Relevance The main diseases that affect cabbage crops during the growing season are bacterioses, alternariosis, fusarium and others. Despite the success of breeding to create resistant varieties and hybrids in some years, there is a massive disease defeat of cabbage. Therefore, preventive measures aimed at reducing the level of cabbage diseases are of paramount importance. In recent years, in connection with the development of agricultural biotechnology for the prevention of cabbage diseases, biologics have been proposed based on the products of bacterial metabolism: antibiotics, enzymes, phytohormones, vitamins, etc. Methods In the Laboratory of Cole Crop Breeding and Seed Production of the Federal Scientific Vegetable Center in 2017-2018 conducted tests of biofungicides. The article presents the results of tests of biofungicides BisolbiSana and BisolbiFita to protect cabbage from diseases. Results The biological effectiveness of pre-sowing treatment of seeds and vegetative plants with biofungicides against cabbage altenariosis was 53.3-57.1%, against bacterial mucosa 40.2-47.8% depending on the variety (hybrid). Plant yield increased by 7-8.5%.

Over the years, breeders around the world have made significant changes to the architecture of plants of vegetable pea varieties. The changes made were aimed at increasing, first of all, the yield. New varieties should have an optimal combination of plant height, the number of productive nodes and increased resistance to lodging. Having achieved certain results, breeders find ways to improve the culture, further improving its economically valuable features. The article highlights the priority directions in the selection of vegetable peas in the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution «Federal Scientific Vegetable Center»(FSBSI FSVC), which are directly related to modern market requirements, and considers the specific factors encountered in breeding work, in the production sector and seed practice. Within the framework of import substitution and the achievement of food security of the country, the scientists of the center are intensively working to create new generation varieties: highly productive (by increasing the number of beans at the node and the number of seeds in the bean), suitable for mechanized harvesting (by obtaining appropriate morphotypes with increased stem strength or modified leaf shape) and with high quality indicators of green peas. There is also a constant selection for resistance to abiotic and biotic environmental factors that have been changing in recent years, both in the country and around the world. The article presents the main achievements obtained thanks to the experience and knowledge of the leading breeders of the center, specialists in seed production and production, as well as specialists in the field of plant immunity. Thus, selectively valuable forms with high productivity (up to 30 beans and more than 150 seeds per plant) were obtained, a variety with high resistance to lodging due to the strength of the stem was obtained. Work is underway to create varieties with high quality green peas and resistant to biotic and abiotic stresses.

Relevance. Vegetable beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) – a valuable high-protein culture, which has multilateral use in the national economy, is recommended for dietary nutrition. The protein content in green beans and seeds varies from 18 to 30%, which in terms of amino acid composition is at the level of protein in milk and meat.The aim of the research is to create a new indeterminate medium-late resistant to major diseases varieties for farms growing that provide fresh produce (green beans) with a long fruiting period, without fiber and parchment in the leaflets of the green bean.Methods. Studies were carried out from 2008 to 2018 on breeding fields of the Federal Scientific Vegetable Center (Moscow Region, Odintsovo District). Scientific work was started in 2013 with an individual selection from collection sample No. 90K (Republic of Crimea). Since 2015, the constant form was propagated with a two-year test of offspring. All the necessary phenological, biometric and phytopathological observations and counts were performed according to the methods generally accepted for this culture.Results. The article presents data on a new variety of vegetable beans Malume of indeterminate (curly) type of growth. As a result of competitive variety testing in the conditions of the Central Non-chernozem Zone since 2018 to 2019, against a natural infectious background, the new variety significantly exceeded the Fatima standard for the yield of green beans and seeds, was characterized by a high content of mono-, the amount of sugars, starch, and was resistant to major diseases. At the end of 2019 year transferred to the State Variety Test.

Relevance.Tomato hybrids of the "beef" type are a commodity group characterized by fruits whose mass exceeds 220-240 g. The fruits of this group are distinguished by an attractive aligned shape and color, large size and are in constant demand among consumers. In the assortment of supermarkets and markets, the share of "beef" tomatoes is 10-20% of the total volume. Methods.The results of studying the characteristics of tomato hybrids allowed us to identify the most valuable characteristics for selection in the selection of "beef" tomatoes. Traditionally, we select donor lines for the signs "fruit weight from 200 g and above", "high yield", "disease resistance". For hybrids of professional use, we also evaluate such characteristics as" fruit density", "high uniformity", "ability to form fruits with high uniformity and marketability throughout the growing season". For hybrids and varieties for the hobby market, the most important characteristics are "High taste qualities", "aroma", "high dry matter content". Results. As a result of selections based on these characteristics, such hybrids as Rumyani shar F1, Korallovy rif F1 (which are in demand not only in our country, but also in other countries), Katarina F1 were created.

Relevance. The development of a system of molecular markers that allows identifying the genetic determinants of resistance to pathogens, as well as the typing of alleles involved in the regulation of anthocyanin accumulation, is the most important condition for increasing the efficiency of the breeding process aimed at enhancing the resistance of cultivated crops to biotic and abiotic stresses.Methodology. The work involved molecular genetic methods of DNA isolation, PCR analysis, restriction, and evaluation of amplification and restriction products in agarose or polyacrylamide gels. The material used included the diverse collections of Solanum lycopersicum and Capsicum annuum, as well as the specimens of closely related wild species.Results. The paper evaluates the effectiveness of 25 molecular markers presented in the literature associated with resistance to tomato and pepper diseases caused by fungal, bacterial, viral pathogens, as well as nematodes. Markers to the alleles of MYB transcription factor genes associated with the regulation of anthocyanin accumulation in tomato (SlMyb12, Anthocyanin1, Anthocyanin2, An-2-like and Atroviolacium) and pepper (Myb113-like1, Myb113-like2 and ETC3-2), recommended for the breeding process aimed at increasing resistance to stressful biotic and abiotic environmental factors, are presented.

Relevance. Potatoes are one of the most popular agricultural crops in Russia. The unique chemical composition characterizes potatoes as a valuable food product in the diet of the population. One of the important factors for increasing and stable potato yields is the selection of the optimal assortment for each region of the Russian Federation. Therefore, the varieties most adapted to local growing conditions should be used in production. The world potato collection allows solving various issues of modern breeding, such as: early maturity, resistance of tubers to various diseases, seed quality, adaptation to climatic stresses, history and systematics. The study and evaluation of new potato breeding varieties makes it possible to identify promising source material for the creation of future varieties suitable for cultivation in the northern regions of the country.The purpose of this study is to characterize the studied potato samples in extreme climate conditions.Material and methodology. In 2013-2023, 543 potato samples from the World Collection of VIR were studied at the experimental field of the Polar Experimental Station VIR branch according to the main biological and economically valuable characteristics. For a comprehensive assessment of the varieties according to the main economic and biological characteristics, phenological observations were carried out, the harvest was taken into account during early and final harvesting, including the structure of the crop. Visual assessment of diseases was carried out in the field and during storage. Starch was determined in the laboratory. All basic accounting is performed according to the VIR methodology.Results and discussion. Over the years, 15 potato varieties with the best characteristics of economically valuable traits have been identified. According to the results of the final harvest, 6 varieties had a stable harvest – Favorit, Meteor, Tekes, Severny, Gusar, Lingonberry. The yield of these varieties was 1034-1409 g/bush.

Golden potato nematole (Globodera rostochiensis Woll.) is a phytoparasite, a microscopic worm that causes potato globoderosis. As a result, the yield is sharply reduced, small tubers are formed, and then the complete death of plants. The damage caused by the golden potato nematode manifests itself when the soil is infected with larvae in the amount of 1 thousand pieces or more in 100 cm3. The decrease in yield in areas of severe infection can reach from 70 to 90%. Early potato varieties are most affected. The best way to protect potato varieties from globoderosis is to use in the production of varieties resistant to golden potato nematode. The aim of the research was to study nematode-resistant potato varieties in the Murmansk region.Methods. In 2016-2020, 49 potato varieties resistant to globoderosis were studied on the experimental field of the Polar Experimental Station of VIR according to the main biological and economically valuable characteristics. The size of the plot was 0,05 ha, the area of plant nutrition was 70x30 cm. Planting of varieties was carried out in early June. The samples were planted in the field in a row of 10 plants of each variety. Every 10 samples, the Khibinskiy ranniy variety was located. All accounts are performed according to the VIR methodology.Results. Phenological observations have shown varieties with short periods of passage of phenological phases: Diamond, Grand, Pershatsvet, Khibinskiy ranniy, Roeslau. Berry formation was of the Labadia variety. The yield on the 60th day from planting was 531.7-741.7 g / bush (the maximum yield of the Madeleine variety). On the 90th day from planting, the yield of the varieties was in the range of 747,5-1153,0 g/bush (the maximum for the Eurasia variety). Starch content varied from 8,3% (Arrow grade) up to 20,4% (Albatros). According to disease resistance, the varieties Grand, Gusar, Eurasia, Harmony, Colorit, Rasinka, Albatros, Angela, Courage are distinguished. Conclusion. Samples of the world potato collection have been studied; sources of valuable traits that can be used in breeding work to create new varieties suitable for cultivation in the Far North have been identified.

The yield of vegetable peas in the conditions of the Omsk region is largely limited to the defeat of plants by a complex of diseases and damage by phytophages. The aim of the research was to study the collection of pea vegetable samples in Western Siberia and to identify among them most resistant to Ascochyta. The object of research was 70 samples of vegetable peas from the collections of the Federal Scientific Vegetable Center, Odintsovo, Federal Research Centre All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources named after N.I. Vavilov (VIR), St. Petersburg, as well as samples obtained in the framework of cooperation with foreign breeding institutions. The experiments were conducted in the forest-steppe zone of the Omsk region in 2014-2017. As a result, it has been established that the defeat of peas by Ascochyta occurs annually, but with different intensity, depending on weather conditions. The maximum resistance of plants was observed in 2016 under conditions of severe drought (5.8 points on average), the minimum – in 2015 under moderately humid and warm weather (3.9 points on average). Late sowing contributes to a greater damage to plants by Ascochyta and reduced productivity. The relationship between resistance to Ascochyta and conditions characterizing heat and moisture supply is high negative in the initial period of plant growth: with the HTC (r = -0.98 0.13), the amount of precipitation (r = -0.86 0.35), air temperature (r = -0.67 0.24); high positive in the second half of the growing season: with HTC (r = 0.82 0.33), amount of precipitation (r = 0.68 0.35). Most of the samples during the research retained a high (29%) and medium (48%) resistance to Ascochyta. As a result of the collection's assessment, samples of vegetable peas resistant (7-8 points) to the pathogen were identified: B-1295 (k-8907, Bashkiria), Chinese (PRC), Terrace 888 (k-9376, Ukraine). These samples can be recommended as sources of resistance to Ascochyta for the selection of vegetable peas in Western Siberia. | Урожайность гороха овощного в условиях Омской области в значительной степени ограничена поражением растений комплексом болезней и повреждением фитофагами. Целью исследований было изучение коллекции образцов гороха овощного в Западной Сибири и выявление среди них наиболее устойчивых к аскохитозу. Объектом исследований являлись 70 образцов гороха овощного из коллекций Федерального научного центра овощеводства (ФНЦО), п. Одинцово, Федерального исследовательского центра Всероссийского института генетических ресурсов растений им. Н.И. Вавилова (ВИР), г. Санкт-Петербург, а также полученные в рамках сотрудничества с иностранными селекционными учреждениями. Опыты проведены в лесостепной зоне Омской области в 2014-2017 гг. В результате установлено, что поражение гороха аскохитозом проявляется ежегодно, но с разной интенсивностью, в зависимости от погодных условий. Максимальная устойчивость растений наблюдалось в 2016 г. в условиях острой засухи (в среднем 5,8 баллов), минимальная – в 2015 г. при умеренно влажной и теплой погоде (в среднем 3,9 балла). Поздний посев способствует большему поражению растений аскохитозом и снижению продуктивности. Зависимость между устойчивостью к аскохитозу и условиями, характеризующими тепло- и влагообеспеченность, сильная отрицательная в начальный период роста растений: с ГТК (r= -0,98 0,13), количеством осадков (r= -0,86 0,35), температурой воздуха (r= -0,67 0,24); сильная положительная во второй половине вегетации: с ГТК (r=0,82 0,33), количеством осадков (r=0,68 0,35). Большинство образцов за время исследований сохранили высокую (29%) и среднюю (48%) устойчивость к аскохитозу. В результате оценки коллекции выделены образцы гороха овощного, устойчивые (7-8 баллов) к патогену: Б-1295 (к-8907, Башкирия), Китайский (КНР), Терасс 888 (к-9376, Украина). Эти образцы могут быть рекомендованы в качестве источников устойчивости к аскохитозу для селекции гороха овощного в Западной Сибири.

Clubroot disease (Plasmodiophora brassicae Wor.) is among the most economically important and harmful diseases of the cole crops. In the Federal Scientific Vegetable Center annual monitoring the biological agent dissemination, buts also a phytoimmunological evaluationof collection and selection specimens and also directional material are carried out in order to find new resistance sources. For this purpose an artificial infection background is used: compost obtained from decomposed nodules on the cabbage roots affected with clubroot disease (infection load 10sup5sup-10/sup6/sup spores/cm3) was applied. The resistance of white cabbage varieties was evaluated during the harvesting period using a 5-point scale of the root system damage, which formed the basis for categorization into resistance groups. For the analysis of artificial background intensity and specimen ranking plants of the white cabbage variety Slava 1305 (a susceptibility standard) were randomly planted throughout the infectious area. The influence of weather conditions of the research year on the results of phytopathological evaluation of the breeding cabbage samples with infection was shown. Under unfavorable conditions for pathogen development (2014) most specimens (74%) were categorized as relatively resistant, while in pathogen favourable year - 2015 such samples comprised only 5% of the total number of studied specimens. Since the same specimen may show a different level of resistance depending on the year conditions, the stability of character manifestation is the important criterion for identification of the resistance sources. Phytopathological evaluation aimed at selection of clubroot-resistant forms in the Moscow region should last at least three years even with the use of infection background. Long-lasting evaluation showed that the strains No 234/15, 140/14, 216/17 exhibiting high resistance to clubroot against artificial infection background regardless of the year conditions are the most valuable for selection. | Одним из наиболее экономически значимых и опасных заболеваний капустных культур является кила, (возбудитель – Plasmodiophora brassicae Wor.). В Федеральном научном центра овощеводства проводят не только ежегодный мониторинг распространения возбудителя, но и непрерывную фитоиммунологическую оценку коллекционных и селекционных образцов, а также линейного материала с целью поиска новых источников устойчивости. Для этого используют искусственный инфекционный фон: вносят компост из разложившихся желваков корней капусты, пораженных килой (инфекционная нагрузка – 10sup5sup-10/sup6/sup спор/см3). Оценку на устойчивость сортообразцов капусты белокочанной проводили в период уборки по 5-ти балльной шкале поражения корневой системы, на основании которой образцы дифференцировали по группам устойчивости. Для анализа напряженности искусственного фона и ранжирования образцов рендомизированно по всей площади инфекционного высаживали растения сорта Слава 1305 – стандарта восприимчивости. Показано влияние погодных условий года исследования на результаты фитопатологической оценки селекционных образцов капусты на инфекционном фоне. При неблагоприятных условиях для развития патогена (2014 г.) большая часть образцов (74%) вошла в группу относительно устойчивых, тогда как в благоприятном 2015 г. таких образцов было всего 5% от общего числа изученных. Поскольку один и тот же образец может проявлять разную степень устойчивости в зависимости от условий года, то при выделении источников устойчивости важным критерием является стабильность проявления признака. Фитопатологическую оценку с целью отбора устойчивых форм к киле в Московской области необходимо проводить не менее трех лет, даже с использованием инфекционного фона. По результатам многолетней оценки, наиболее селекционно ценными являются линии №№ 234/15, 140/14, 216/17, у которых независимо от условий года проявлялась высокая устойчивость к киле на искусственном инфекционном фоне.

One of the most widespread and economically significant diseases of beet crop is phomosis also known as zonal spotting of beet. The disease causative agent affects plants at different ontogenesis stages; it leads to significant yield losses. The research was conducted to study the spread and harmfulness level of phomosis agent (Phoma betae Frank) in modern conditions of the Moscow region and to assess the resistance of linear beetroot material to this disease in vivo and in vitro. The work was carried out in 2017–2023 at the Federal Scientific Vegetable Center (Moscow region, Odintsovo district). Phytomonitoring of the development of storage diseases has revealed an increase in the prevalence and aggressiveness of phomosis, especially in the period from 2020 to 2022, by 30% and 20%, respectively, compared to the previous period (2017–2019). The selection for resistance to phomosis was carried out under varying in vivo infectious loads in different research years. It resulted in reducing the number of susceptible lines from 14 to 4%. Immunological assessment of in vitro resistance of individual genotypes of selected lines to the most aggressive isolates of Ph. betae agent showed sufficiently high resistance compared to susceptibility standard 'Bordo odnosemiannaya'; the affected disc areas averaged 73 and 165 mm3, respectively. In the offspring of resistant genotypes selected after immunological evaluation, a decrease in phomosis prevalence (no more than 10%) and a change in the population structure, were observed: there was a shift of the main peak of distribution curves of root crops according to the intensity of disc damage by an aggressive isolate of Ph. betae towards resistant genotypes. Such an integrated approach resulted in obtaining three isogenic pairs of ms- and mf-lines (A and B) and eight paternal pollinator lines (C) of beetroot with stably high resistance to phomosis. They will be used to develop new hybrids based on cytoplasmic male sterility. | Одной из наиболее распространенных и экономически значимых болезней на культуре свеклы столовой является фомоз, возбудитель которого поражает растения на разных стадиях онтогенеза, приводя к значительным потерям урожая. Исследования проводили с целью изучения распространения и уровня вредоносности возбудителя фомоза (Phoma betae Frank) в современных условиях Московской области и оценки устойчивости к данной болезни линейного материала свеклы столовой в условиях in vivo и in vitro. Работу выполняли в ФГБНУ "Федеральный научный центр овощеводства" (Московская область, Одинцовский район) в 2017–2022 гг. В результате проведенного фитомониторинга развития болезней хранения отмечено нарастание распространенности и агрессивности фомоза, особенно в период с 2020 по 2022 гг., на 30 и 20% соответственно по сравнению с предыдущим периодом исследований (2017–2019). Отбор на устойчивость к фомозу вели в условиях различающейся инфекционной нагрузки in vivo в различные годы исследований. В результате удалось снизить число восприимчивых линий с 14 до 4%. Иммунологическая оценка устойчивости in vitro индивидуальных генотипов отобранных линий к наиболее агрессивным изолятам возбудителя Ph. betae показала их достаточно высокую устойчивость относительно стандарта восприимчивости сорта Бордо односемянная; объем зоны поражения дисков в среднем составил 73 и 165 мм3 соответственно. В потомствах устойчивых генотипов, отобранных после иммунологической оценки, отмечено снижение распространенности фомоза (не более 10%) и изменение в структуре популяций со смещением основного пика кривых распределения корнеплодов по интенсивности поражения дисков агрессивным изолятом Ph. betae в сторону устойчивых генотипов. В результате комплексного подхода получены три изогенных пары ms- и mf- линий (А и В) и восемь отцовских линий-опылителей (С) свеклы столовой со стабильно высокой устойчивостью к фомозу. Они будут использованы для создания новых гибридов на основе цитоплазматической мужской стерильности.