One of stressful factors the reducing harvest and quality of bulbs of garlic winter (Allium sativum L.) defeat is diseases of various etiology. Studying of influence of factors of the external environment and stability of a genotype on prevalence of diseases on landings of garlic winter and degree of their injuriousness in the conditions of the Moscow region was the purpose of researches; assessment of collection and selection samples of garlic winter and identification among them steady against the most economically significant diseases. Object of researches were grades and collection samples of garlic of the Federal Scientific Vegetable Center, winter from collections, and other selection institutions. Field experiments and assessment were carried out on a natural infectious background for a number of years. It is as a result established that in the conditions of the Moscow region during vegetation of a plant of garlic winter mainly are surprised mushroom diseases (mycoses) among which the dominating position is taken by fusariosis (micromycetes of the sort Fusarium spp). Defeat of garlic fusariosis is shown annually and with different intensity, depending on weather conditions. The analysis of literature and results of our researches show that number and a ratio of types of Fusarium spp. in a pathogenic complex changes in last years. The types which are earlier not noted on the culture of garlic in the Moscow region (since 2009 – F. avenacium, F. proliferatum, F. subglutinans and F. semitectum are registered; since 2017 – F. gibbosum and F. nivale). In a complex with highly aggressive types of F. solani and F. oxysporum they enhance injuriousness of fuzariosis withering and rots. Mushrooms of the sort Alternaria and other micromycetes of the sorts Stemfillium, Pythium, Embilisia, Verticillum, Cladosporium in the conditions of the Moscow region meet mainly in a complex Fusarium. Gray rot (the activator – Botrytis allii L.) it is more often shown in storage time and transportations of bulbs of garlic. These micromycetes enhance injuriousness of fusariosis and increase losses of a harvest of garlic winter, especially, in the conditions of sharp fluctuations of average daily temperatures and humidity of the soil during the different periods of vegetation. Results of long-term assessment are given in article, grades and perspective collection samples of garlic winter the steadiest against defeat with diseases in the conditions of the changing climate of a zone of Non-Black Earth Region are allocated.

Selection of infected material for research was carried out in experimental carrot plots at GNU VNIIO (Moscow region), Voronezh OOS (Voronezh oblast), Baraccudas OOS (Rostovregion) and Israel. The first year plants of carrot, the roots, were used for the study. There are many scientific papers cited where many different methods of artificial infection of plants with fungal disease pathogens were given to control the stability of carrot genotypes in various phases of plant development. One of the ways to lead the purposed breeding program for resistance is the extraction of pathogens isolates and the method of fast assessment on the basis of determining the aggressiveness of new strains and their use in breeding work. This article presents a method of inoculation of cut-discs of root. A great advantage of the method is in its efficiency and the current results can be obtained within 2 weeks from the moment of infection. As a result, the work on the isolation of fungi from carrot plants, the pure culture collection of strains: Alternaria radicina and Fusarium avenaceum was obtained. The characteristics and morphology description of colonies of isolates of RR. Alternaria and Fusarium found in carrot plants taken from different ecological and geographical zones were given. The most aggressive isolates of the following ecological and geographical zones as Alternaria at Moscow and Rostov regions, Fusarium at Voronezh and Moscow regions were revealed. These isolates will be used as standards of aggressiveness for the test of newly isolated strains regarded as inoculum to conduct immunological experimentsin carrot breeding for resistance to Fusarium and Alternaria.

Потери урожая с.-х. культур связаны не только с развитием болезней в процессе вегетации, но и при послеуборочном хранении. Чеснок является популярной овощной и пряно-ароматической культурой во многих странах мира. Значительные потери урожая чеснока при выращивании и хранении связаны с грибными патогенами, наиболее вредоносными из которых являются представители р. Fusarium. В Московской области поражение посевов чеснока фузариозом проявляется ежегодно, но с различной интенсивностью. В Федеральном научном центре овощеводства было показано, что гнили и увядание растений чеснока вызывается комплексом патогенных грибов, включающим преимущественно различные виды Fusarium. При этом соотношение видов Fusarium в патогенном комплексе изменяется от года к году, регистрируются новые виды Fusarium и их расы. Цель работы - определение грибных фитопатогенов, вызывающих сухую гниль зубков чеснока при послеуборочном хранении. Для проведения работы из хранилища были взяты луковицы чеснока сортов Дубковский и Стрелец. В результате визуального осмотра были выявлены зубки с симптомами сухой гнили. Пораженные ткани зубков были помещены на картофельно-декстрозный агар для получения грибных колоний. Анализ морфолого-культуральных признаков грибных изолятов, а также нуклеотидных последовательностей 4 участков ДНК (спейсеры ITS, гены EF1а, RPB1 и RPB2) показал, что возбудителем сухой гнили зубков чеснока является патогенный гриб Fusarium proliferatum. Дополнительно в полевых условиях была проведена идентификация на основе анализа последовательностей спейсеров ITS и гена EF1а фитопатогенных грибов, обитающих в ризосфере растений чеснока. В результате были обнаружены 2 вида грибов р. Fusarium (F. proliferatum и F. oxysporum f. sp. сepae), а также виды Rhizoctonia solani, Volutella rosea и Ceratobasidium sp. | Crop yield losses are associated not only with disease ocurence during the growing season, but also during post-harvest storage. Garlic is a popular vegetable and aromatic crop in the world. Significant losses in garlic yield during cultivation and storage are associated with fungal pathogens, the most harmful of which are representatives of the genus Fusarium. In the Moscow region, the garlic crops are affected by Fusarium annually, but with varying intensity. At the Federal Scientific Vegetable Center (FSVC), it was shown that rot and wilting of garlic plants is caused by a complex of pathogenic fungi, including mainly different Fusarium species. At the same time, the ratio of Fusarium species in the pathogenic complex changes from year to year, new Fusarium species and their races are registered. The aim of this study was to identify fungal phytopathogens causing dry rot of garlic cloves during post-harvest storage. To carry out the work, garlic bulbs of cultivars 'Dubkovsky' and 'Strelets' were taken from the FSVC storage. As a result of visual examination, cloves with symptoms of dry rot were identified. The diseased cloves tissues were plated on potato dextrose agar to obtain fungal colonies. Analysis of the morphological and cultural characteristics of fungal isolates, as well as the nucleotide sequences of four DNA regions (ITS spacers, genes EF1alpha, RPB1, and RPB2) showed that the causative agent of dry rot of garlic cloves is the pathogenic fungus Fusarium proliferatum. In addition, in the field, identification was carried out based on the analysis of the sequences of spacers ITS and the EF1 alpha gene of phytopathogenic fungi inhabiting the root zone of garlic plants. As a result, two species of fungi of the genus Fusarium (F. proliferatum and F. oxysporum f. sp. cepae), as well as the species Rhizoctonia solani, Volutella rosea, and Ceratobasidium sp. were found out there.