The Mechanism by Which Jobs–Housing Mismatch Affects Urban Land Resource Allocation Efficiency Under External Shocks: An Excess Commuting Perspective

Excess commuting reflects the inefficiency of urban land resource allocation, generating additional greenhouse gas emissions and social costs, and has therefore become a central concern in the pursuit of sustainable cities. While exogenous shocks inevitably alter the efficiency of land resource allocation, it remains unclear how such shocks affect overall urban efficiency. To address this gap, this paper proposes a generalized framework for measuring excess commuting that accounts for imbalances between the numbers of jobs and residences. Drawing on mobile signaling big data, we trace the daily commuting patterns of more than 900,000 residents in Beijing, comparing the pre-pandemic period (March&ndash:October 2019) with the pandemic period (March&ndash:October 2020). The results show that: (1) Excess commuting increased significantly after the outbreak of COVID-19, with the observed average commuting distance (Tact) of the full sample rising from 6267 m to 10,058 m (an increase of 59%), indicating a decline in urban land resource allocation efficiency: (2) A more pronounced center-periphery pattern emerged at the metropolitan scale: the average Jobs&ndash:Housing Ratio (JHR) increased from 1.08 to 1.11, and its standard deviation rose from 0.54 to 0.70, with the JHR of central urban areas decreasing by 3% and that of suburban areas increasing by 20%&mdash:suggesting a marked increase in commuting distances: (3) Heterogeneous impacts were observed across age groups: the Difference-in-Differences (DID) regression confirmed a significant negative interaction term (Group &times: COVID-19 = &minus:0.2991 **, p &lt: 0.05), indicating that older adults experienced a greater increase in commuting inefficiency than younger adults. These findings reveal the dynamic mechanisms linking exogenous shocks, jobs&ndash:housing mismatch, and urban land resource allocation efficiency and provide policy implications for improving spatial resource allocation in the post-pandemic era.