Age-Dependent Climate Sensitivity of Korean Pine (Pinus koraiensis) in the Southern Sikhote-Alin Mountains

Global climate change is driving profound transformations in forest ecosystems, particularly in monsoon-influenced regions of the Pacific coast of Asia, such as the Sikhote-Alin Mountains. Long-lived conifer species, notably Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis Siebold &amp: Zucc.), play a central ecological role in mixed broadleaf&ndash:coniferous forests of the region. We examined how the radial growth response of Korean pine to climatic variability changes with tree age and ontogenetic stage, using 191 increment cores from trees ranging from early virginile to old generative stages. We employed two approaches: (i) a stage-based analysis, constructing tree-ring chronologies for each ontogenetic stage: (ii) an individual-tree analysis, applying correlation and regression directly to individual ring-width series. Climate&ndash:growth relationships were assessed using monthly temperature, precipitation, and drought indices (PDSI, SPEI). For the stage-based approach, radial growth was positively correlated with the mean August temperature of the previous year (up to r = 0.61), minimum November temperature (up to r = 0.50), and summer drought indices (up to r = 0.57). Age-related trends in climate sensitivity, assessed from regression models under both approaches, were significant for 9 of the 18 monthly climate variables examined. For stage-specific chronologies, simple regressions across six ontogenetic stages described up to 98% of the variance, whereas cambial-age-based relationships were much weaker (R2 = 0.03&ndash:0.14). These findings highlight the importance of accounting for ontogenetic structure in dendroclimatic analyses and climate reconstructions. Such insights are critical for understanding long-term forest dynamics and informing climate adaptation strategies in Korean pine-dominated ecosystems.