Primal problem of vegetable growing is constant supply of the population with all types of vegetables, including green cultures. Green cultures are vegetables that have high nutritional value and precocity. However they often are infected by phytopathogenic microorganisms already at initial stages of ontogenesis at cultivation in closed soil conditions. It leads to emergence of disjointed shoots, deterioration of growth and development of plants and loss of quality. Now in the Republic of Belarus a number of biological substances on the basis of bacteria Bacillus was developed. They are used against diseases of plants of mushroom and bacterial etiology. However there is not information about influence of bacteria on quality of products of green cultures. The aim of the work was studying of influence of two strains of bacteria Bacillus that were introduced in peat substrate on efficiency and quality of lettuce. Two strains of bacteria Bacillus were used in the work. They were selected from the soil. The strains are Bacillus subtilis M9/6 and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens 23TM that have high antagonistic activity to a wide range of phytopathogens. Cultivation of plants carried out in containers of 250 ml under light installations with illuminating intensity 13-15 thousand luxury and lasting irradiating of 14 hours before technical ripeness of lettuce. It was established that the application of strain Bacillus subtilis M9/6 (in concentration 106 cells/ml, 10 ml/l of substrate) and the strain Bacillus amyloliquefaciens 23TM (5 ml/l of substrate) in substrate before sowing increased nutrition value of lettuce. Dry matter content, water-soluble carbohydrates (mono - and disaccharides) content and vitamin C content increased. The bacterial strain B. amyloliquefaciens 23TM also promoted accumulation of vitamin B2. The content of nitrates in lettuce leaves decreased on 50,3% and 39,1%, respectively. It was shown that the application of bacteria in substrate before sowing of crop has a greater influence on quality of lettuce, than watering of shoots.

Relevance. Leuconostoc mesenteroides, Lactobacillus plantarum and Leuconostoc fallaxare the three main lactic acid bacteria developing in the production of sauerkraut. The process of production of fermented foods, as well as their characteristics are determined by the fermenting activity of microorganisms used. Many food products (matured cheeses, sauerkraut, etc.) are canned products: for them, the term is significantly increased compared to the shelf life of the raw material from which these products are made. Their characteristic feature is not only high stability during storage, but also a pronounced flavor bouquet, due to the direct or indirect action of fermenting microorganisms.Material and methods. Microbiological methods of preserving fruits and vegetables are based on the formation of natural preservatives – lactic acid and alcohol, which accumulate as a result of fermentation of sugars by lactic acid bacteria or yeast. The intensity of lactic acid fermentation and the amount of accumulated lactic acid depend on several conditions: the presence of lactic acid bacteria, the content of sugars and other chemicals in the raw material, the addition of spice-aromatic plants, anaerobic conditions, temperature. Due to the accumulation of lactic acid, the development of other microorganisms, and then the lactic acid bacteria themselves, is suspended. The dynamics of development of lactic acid microorganisms and their consortia on the model media, pretreated by the culture of Leuconostoc mesenteroides species, at the main stage of step fermentation of white cabbage of the "Parus"variety are investigated.Results. Dynamics of development of monocultures of L. brevis, L. casei and L. plantarum and their paired consortia at the main technological stage at two stages of fermentation are investigated. It is established that a preliminary fermentation of a model medium with a culture of Leuconostoc mesenteroides generates adverse conditions for the development of L. brevis and L. casei in the monoculture (pseudotensorial) and in consortium with each other, but favorable conditions for the development of L. plantarum in pseudotensorial and in pairwise combinations with L. brevis and L. casei.

At the first stage of breeding, the new source material was created to obtain a variety of daikon resistant to abiotic factors with high productivity and commercial qualities, better taste, and biochemical properties. Eighteen samples from Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, China, Korea, and Japan were in the nursery of the original forms. The following breeding types were used in the hybrid nursery: 1) crossing of several morphologically close samples originating from geographically remote areas; 2) paired crosses of morphologically and biologically different samples. Breeding was carried out on an accelerated scheme: before harvesting, samples were evaluated for resistance to bolting, shape and color of the roots, taste qualities, and affection with diseases; in February, the roots were planted in temporary greenhouses in pairs for hybridization; seeds were threshed in mid-July; the hybrid seeds were sown on the roots in early August; the roots were harvested and evaluated 60-65 days after the moment of sprouting. Then, the 1.5-year cycle was repeated until the constant lines were obtained. Yield fluctuations were determined by taking into account the sum of effective temperatures and precipitation for the period “sprouting – harvest” [4]. Slight variability in the yield at high agronomic stability was observed for the varieties Sokol, Gulliver, and hybrid No. 41. The standard (variety Klyk slona) differed from other varieties by high variability in the yield and insufficiently high agronomic stability (66%). We found that there was the fluctuation of the yield of modern varieties: Klyk slona by 22 t/ha, Gulliver by 9 t/ha, Sokol by 14 t/ha, and hybrid No. 41 by 15 t/ha. It was estimated that for every 1 degree Celsius rise in the amounts of effective temperatures the yield of the aforementioned varieties decreased: 9.7; 38; 7.4 and 66 kg/ha, respectively. And, vice versa, if the amount of precipitation increased by 1 mm, the yield of Klyk slona would increase by 17 kg/ha, Gulliver - by 10 kg/ha, Sokol - by 11 kg/ha, and hybrid No. 41 – by 6 kg/ha. The technology and method for initial seed production of daikon have been developed with the preserved economic and biological characteristics. The daikon variety Sokol was created and included in the State Register.

The results of vegetable production in recent years in the world and the Russian Federation are shown. The countries in which there was a significant change in the indicators of vegetable production are listed. The global indicators of the most important types of vegetable crops are given. The shares of the countries – the main leading vegetable producers – in the world gross harvest of vegetable products are allocated. Indicators of the size of the acreage, gross harvest and productivity in administrative districts are analyzed. The leading subjects of the Federation on these indicators are named. The collection of commercial vegetables in General and in the categories of vegetable producers. Given the share of Russia in world production of vegetables according to cultivated area, gross yield and basic types of vegetable production. It is established that the capacity of the domestic market is high and options for increasing production in the vegetable sector are proposed. The most important reasons constraining production of qualitative competitive vegetable production are designated, and also recommendations for their decision are given. The generalized results of longterm experiments allowing to pass to a new level of productivity of production of vegetables are shown. The level of influence of degradation of arable land on productivity and efficiency of vegetable growing is specified. The analysis of differentiation of districts and subjects of the Federation on the per capita consumption of vegetables, based on their own production and interregional exchange of vegetable products, taking into account imports from other countries. Consumption of vegetable production in districts and subjects of the Federation is presented. The shares of imports in the interregional exchange and to the volume of own production of vegetable products are calculated. The volume of imports is shown in real and value terms (in us dollars).

Preservation of tomatoes takes place by appropriate preparation of raw materials, packing in a container and sealing it with subsequent heat treatment. In the course of our studies on the suitability  of new varieties  for canning, we noted that all varieties  reacted differently  to heat treatment. For example, the forward variety, which has high taste qualities, had a sugar-acid index of 8,44,  compared to 7,04-7,51  in other varieties,  the tasting commission was estimated at 3,1-4,6 points, which is lower than other varieties, due to cracking of the skin of the fetus. After a year of storage, the sugar and acid index, depending on the variant, was 9,18-9,93, which indicates high taste qualities of the fruit. It was noted that the higher flavor qualities, regardless of the storage time, were in option 2.  For the varieties  Festive, Carat and Forward, the best was option 3. By the end of storage, it was 11,82 for the Festive variety, 10,51  for the variety Karat and 11,98  from Forward. According to the sugar-acid index of all the varieties studied, we distinguished Forward. We found that the sugar-acid index was higher than the taste, both before and after canning, in all varieties,  indicating  their high taste qualities. A higher score was given to variants 1 (control), 3 and 4. In variant 5, a sharper smell of garlic was noted.

The value of the root chicory is due to the unique chemical composition of its roots. Depending on the variety, place of growth and growing conditions of culture chicory roots contain 72.0-77.0% water, 1.0-1.2% protein, 0.1-0.3% fat, 1.0-6.0% sugar, 12.0-30% inulin, 1.3-1.8% fiber, 1.1-1.9% ash, 0.3-0.4% phosphorus, 1.3-1.4% potassium, 0.3-0.4% calcium. Chicory roots can serve as a raw material for the production of various products: coffee surrogate, alcohol, sugar substitute and inulin in its pure form. Depending on the type of final product, the processing industry has different requirements for the chemical composition of the root crops. Coffee-chicory industry makes demands of the high content of inulin in the roots as the main nutritional flavor substratum, the high content of glucoside of inhibin reporting chicory drink a specific coffee flavor and aroma, and low content of proteins. The sugar industry is interested in a high percentage of inulin and other soluble carbohydrates that are easily converted into sugars, and in a small content of intibin, which gives the product a bitter taste, as well as in a small amount of proteins that are the most malicious pathogens that complicate sugar extraction. In the production of pure inulin, the processing industry is primarily interested in ensuring that the content of this carbohydrate in the root crops is as high as possible. The alcohol industry is interested in a high content of soluble carbohydrates as the main source material for alcohol, in a high content of soluble proteins as a nutrient substrate for the development of yeast cultures in the fermentation of sugar and in a high content of phosphorus and potassium salts, also necessary for the successful reproduction of yeast. The article reflects the economic importance of root chicory as a raw material for the needs of different types of industry (coffee-cyclical, alcohol, sugar), depending on the content of different substances in the root crops. The chemical composition, dynamics of accumulation of substances during the growing season and their distribution in different parts of the root crop are reflected.

The conflict has arisen between the production of “technical”, low quality tomato varieties in the interests of  farmers and processers and the need of population accustomed to consumption of salad tomatoes in high quality, useful products. As far as now this conflict has not been settled. Tomatoes are among the most important year-round sources of vitamins  С, В, В2, РР, А, Н, В9, pectines,  valuable minerals and nutrients and  also  other  compounds,  especially the  antioxidants lycopene and  carotene, which  determine healthy diet  of humans and protect from many diseases. It  is necessary to create the tomato varieties  for each soil-climatic  zone, which are adapted to specific environmental conditions of cultivation, thus maximizing the genetic and climatic potential of the crop. In non-chernozem  zone of Russia, which is characterized  by perhumidity but rather short vegetation period and insufficient sum of temperatures for such warm-weather crop as tomato, the  plant  breeders  of  Federal State-Financed research Institution,  Federal Research Center of Vegetable  Production “VNIISSOK” create primarily short-season  and mi-season varieties, which are tolerant to the low temperatures, short-growth (tree-type  and determinant  bushes) with closely placed clusters, even ripening and resistant to shot holes.

The cultivation of perennial onions may increase the availability of green leaves in the early spring period and reduce the problem of vitamin deficiency.  Welsh onion (Allium fistulosum) is one of the most demanded crops of the perennial  onion group both in commercial and household vegetable growing. This is quite low maintenance crop with a number of positive qualities and properties. The factor that constrains the spread of this crop and its most intensive introduction  in commercial growing is the lack of varieties adapted to the growing conditions. The plant breeders of the Altai Region have made major efforts for  collecting the  source material of  Welsh onion, studying it further and conducting the selection. As a result, the clones with economically valuable characters were selected from the candidate varieties. In 2016, the candidate variety No. 44 was submitted to the State Variety Testing, it went through the trials successfully,  and was included in the State Register of Selection  Achievements as Premyera  variety. The variety is middle-ripening, the period from the mass regrowth of leaves to the beginning of economic life is 20-28 days. One of its main practical advantages is late formation of flower shoots (4-14 June), which makes it possible to extend the period of  economic validity of  landings. According to  the results of tests, on average for three years, the new variety in marketable yield exceeds the standard Nezhnost with a onetime cleaning per year of sowing by 32.2% and with cuttings in perennial crops by 39.7%.

Relevance. Growing plants in artificial conditions (closed agroecosystems) requires precise regulation of plant growth factors, starting from the first stages of ontogenesis. One of the parameters is the presence or absence of light in the period of seed germination. For most types of cabbage the standard method is germination in the dark, but for freshly harvested seeds (at rest) light exposure is necessary. According to the literature, the mechanisms of the effect of light on seed germination are complex and ambiguous, so the issue needs detailed research.Methods. Therefore, the purpose of this work was to study the germination of seeds of broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica Plenck) and Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa var. chinensis), taking into account the light factor and the simultaneous analysis of antioxidant activity as a marker of changes in metabolic processes.Results. The experiment has revealed a significant increase in the antioxidant activity of the microgreens during germination in the dark compared to germination in the light (in broccoli by 5.5 times, in Chinese cabbage by 4.8 times). Later on, after the seedlings are moved to the light, the differences between the light and dark versions practically disappear. After germination in the light, the antioxidant activity of microgreens in comparison with the original (dry seeds) decreased by 3-3.5 times, while in the dark – on the contrary, increased by 1.5-1.6 times. The final results of germination (germination energy and seed germination) practically do not differ in the versions. In the case of dark germination, the height of microgreens is greater (due to etiolation and stretching in the absence of light), however, later on, the differences in the versions are smoothed out. The biomass of microgreens in the version of light germination on the 4th day after sowing seeds in broccoli is by 9.1% higher, in Chinese cabbage – by 10.5%. In case of Chinese cabbage, differences remained until the end of the experiment (on the 18th day from sowing seeds), in case of broccoli they were smoothed out. Comparison of two kinds of cabbage has showen that broccoli in the closed system of the synergotron forms a much higher aboveground biomass than Chinese cabbage (on the 4th day after sowing – by 37%, on the 18th day – by 75.4% in the dark version).

Relevance. Significant harm to the culture of tomato, speaking about the middle Russia open ground plantations, is caused by fungal diseases, among which the most common are Fusarium wilt, late blight, alternariosis. To reduce the harmfulness of diseases, it is important to create stable and precocious hybrids that can give most of the crop before the mass development of diseases occurs. The complex system of protection includes preventive measures, the use of growth regulators possessing protective and stimulating action, application of biological preparations and fungicidal treatment. In terms of epiphytotic diseases, the most effective are chemicals, among which the increasing use get multipurpose products, involving several antifungal ingredients.Methods. The article presents the test results of the Uniform fungicide (321,7 g/l Аsoxystrobin + 123,7 g/l to Мefenoxam) against root rot of open ground tomato culture, grown in Moscow region. The estimation of biological and economic efficiency of Uniform application depending on the rate of consumption and multiplicity of treatments was carried out. The tomato Donskoy F1 hybrid, grown on drip irrigation, was used in experiments. Threefold background mode treatment of plants against late blight was carried out by fungicide Revus Top: at the onset of the first symptoms of the disease and hereinafter with 14 days intervals. Flow rate was 0.5 l/ha with solution consumption reaching 200 l/ha. Treatment of tomato plants by Uniform fungicide was performed by watering at the root under the flow rates of 0.9 l/ha and 1.5 l/ha and solution consumption of 200 l/ha. First application of seedlings was performed when planting, the second – 20 days after the first. The area of experimental plots was 20 m2, area of account plots was 10 m2. The repetition of account monitoring was fourfold.Results. The best results were achieved when using Uniform at the rate of 1.5 l/ha by root watering during transplanting and repeatedly at 20 days intervals. An increase in survival rate of seedlings, reduction of incidence of root rot by 81.2-86.9% and tomato yield increase by 29.7% to control under the influence of Uniform treatments were observed.