake smoke-day, or the number of days any given lake is exposed to smoke in any given fire season, and quantify the total lake smoke-day exposure in North America from 2019 to 2021. Because smoke can be transported at continental to intercontinental scales, even regions that may not typically experience direct burning of landscapes by wildfire are at risk of smoke exposure. We found that 99.3% of North America was covered by smoke, affecting a total of 1,333,687 lakes ≥10 ha. An incredible 98.9% of lakes experienced at least 10 smoke-days a year, with 89.6% of lakes receiving over 30 lake smoke-days, and lakes in some regions experiencing up to 4 months of cumulative smoke-days. Herein we review the mechanisms through which smoke and ash can affect lakes by altering the amount and spectral composition of incoming solar radiation and depositing carbon, nutrients, or toxic compounds that could alter chemical conditions and impact biota. We develop a conceptual framework that synthesizes known and theoretical impacts of smoke on lakes to guide future research. Finally, we identify emerging research priorities that can help us better understand how lakes will be affected by smoke as wildfire activity increases due to climate change and other anthropogenic activities.

Fil: Farruggia, Mary Jade. University of California at Davis; Estados Unidos

Fil: Brahney, Janice. State University of Utah; Estados Unidos

Fil: Tanentzap, Andrew J.. University of Cambridge; Reino Unido. Trent University (trent University);

Fil: Brentrup, Jennifer A.. Minnesota Pollution Control Agency; Estados Unidos

Fil: Brighenti, Ludmila S.. Universidade Do Estado de Minas Gerais; Brasil

Fil: Chandra, Sudeep. University of Nevada; Argentina

Fil: Cortés, Alicia. University of California at Davis; Estados Unidos

Fil: Fernandez, Rocio Luz. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina

Fil: Fischer, Janet M.. Franklin And Marshall College; Estados Unidos

Fil: Forrest, Alexander L.. University of California at Davis; Estados Unidos

Fil: Jin, Yufang. University of California at Davis; Estados Unidos

Fil: Larrieu, Kenneth. University of California at Davis; Estados Unidos

Fil: McCullough, Ian M.. Michigan State University; Estados Unidos

Fil: Oleksy, Isabella A.. State University of Colorado at Boulder; Estados Unidos

Fil: Pilla, Rachel M.. Oak Ridge National Laboratory; Estados Unidos

Fil: Rusak, James A.. Queens University. Department Of Biology; Canadá

Fil: Scordo, Facundo. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Geografía y Turismo; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Bahía Blanca. Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía; Argentina

Fil: Smits, Adrianne P.. University of California at Davis; Estados Unidos

Fil: Symons, Celia C.. University of California at Irvine; Estados Unidos

Fil: Tang, Minmeng. University of California at Davis; Estados Unidos

Fil: Woodman, Samuel G.. University of Cambridge; Reino Unido

Fil: Sadro, Steven. University of California at Davis; Estados Unidos