Antibacterial, Antifungal, and Wound-Healing Activities and Chemical Characterization of Propolis from Apis mellifera in Michoacan, Mexico
2025
Ana Bertha Hernandez-Hernandez | Mario Rodriguez-Canales | Pilar Dominguez-Verano | Uriel Nava-Solis | Marco Aurelio Rodriguez-Monroy | María Margarita Canales-Martinez
The aim of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial and antifungal activities, wound-healing efficacy, and chemical characteristics of hexanic, chloroformic, and methanolic extracts of propolis from Michoacan, Mexico. Antibacterial activity was determined using Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, antifungal activity was determined using yeast and filamentous fungi and wound-healing efficacy was determined using the tensiometric and histological methods in mouse skin. Antioxidant capacity, phenols, and total flavonoids were quantified. Propolis was subjected to high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC-DAD), high-performance liquid chromatography&ndash:mass spectrometry (HPLC-TOF-MS), and gas chromatography&ndash:mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The methanolic extract showed the best antibacterial activity, and the most sensitive bacteria was Staphylococcus aureus. For antifungal activity, yeasts and filamentous fungi showed sensitivity to the methanolic extract, with Candida albicans and Trichophyton mentagrophytes being the strains with the highest sensitivity to the extract. Regarding wound-healing efficacy, when using the tensiometric method, the methanolic extract presented the highest efficacy, surpassing the positive control (Recoveron). In the histological evaluation, the methanolic extract provided more resistance to the wound and demonstrated an antioxidant capacity of 12.23 µ:g/mL, a total phenolic content of 580 mg GAE/g, and a total flavonoid content of 12.35 mg QE/g. In the chemical analysis, flavanols, flavones, and flavanones were identified.
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