Global insights on spatial and temporal assessments of biodiversity and ecosystem services in sustainable agriculture: implications for Brazil.

Agriculture is essential for providing basic resources such as food and biomass, but it is often in conflict with other ecosystem services (ES) and biodiversity. Especially in Brazil, the divergence between biodiversity and intensive production is high. Adapted land use planning is needed to support decision-making for more sustainable and eco-friendly agriculture to halt the loss of biodiversity and ecosystem services (BES) in Brazil. The number of papers that analyzed the spatial and temporal relationship between agriculture and BES at the landscape level in Brazil is still low. Therefore, a systematic Literature review of peer-reviewed papers in English from 2010 to 2023 has been conducted. More than 2,300 peer-reviewed papers were initially identified and 153 papers were finally selected. The highest number of case studies was conducted in China (25 case studies). In Brazil, 9 case studies were identified. In total, provisioning ES were assessed in 136 papers (89%), regulating ES were analyzed in 144 papers (94%) and cultural ES were included in 85 papers (56%). Almost 50% of the analyzed papers used the concept of trade-offs and synergies in their BES mapping approach. ES trade-offs were often combined with other conceptual aims, e.g., the analysis of past and current spatial and/or temporal ES changes, the analysis of ES hotspots or ES scenarios. Trade-off analyses are also and especially important for Brazil due to the extreme contrasts – especially between agricultural expansion and growth and the conservation of BES. More and nuanced trade-off analyses between different BES but also of BES and different policy demands will better balance decision-making.

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