Relevance An adaptive approach to the selection of vegetable plants highlights Siberian region for the distinctness of the general climate manifestations. The region is characterized by the general aridity of spring and the first half of summer combined with the sharp fluctuations of temperature during the growing season, a short frost-free period. And there is a positive aspect of the Siberian climate – the high level of solar insolation contributes to the intensification of photosynthesis and hastens all growth processes, reducing the need for the sum of biological temperatures, on average, by 200-300 degrees. Methods The developmental biology of radish in Siberian conditions has a number of characteristic features. Siberian radish cultivars have individual traits of the cropper development with the formation of plant ability of productive and generative time of germination in these conditions. During the period of breeding work in the region, 9 radish cultivars have been created and reproduced with various methods. Among them 5 cultivars have been created with methods of individual and mass selection from the best hybrid combinations of crossing, 2 cultivars with method of polyploidy, 1 cultivar with the method of inbred lines with the ability to fix the necessary characteristics in the generation, 1 cultivar with the use of pigmentation genes transgression when fixing the violet colour of the radish-root. Results The study of radish growth and its development with the replanting and direct method of obtaining seeds solves the issues of expanding the distribution range of Siberian selection cultivars. Qualitative seeds can be obtained only with the replanting method in the conditions of Siberia, in which the plants go through all the necessary stages of jarovization, excluding subsequently premature bolting.

Relevance Identification of forms resistant to thermal stress is important not only at the stage of search, but also later in the selection process. Methods The paper presents the results obtained during the studies on the variability of tomato male gametophyte traits (pollen viability, pollen tube length, pollen resistance and resistance along pollen tubes) in the hybrid F2, F3 and F4 offspring derived from different crossing combinations strongly resistant to high temperature stress (8 hybrid combinations). Results Recombination differences expressed in the values of average variation per family (S2) have been found in the F2 populations segregated for a complex of pollen traits, which made it possible to isolate transgressive recombinants from different hybrid combinations, to produce seeds from them and to further perform selection cycles in F3. It has been found that high intrapopulation variability of male gametophyte traits is preserved in F3 and F4 offspring, which reflects the response of their genotypes to high temperature. The offspring derived from the best F2 recombinants has been shown to not preserve a high level of resistance in F3 and F4. As for the pollen heat resistance, the actual shift of the trait values in F3 in relation to F2 made 0.92, while it made 0.65 in F4 in relation to F2. The shift of the values in the dynamics of the F2, F3 and F4 generations from different hybrid combinations was somewhat higher for the resistance of pollen tubes making 0.99 (F3/F2) and 1.15 (F4/F2). The most pronounced positive shift towards high values in F3 and F4 in relation to F2 was recorded just in three combinations, L7 x L305, L7 x cv. Ceros, L7 x cv. Lider (R – 1.91; 1.29 and 1.08, respectively). High variability in the populations of F4 offspring is observed for quantitative traits, as well, namely, inflorescence number per plant, flower number per inflorescence, the number of set fruits per inflorescence and seed number in fruits. The differences in the offspring diversity found during estimation of the segregating F2 populations derived from different crossing combinations for the variability range have not been confirmed in F3 and F4.

The aim of the research is to study the characteristics of growth, development and biochemical composition of the introduced varieties of eastern persimmon in the conditions of Southern Dagestan. Long-term studies for 2015-2018 were carried out with the use of generally accepted programs and classical methods of sorting and selection studies. As a result, the biological features of the passage of phenological phases of development of introduced varieties of persimmon eastern specific territory were studied to optimize plantings in industrial plantations and peasant farms, persimmon varieties were proposed that are characterized by valuable economic and biological characteristics and properties with the aim of increasing yields, where the fruit harvest from 1 tree and the yield from 1 ha is allocated the East Hiakume persimmon variety (317.2 g; 58.6 kg and 293.0 c/ha). According to the peculiarities of growth and development in cultivation in the conditions of Southern Dagestan, it was found that the highest height of the tree is the Hachia variety (4.74), the crown diameter the Giro variety (4.26), and the trunk circle the Hachia variety (31.7 cm). A biochemical analysis of the fruits of the main assortment of Eastern persimmon fruits was performed, which showed that the Hachia variety was distinguished by the dry matter content, the amount of sugars and vitamin C (19.3%, 13.6% and 46.5 mg%, respectively).

Expanding the range of vegetable crops, including green ones, through the introduction of new varieties into production is an important task. The study and evaluation of the original material of the salad, the features of cultivation in different periods, will allow to identify samples of a complex of economically valuable traits for the selection of culture, which is relevant for the creation of varieties in Belarus. Research was carried out on the experimental field of the Department of horticulture of the Belarusian state agricultural Academy in 2013-2015. The article assesses the relationship between the main economically valuable features of varieties of lettuce when grown in the spring (seedling method) and spring and summer sowing in the open ground. In lettuce plants of the headed variety, the sign “the mass of the vegetative part of the plant” strongly depends on the sign “diameter of the head” (r=0.640 - with the seedling method and r=0.809 - with the spring sowing period), “leaf width” (r=0.685 and r=0.790, respectively). A high connection is also established between the signs "leaf length" and "leaf width" (r=0.702 - with the spring sowing period and r=0.749 - with the seedling method). In leaf lettuce plants, a strong correlation was noted between the signs “leaf length” and “plant height” (r=0.706 for summer and r=0.810 for spring planting), diameter of the rosette of leaves (r=0.564 for summer and r=0.810 - at the spring sowing time). The average feedback for leaf lettuce varieties is revealed between the signs “leaf width” and “number of leaves” (r=-0.444 - for spring and r=-0.458 - for summer sowing time). The majority of morphological signs, depending on the time of cultivation, are related to each other by average correlation links (the correlation coefficient ranged from 0.458 to 0.531).

Implementation of cell technologies has essentially improved the plant breeding process in agricultural crops in the world. The production of pure lines in cultivated crops, particularly among cross-pollinated species such as cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) requires much time, labor and expense. Thus, the use of DH-plants for production of fully homozygous lines for one year becomes a very promising method for near cucumber breeding program. The major factor limiting the wide use of DH is a lack of effective protocol for large-scale plant production. In this review the historical facts with description of three main methods of DH-plant production were presented. By now these three methods have been such as parthenogenesis in situ induced by pollination with irradiated or chemically treated pollen; androgenesis in vitro including anther and isolated microspore cultivation in vitro; gynogenesis through ovule cultivation in vitro. Comparative analysis of published data with regard to the efficiency of the technology for DH-plant production was shown as well as advantages and limitations of each technology were described.

Relevance. Recently, the number of hot and dry years has increased significantly. Under the influence of drought, the leaves of the apple tree prematurely fall, the ovaries and fruits fall off, which significantly affects on the yield. In this regard, the study of the water regime of apple remains relevant under drought conditions.Methods. The studies were carried out on the basis of the laboratory of physiology of fruit plant resistance at VNIISPK in 2016-2017. Apple cultivars of the VNIISPK breeding growing on the semi-dwarf rootstock 54-118 were studied. Antonovka Obyknovennaya was taken as a standard cultivar. The experiments were laid in 2013, the spacing scheme was 5 m x 3 m. The crown shape is of spindle type. The row-spacing and near-trunk stripes are kept under the fall fallow. The method of artificial dehydration was used to determine drought resistance of apple cultivars. The apple cultivars were studied with the aim to determine the physiological parameters of water regime relative to their drought resistance.Results. As a result of the two-year studies, the cultivars were characterized by the average content of water in leaves (61.2-65.1%). Water deficiency in most varieties was optimal in the field and did not exceed 10.0%. The increase in water deficiency in apple leaves was noted in drought modeling. For two years, of the leaf tissues water deficiency was in leaves of the Veniaminovskoye cultivar both in the field (5.2%) and after drought modeling (22.4%). During the growing season, the distribution of precipitation and temperature during the passage of individual phenophases by apple plants influenced the overall water content in the leaf tissues. The decrease of the water content in the leaf tissues and the increase of water deficiency were observed when dry conditions occurred. The decrease of the water regime and water deficiency in leaves was notes to a greater extent during the formation of fruits. It was found that all of the studied apple cultivars had an average level of resistance to drought. The study of water regime parameters showed that Veniaminovskoye was characterized by more stable indices and this indicated greater resistance to drought.

Domesticated crops are characterized by narrow genetic base reflecting one or more bottlenecks during millennia-long selection. As a result, current breeding programs are limited in available germplasm and are forced to deal with incremental improvements of yield, resistance, nutritional value, etc. Since the establishment of modern genetics and biotechnology, several new approaches have emerged to extend the genetic base and germplasm improvement. Among these methods, induced mutagenesis appeared as most useful conventional breeding tool. Although, its successful application currently requires good knowledge of modern molecular tools. In this paper we will make an attempt to overview SSR, ISSR and ISAP techniques as well as to offer examples of their application in tomato breeding programs.

Often in the soils of crop rotations of grain crops, including on black soil, the content of mobile forms of copper, manganese, zinc and other trace elements is low. Improving the efficiency of making micronutrients for grain crops and determining the best ways and doses of their introduction are topical issues that need to be addressed in order to increase the productivity of crops. The purpose of research is to identify the effectiveness of the use of water soluble compound fertilizer with microelements of the company “Haifa Chemicals” in the technology of growing winter wheat on leached chernozem under conditions of the Oryol Region. Field production experiments were established in 2017-2018 on the basis of Orlovsky Leader LLC Branch №5” located in Livensky district. Field experience with the use of Haifa Chemicals products: Poly-Feed micronutrients 19-19-19 + 1MgO + ME and Poly-Feed 6-15-38 + 3 + ME was laid on soft winter wheat varieties Moskovskaya-56.The control variant was the basic technological scheme used in the household for carrying out leaf dressings with mineral fertilizers together with the organic fertilizer Gumostim. As a result of the research, it has been established that the use of double foliar feeding water soluble compound fertilizer with microelements Poly-Feed 19-19-19 + 1MgO + ME in the tillering stage and at the end of flowering and a single Poly-Feed 6-15-38 + 3 + IU in the subflag phase - flag leaf, increases the height of the plants, as well as the productive characteristics of the ear: the size of the ear, the number of grains in the ear, the mass of grains and their best quality, which in general provides a reliable increase in the yield of grain of winter wheat. At the same time, it was found that, due to leaf feeding, the impact of adverse weather conditions under which the development of winter wheat plants took place in 2018 and their productive properties were laid was leveled out. Due to relatively low additional costs, the use of complex fertilizers of the Poly-Feed brand for winter wheat is economically feasible and can bring additional economic income: based on the maximum level of minimum prices for the grain of the 2018 harvest, it will be 2.07-2.28 thousand rubles / ha regarding base technology. Thus, water-soluble fertilizers, which include Poly-Feed company "Haifa Chemicals" are recommended to domestic agricultural producers for mass introduction in practice of the technology of intensive sheet nutrition of grain and other crops.

Black rot (pathogen – Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris) is one of the most harmful diseases of brassicas. Seedlings growing in trays in greenhouse can meet rapid spreading of the pathogen and heavy yield loss even at very low seed infection level. This work was targeted on efficiency comparison for different plant protection agents against black root infection in seeds. Antibacterial effect of the agents was tested in vitro by well diffusion, direct placement of the agent onto bacterial lawn, and by incubation of bacterial suspension with the agents. Biological efficiency of the agents against seed infection was tests by seed soaking or by wet treatment. High antibacterial effect against black rot pathogen in vitro was shown for bacteriophage cocktail, Biocomposite-correct, Zeroxxe, Peroxyacetic acid (NUK15), Ps 11, and Kocide 2000. Highest biological efficiency against seed infection by black rot was shown for bacteriophage cocktail, Biocomposite-correct, Zeroxxe, Peroxyacetic acid (NUK15), and Kocide 2000.

The main direction of breeding in melon farming is the creation of varieties with high potential for productivity. The research was conducted at the Bykovskaya experimental station in the Volgograd region. The aim of the research was to create a new competitive watermelon variety malachite, which has a complex of useful and economic characteristics, resistant to biotic and abiotic environmental factors. The characteristic of the initial forms used for hybridization is given. The data of evaluation of the hybrid combination in all stages of the breeding process. According to the results of the 3-year competitive variety testing, the excess of the yield of watermelon malachite over the Sinchevsky standard averaged 1.5 t/ha. The dry matter content for all years of research was at the level of the standard and ranged from 11.4 to 12.4%. The final result of breeding work is the creation of mediumgrade watermelon malachite, which is in the state variety testing.