Supply of the domestic fresh vegetables commodity to the population of Northern regions of Russia is one of the most priority tasks of the national economy. Lack of the local, high-quality and adopted breeding material is highly problematic for breeding programs. Generation of the new, highly productive vegetable cultivars for the glass-covered ground, including light culture, will promote to expand significantly the volume of local production of vegetables in protected ground, especially in regions with a cold climate. One of the most prospective crops for protected ground is small radish, an early ripening crop with a valuable biochemical composition. А strategy for creation of the new, highly productive forms of small radish, beard predictable complex of economically valuable characters for growing in conditions of intensive light culture, has been developed in the Agrophysical Research Institute (SaintPetersburg). At the first stage, represent interspecific set of 26 small radish cultivars from different regions, was investigated in controlled conditions (artificial light, climate cell) to reveal a complex of economically valuable properties (early maturity, productivity, morphological traits). The plants were grown in original plant grooving light equipment (lamps DNaZ-400, photoperiod 12 hours, irradiation 15-20 klk), in a small volume of substrate (peat with mineral additives). It was observed that the small radish varieties have significant diversity in precocity, productivity, resistance to bolting, also they vary in a number of morphological features of roots and leaves. Bov, Estella, Rocco (Netherlands), Nobo Chind Criollo (Peru) were the most productive cultivars. They can produce yield of commercial roots during 30 days of vegetation up to 3.5 kg/m2. In addition, cultivars – genetic resources of economically valuable properties (compact rosette, glabrous leaf, resistance to bolting) were revealed for a breeding. Parent pairs for crossing were selected. It is planned to obtain offspring small radish forms with a complex of economically valuable properties, more productive than the parents. In all matched hybrid combinations, F1 hybrids were obtained. They have a degree of hybrid superiority in roots weight from 110 to 230% over the best of the parent form. They will become the ancestors of the original forms of small radish, intended for cultivation in conditions of intense light culture.

One of the most important crops among all types of Alliums is onion, the value of which is determined by the nutritional and medicinal properties. It is used not only as a seasoning for food, but also as a source of a number of biologically active substances. The biochemical composition of the bulbs and its green leaves in different periods of growth and development varies, depending on the variety, environmental conditions and agrotechnical methods of cultivation. Creation on the basis of interspecies hybridization of fundamentally new forms of Allium plants with a unique combination of genetic material allows to expand the possibility of selection of valuable genotypes in practical terms. The study was performed on plants of the inbred progenies I4-5 from BC1-2 bulbous forms of interspecific hybrids of Allium crossing combinations F5(A. cepa xA. vavilovii), F5(A. cepa x A. fistulosum). The biometric assessment was carried out after harvesting and drying the bulbs according to the "test Procedure for distinctiveness, uniformity and stability" according to the main breeding characteristics: the color of the dry cover scales of the bulb, the mass of the bulb, the shape of the bulb. As the standard used plant varieties Odintsovets. The biochemical composition of onion samples was determined by the content of dry matter, monosaccharides, the amount of sugars, ascorbic acid, antioxidants. Based on the biometric assessment of the forms of interspecific hybrids of onions, 5 forms were identified according to the uniformity of such features as the color of dry cover scales and the shape of the bulb weighing 50-60 g, which are a qualitatively new source material for breeding. In determining the biochemical composition of the isolated forms of interspecific hybrids of Alliums on the main breeding grounds found that the plants of these forms of onions indicators of dry matter (15%), monosaccharides (1.15-1.71%), the amount of sugars (11.17%), were at the level of the standard, or exceeded it, but the total content of antioxidants (8.22 mg/g) inferior to the standard.

The population of our planet is growing every year and its growth by 2050 will exceed the potential of agriculture and will not be able to provide food security in General. This problem is the subject of the study. The article considers the existing programs of the Russian Federation aimed at supporting domestic producers of agricultural raw materials and food, ensuring the availability and quality of food in the food market. Foreign experience in the creation and implementation of programs in these areas has been studied. The article presents an assessment of the consequences of sanctions on the total cost of trade flows between the European Union and Russia. The study was carried out on the example of data on the Irkutsk region. An element of scientific novelty is the consideration of approaches to solving the problem of food security not only from the state, producers of agricultural raw materials and food, but also from its consumers – the population. Social efficiency in achieving the proposed performance indicators will be determined by increasing life expectancy, reducing morbidity, improving the quality of life of those suffering from diseases associated with poor nutrition, and the ratio of the obtained favorable social results to the costs to achieve them. At the same time, economic efficiency will be expressed by assessing the impact of the results achieved in the framework of the program activities on the formation of the gross product, increasing labor productivity and ensuring the dynamics of economic growth. The practical application of the proposed directions of improving the availability and quality of food for the population will improve the efficiency of the food market and create conditions for the formation of the state of protection of the Russian subjects from the threats of food security.

It is important to reveal the genetic base of breeding genetic material used for development of new breeding accessions among diverse Brassica oleracea L. (CC, 2n = 18). Traditional varieties, hybrids and new ones recently developed are the main genetic resources.Classification of a collection with DNA markers enables to reveal valuable genotypes and establish the breeding accession pedigree that allows developing the new accessions with sustainable economically valuable traits. The use of microsatellite markers (SSR) in B.oleracea L. has shown high efficiency in discovering genetic polymorphism between varieties and within varieties as well. In this study, 16 primer pairs have been taken to amplify microsatellite loci of genomic DNA in national 24 breeding accessions of cabbage. On the basis of the data obtained the dendrogram has been constructed with use of Jaccard’s coefficient. All locistudied were high informative, where 14 out of 16 had a PIC > 0.5. As a result, the level of genetic polymorphism has reached 85.7%. The large cluster of head cabbages consists of three subclusters: mid-maturing and early-maturing accessions of white head cabbage, red head and savoy cabbages, late-maturing and midmaturing accessions of white head cabbage, respectively. Maximum genetic distance in the cluster of head cabbages was obtained between head cabbage ‘Slava 231’ and ‘Vertu 1340’ with genetic similarity 44.7%. The two varieties of red head cabbage ‘Gako 741’ and ‘Kamennaya Golovka 447’ were genetically similar at 71.1%. The relatively low genetic similarity of these varieties can be explained by that they belong to different varietal groups. The most genetically closest varieties were ‘Zimovka 1474’ and ‘Podarok‘ with genetic similarity 86,5%. Information on topologic differentiation obtained from cluster analysis can be the basis for selection of genetically valuable breeding material with the use of DNA markers (Marker Assisted Selection).

The variability or stability of economically valuable features of varieties under cultivation conditions are very important indices. Environmental factors affect plants throughout the entire growing season. The research goal is to study the changes and stabilization of the characters that determine the phenotype of winter garlic when sampling from the variety accessions in the forest-steppe of the Altai Regions' Ob River Area. In the course of research from 2003 through 2007, the local forms and variety accessions from various regions of Russia were studied. The research was carried out according to the methodology guidelines. The variability of seven quantitative characters was investigated. In our study, the most stable characters were the "number of leaves" and "leaf length". The characters "number of cloves in a bulb" and "clove weight" are very difficult to stabilize. The variability of these indices was mainly medium and high. The characters with insignificant variability coefficient under the conditions of the south of West Siberia were revealed. The percentage of the factors' influence on the variability of the "bulb weight" character was determined. The following most stable variety accessions for the conditions of the forest-steppe of the Altai Regions' Ob River Area were identified: the varieties Skif, Kasmala and German, and the local forms K 3 and K 56.

One of stressful factors the reducing harvest and quality of bulbs of garlic winter (Allium sativum L.) defeat is diseases of various etiology. Studying of influence of factors of the external environment and stability of a genotype on prevalence of diseases on landings of garlic winter and degree of their injuriousness in the conditions of the Moscow region was the purpose of researches; assessment of collection and selection samples of garlic winter and identification among them steady against the most economically significant diseases. Object of researches were grades and collection samples of garlic of the Federal Scientific Vegetable Center, winter from collections, and other selection institutions. Field experiments and assessment were carried out on a natural infectious background for a number of years. It is as a result established that in the conditions of the Moscow region during vegetation of a plant of garlic winter mainly are surprised mushroom diseases (mycoses) among which the dominating position is taken by fusariosis (micromycetes of the sort Fusarium spp). Defeat of garlic fusariosis is shown annually and with different intensity, depending on weather conditions. The analysis of literature and results of our researches show that number and a ratio of types of Fusarium spp. in a pathogenic complex changes in last years. The types which are earlier not noted on the culture of garlic in the Moscow region (since 2009 – F. avenacium, F. proliferatum, F. subglutinans and F. semitectum are registered; since 2017 – F. gibbosum and F. nivale). In a complex with highly aggressive types of F. solani and F. oxysporum they enhance injuriousness of fuzariosis withering and rots. Mushrooms of the sort Alternaria and other micromycetes of the sorts Stemfillium, Pythium, Embilisia, Verticillum, Cladosporium in the conditions of the Moscow region meet mainly in a complex Fusarium. Gray rot (the activator – Botrytis allii L.) it is more often shown in storage time and transportations of bulbs of garlic. These micromycetes enhance injuriousness of fusariosis and increase losses of a harvest of garlic winter, especially, in the conditions of sharp fluctuations of average daily temperatures and humidity of the soil during the different periods of vegetation. Results of long-term assessment are given in article, grades and perspective collection samples of garlic winter the steadiest against defeat with diseases in the conditions of the changing climate of a zone of Non-Black Earth Region are allocated.

The basis for increasing the production of vegetables and melons is to obtain high-quality seeds of high reproductions. This will ensure the implementation and stability of breeding characteristics of varieties, the preservation of economic and valuable features. To solve these tasks, it is necessary to transfer the industry to a new, more modern level of seed production. The studies were conducted using the methods of individual and individual-family selection with evaluation by offspring, using the method of "halves" through control and elite nurseries. The method of production of elite and original seeds is developed. Conducted research to improve schemes of sowing of gourds with the study of the influence of space power to approbation the signs of varieties with different index of fruits. By reduction of the nutrition area per plant to 2.1 sq m2 in the variety of watermelon Icarus the yield of seeds increased 1.5-1.9 times in comparison with the standard number of fruits with an index of <1.0 was 8.2%. The thickening of the crop did not have a noticeable effect on the shape of the fruit. A watermelon with a broadly elliptical shape of the fruit, variety Volzhanin observed dependence of the shape of the fruit from planting schemes. With the reduction of the nutrition area up to 2.1 m2 number of fetuses with index >1.5 28.2% in the second generation, the seed yield was 111.9 kg/ha. The change in the index of the foetus has led to a significant change in varietal characteristics, which is unacceptable in the primary seed production. Reducing the area of nutrition in watermelon varieties with spherical and rounded shape allowed to increase the yield of seeds without affecting the varietal characteristics.

Research work was carried out in the State University "Transnistrian Research Institute of agriculture" in film greenhouses (spring-summer and summer turnover) and in the open field on the trellis. The aim of the work is to study the source material and create promising lines of cucumber with high parthenocarpic ability, yield and resistance to downy mildew to obtain on their basis heterosis hybrids of cucumber of universal type for various crop rotations. To achieve this goal in 2013-2017 the following tasks were identified: to study the collection samples and to identify the most resistant to downy mildew; to evaluate the source material and select the stable forms; to study the combinational ability of the main features and properties of the parent forms of cucumber hybrids (parthenocarpy, yield, disease resistance); to study the variability and inheritance of the main useful features and properties; to test promising cucumber hybrids for economically valuable traits and properties. The standards were hybrids Enthusiasm (selection RF) and Claudia (Dutch selection). In order to create a source material of parthenocarpic hybrids of cucumber resistant to peronosporosis, 20 samples of breeding material from different countries of origin were studied in the closed and open ground. Four maternal and six paternal forms, as well as eighteen large-humped hybrid combinations were evaluated by the topcross method according to the complex of economically valuable traits and properties. And full diallele the scheme of the seven lines and forty-two tuberculate hybrid combinations. The regularities of variability and signs manifestation in the first generation of hybrids are studied. Given information about the inheritance of the trait of resistance to downy mildew is a promising parthenocarpic hybrid combinations of cucumber created in the Transnistrian agricultural research Institute. Highlighted is sixty-six hybrid combinations of cucumber. Three samples that showed high resistance to downy mildew, was submitted to the State varietal Inspectorate of the Republic of Moldova and Transnistria under the name Condor, Orlan and Shegol.

Sprouts of agricultural crops seeds are considered to be functional food products with high content of antioxidants. Though seeds of Allium species plants are used in some countries as spices the possibilities of appropriate sprouts utilization have never been investigated so far. Evaluation of perennial and A. cepa seeds biofortification with selenium revealed high nutritional value of the resulting sprouts characterized not only by high selenium content exclusively in a form of selenomethyl selenocysteine (a natural anti carcinogen) but also with high levels of antioxidant activity and high polyphenol content. It was demonstrated that among seven studied representatives of Allium species Allium cepa variety Krasnoye krugevo and perennial onion Allium fistulosum give seeds sprouts with the highest levels of selenium (10500-11000 μg/kg d.w.), polyphenols (9.3-10.8 mg-eq GA/g d.w) and the largest values of antioxidant activity (14.7-17.1 mg-eq GA/g d.w.). Utilization of one g of dried seeds sprouts powder, fortified with selenium provides up to 15.7% of the adequate consumption level of selenium exclusively in a form of selenomethyl selenocysteine possessing powerful anti carcinogenic activity.

The unique biochemical composition of broad bean seeds (Vicia faba L. var. major Harz) makes them a promising vegetable crop. The quantity and quality of the yield of beans depends to a large extent on the mycoses caused by microscopic fungi. The aim of the work was to study the diseases of broad beans caused by microscopic fungi in the soil and climatic conditions of the South Central zone of the region. At the Botanical garden BelSU (Belgorod) on a natural infectious background were grown and studied of different broad beans varieties Belarusian, Velena, Russian black, Aquadulche. In some years, the prevalence of Alternaria leaf spot was 8-57%, but the lack of yield did not exceed 12%. Fusarium wilt was spread to 90%, with a disease development index of up to 82% and a loss of yield of 16-64%. In cases of mixed infection (fusariosis + alternariosis, fusariosis + chocolate spot) on plants in the budding-flowering phase (before and after the phase of fruit formation), the destruction of affected plants was noted. The spread of mixed infection was prevented by dry weather during the development of plant generative organs. The development of bean leaf and pod spot, which reduced the productivity by no more than 15%, contributed to the dry period of bean growth. Chocolate spot (not marked on varieties Russian black and Velena) and blackish spotting were noted not on all grades and not annually, reducing the yield of beans by 2-10%. In general, over the years of research, the lowest losses of yield from mycoses are noted for the Belarusian.