Assessment of fire and explosion hazards in large-scale battery energy storage systems intended for Namibian green hydrogen projects

A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Renewable Energy

The integration of large-scale battery energy storage systems (BESS) is a pivotal component in advancing Namibian green hydrogen projects, aimed to promote sustainable energy solutions. But there are serious fire and explosion risks associated with the use of Battery Energy Storage Systems, particularly those that use lithium-ion technology. These risks are intensified by the chemical instability of lithium-ion cells and operational challenges associated with large-scale systems. This research investigates the specific risks and failure modes associated with BESS, aiming to provide safety solutions and guidelines for their broader application in renewable energy projects. The study begins with a comprehensive literature review, identifying the primary causes of fires/explosions in lithium-ion batteries, leading to thermal runaway, like electrical faults, and mechanical damage. It also examines various battery chemistries and their respective safety profiles, alongside an analysis of global case studies to draw lessons for Namibia. Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) and statistical tests were employed to pinpoint critical failure mechanisms, with emphasis on factors such as system design, battery age, and operational states during failure events. The study creates a thorough risk assessment model that emphasizes the risks that come with large-scale battery energy storage (BESS). This model evaluates critical factors such as thermal runaway, mechanical stress, and system design. Additionally, study explores potential mitigation strategies, including advanced battery management systems, robust fire suppression mechanisms, and the use of alternative battery technologies to improve overall system safety. By addressing the inadequate safety guidelines, deficiencies in Battery Management Systems (BMS), and failure mode analysis in various operational states, this study provides critical insights and recommendations for enhancing the safety protocols and the regulatory framework for BESS in Namibia’s Green Hydrogen projects. The findings aim to contribute to the safe and efficient deployment of BESS, thereby supporting Namibia’s transition to a sustainable energy future