Polyphenolic Compounds and Therapeutic Potential of Sumac (Rhus coriaria L.): A Comprehensive Review
2025
Muhammet Ali Gündeşli
Sumac (Rhus coriaria L.), a member of the Anacardiaceae family, is a medicinal and aromatic plant historically known for its use both as a culinary spice and in traditional medicine. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the phytochemical composition of sumac, with a particular emphasis on its polyphenolic compounds and their associated therapeutic effects. The fruits and leaves of Rhus coriaria contain various phenolic acids such as gallic acid, ellagic acid, caffeic acid, and chlorogenic acid; flavonoids including quercetin, rutin, kaempferol, luteolin, and apigenin; as well as anthocyanins such as cyanidin, delphinidin, and peonidin. Other significant phytochemical groups include gallotannins, ellagitannins, volatile compounds, organic acids, sugars, polysaccharides, sterols, and vitamins. These constituents exhibit a wide range of pharmacological effects, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anticancer, antidiabetic, neuroprotective, anti-ischemic, and gastroprotective activities. The polyphenols exert these effects through biological mechanisms such as free radical scavenging, enzyme inhibition, DNA protection, and modulation of cellular signaling pathways. Furthermore, the sterols and vitamins found in sumac contribute to immune system support, lipid profile regulation, and cardiovascular protection. Numerous in vitro, in vivo, and preclinical studies have demonstrated the efficacy of these compounds. Thus, Rhus coriaria should be considered not only for its traditional uses but also as a promising natural resource in modern functional food development and phytotherapy.
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