Tree Ferns Augment Native Plant Richness and Influence Composition in Urban Plant Communities

Tree ferns are ubiquitous in New Zealand forests, but there is limited knowledge of their role in urban plant communities and potential use in restoration. We assessed sixteen sites by measuring 200 m2 plots to investigate how tree ferns influence vascular plant composition in Hamilton, North Island, New Zealand. The sixteen plots were assigned to four site type combinations based on restoration status (restored or unrestored) and tree fern presence, each with four plots. Average native plant species richness was higher at sites with tree ferns (36 &plusmn: 16: S = 68) than at sites without (19 &plusmn: 14: S = 41), with more diverse ground fern and epiphyte assemblages. Higher native plant richness at restored sites (34 &plusmn: 18: S = 62) compared to unrestored sites (20 &plusmn: 14, S = 44) was partially attributed to increased plant abundances. Multivariate analyses revealed differences in plant community composition among our site types. Angiosperms and conifers were less prevalent in plots with tree ferns, suggesting competitive relationships among these groups. However, tree ferns were associated with some shade-tolerant trees, such as Schefflera digitata J.R.Forst. &amp: G.Forst. Indicator species of sites with tree ferns were mainly ground ferns and epiphytes (e.g., Blechnum parrisiae Christenh. and Trichomanes venosum R.Br.), whereas species with high fidelity to sites without tree ferns were pioneer trees and shrubs (e.g., Pittosporum eugenioides A.Cunn.). Community structure analyses revealed that total basal areas were highest at unrestored sites with tree ferns, but restored sites exhibited more diverse tree communities. Environmental predictors that correlated significantly with the compositional differences among our site types were tree fern basal area and restoration age. Our results highlight the need to reconsider the potential of tree ferns in current restoration practice. Tree ferns were found to augment native plant diversity in our study, indicating their potential to enhance urban ecological restoration projects in New Zealand.