The article is dedicated to the 100th anniversary of the head institution of the Federal Scientific Vegetable Center - the oldest and leading breeding organization for vegetable crops, better known in the scientific and socio-economic spheres of the Russian Federation by its historical name - VNIISSOK. The center's activity dates back to the creation in 1920 of the Gribovskaya Vegetable Breeding Experimental Station, where, under the leadership of Professor Sergei Ivanovich Zhegalov, a theoretical and practical basis for the development of domestic breeding was laid. In 1970, the experimental station was transformed into the AllUnion Research Institute of Selection and Seed Production of Vegetable Crops, and in 1992 into the All-Russian Research Institute of Selection and Seed Production of Vegetable Crops. Over the years, breeding methods have been developed and improved, including modern biotechnological methods, using molecular marking and interspecies hybridization. The results obtained during this period reflect the traditions of scientific schools and approaches laid down by scientists-breeders, seed growers, vegetable growers, flower growers, both in the field of basic research, and in the creation of varieties and hybrids of vegetable crops. The organizational and structural reform of breeding institutions carried out in 2017 contributed to the formation of the Federal scientific vegetable center (FSBSI FSVC), which includes VNIISSOK as the parent organization and 8 branches located in various ecological and geographical zones. At a new stage of development, the FSBSI FSVC continues its glorious traditions. Scientists have obtained world-class results in basic research and competitive selection achievements in priority applied research. The scientific results and structural changes that have occurred over the hundred-year period of the breeding establishment are the foundation for the further development of the vegetable science in the country.

In recent years, in the agricultural sector there is a tendency to increase the production of crop products. However, its quality is still not high enough. To improve the situation in the vegetable growing industry, an important place is given to improving breeding and seed production, since the variety and high-quality seeds are the main elements of modern crop cultivation zonal technologies. At the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “Federal Scientific Vegetable Center” (FSBSI FSVC), vegetable crop breeding has been put on the innovative path of development, where modern methods are used along with classical ones: molecular markers on the main of economical important plant determinants, accelerated creation of homogeneous lines using the methods of doubled haploids and biotechnology of functional products for healthy nutrition. As a result of purposeful selection work, domestic varieties and hybrids of vegetable crops with fundamentally new qualities were created. The geographical location of the branches of the Center allows you to create breeding achievements for all potential regions of vegetable growing. In 2019, 36 varieties and hybrids of vegetables and melon crops were created, including cabbage, carrot, tomato, onion, onion Shallot, perennial onion, garlic, peas, bean, cowpea, pumpkin, cucumber, sugar corn, green vegetables culture, spicy-flavouring plant and floral crops. In order to provide the industry with pure-grade quality seed material and increase the productivity of crops due to the full use of the potential of the variety in the FSBSI FSVC, constant work is carried out in primary seed production. Zonal cultivation technologies have been developed that will allow growing domestic products in different soil and climatic conditions of the country. Wide introduction of achievements of the Russian vegetable growing science in agricultural production is capable to provide the population of the Russian Federation with high-quality, domestic production.

For the Russian Far East (RDV), the subjects are calculated self-sufficiency of vegetable products and its connection with the population. A close correlation between these indicators has ignore once. In order to stabilize the population and consolidate it, it is necessary to increase dramatically the production of vegetables. There are a number of prerequisites for this: a network of research agricultural institutions throughout the territory and a specialized 1Primorskaya vegetable experimental station – branch of the Federal scientific vegetable center in the south of the region, has established. Its employees have clarified the basics of Far Eastern vegetable farming (principles of selecting sites for vegetable plantations and pre-intensive cultivation of their soils, reclamation of the territory; experimentally tested and recommended specialized crop rotations, their effective links; refined fertilizer system; system of resource-saving treatment of soils on the basis of crest-ridge cultivation technology), a number of promising varieties of vegetables "borscht" group, established their seed production, solved many issues of mechanization for cultivation processes. Significantly, important areas of further work were planned.

Relevance. Hybrid seed production of carrots is carried out on a three-line basis, which suggests the presence of a male sterile maternal line and a fertile paternal line. For the reproduction of a male sterile line, a maintainer line is needed. The process of creating an isogenic pair of a manly sterile line – a maintainer line is of great complexity. As a maintainer line, it is necessary to use only a plant – a homozygote Cyt N msms for the core genes providing sterility, but with a normal cytoplasm. The purpose of the work is the creation of maintainer line for the sterility of carrots from the population of the Rogneda variety.Methods. Research were carried out: in 2016, at the experimental base of the Voronezh Vegetable Experimental Station (Voronezh Region); in 2017 - 2019, at the breeding center of All-Russian Research Institute of Vegetable Growing – branch of Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution Federal Scientific Vegetable Center (Moscow Region). The material for the work was seed plants and roots of the Rogneda variety and hybrid, inbred, backcross progenies obtained from this population. Breeding methods: hybridization, inbreeding. Crosses used: simple direct and complex return (backcrosses), inbreeding.Results.Research revealed the possibility of searching for a maintainer line in the Rogneda variety. The P43f inbred progeny is potential line B, which maintains the CMS trait of the petaloid type at 100%. Of the 67 hybrid progenies, only P43st x P43f was left, in which all plants with male sterility. 65 hybrid progenies contained both sterile and fertile plants. Associated 65 inbred progenies had sterile and fertile plants, i.e. it makes no sense to try to obtain a maintainer line is needed. The process of creating an isogenic pair of a manly sterile line – a maintainer line from such fertile plants. Hybrid progeny of P4st x P4f had 100% fertile plants. The inbred progeny of P4f was represented only by fertile plants.

Relevance. It was to study the variability of the degree of defeat of promising varieties of table carrots by diseases of various etiologies during storage for several years, to determine the level of their polymorphism based on resistance to various types of pathogens and the effectiveness of selection based on an individual immunological assessment of uterine root crops.Materials and methods. The experimental part of the work was performed in 2017-2020 at the FSBSI "Federal Scientific Vegetable Center" with carrot varietal populations of Margosha and Minor. The identification of the species composition of pathogens, the degree of damage, and the level of resistance of variety specimens were carried out in accordance with appropriate methods and determinants. For the immunological assessment of the resistance of carrot cultivars in vitro, the most virulent isolates of different types of fungi were used from the collection of the Laboratory of Immunity and Plant Protection of the Federal Center for Scientific Research.Results. It was established that in the populations of Margosha and Minor under natural storage conditions, the ratio and degree of spread of economically significant diseases differ significantly in different years. Based on an in vitro immunological assessment, a high polymorphism of the individual resistance of genotypes within both populations to the majority of micromycetes was revealed and the most resistant forms to the most dangerous types of pathogens were identified. Immunological analysis of the resulting offspring confirmed the high efficiency of group selection based on a comprehensive assessment of the stability of individual uterine root crops in vivo and in vitro.

Relevance. Doubled haploids (DH-plants) are excellent material for genetic research and breeding due to their complete homozygosity. The genus Raphanus from the Brassicaceae family is the toughest to produce doubled haploid plants through isolated microspore culture in vitro (IMC). The study of the causes of disturbed root formation and the development of elements of this stage of technology will significantly increase the effectiveness of the IMC technology for European radish.Methods. The study included three varieties from the collection of the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution Federal Scientific Vegetable Center (FSBSI FSVC): Teplichny Gribovsky, Rozovo-krasniy s belim konchikom and Rhodes. The experiments used a standard protocol for obtaining DH plants using IMC technology in a standard form and with a modification of the rooting stage. The solid MS medium (with agar 7g/L): MS without hormones, MS medium supplemented with IAA at concentrations of 0.5; 1 and 2 mg / L and liquid MSm medium supplemented with 0.1 mg / L kinetin were used for rooting of regenerated plants. All media were supplemented with 20 g/L sucrose. We used three types of techniques for transplanting plant explants onto a solid hormonefree MS medium: planting micro-shoots with their basal part immersed by 2-3 mm into the medium; planting in a well made in a nutrient medium using tweezers under sterile conditions; and landing on the surface of the medium without embedment.Results. In this work, we studied the features of the stage of rooting of regenerated European radish plants in vitro conditions. The transplant technique has been proven to be important for the successful establishment of radish micro-shoots. Plant explants must be planted strictly on the surface of a solid hormone-free nutrient medium MS, without embedment. The use of tubes with bridges made of filter paper and MSm liquid medium with the addition of 0.1 mg/L kinetin for the induction of root formation also showed high efficiency. For plants prone to the formation of root-like structures (RLS) with secondary tumors (ST), multiple dissection of abnormal formations with successive transplants is necessary. Modification at the rooting stage of micro-shoots growing has increased the percentage of successfully adapted DH plants in vivo conditions from 0-14% to 95-98%.

Relevance and methods. Among vegetable crops, root crops are particularly popular among the population both in the Russian Federation and abroad: carrots, beetroot, radish, turnips and parsnips, which are sources of various vitamins. A significant share in the structure of production and acreage is occupied by carrot and beetroot. According to FAOSTAT data, in 2018, the Russian Federation produced  1508 thousand tons of carrot and 837 thousand tons of beetroot, which is 60 and 30%, respectively, of the existing needs, even the import of these products does not fully meet them. Based on the strategy of food security, in order to increase the population's supply with domestic products, it is necessary not only to increase the acreage, but also to quickly introduce F1 varieties and hybrids of domestic selection that meet the requirements of industrial technologies.Results. Given these requirements, breeders, FSBSI Federal Scientific Vegetable Center, using classical and modern methods to accelerate the breeding process, developed varieties and hybrids table root crops. Carrot F1 Nadezda (variety Nantes), F1 Rif (variety Shantane) with a yield of more than 90 t/ha, high uniformity, safety 95-98%, group resistance to diseases storage, Margosha variety (variety Nantes/Berlicum) with a stable yield at least 100 t/ha, high environmental resistance; single- and double-seeded varieties of beets, Bordo odnosemyannaya, Lubava, Gaspadynya, with a marketability level of 95-98%, intensely colored pulp without clearly defined rings; Japanese Geisha and snow maiden turnips with edible leaves and juicy tender root pulp and ultra-ripe forms of Sapfir, Biryuza and Selecta for flow hydroponics; precocious varieties of radish Aria, Sonata, myth and moor resistant to stalk and high ascorbic acid content.

Relevance. Image analysis is an accessible method that can convert qualitative variables to quantitative variables. Computer imaging has been used in seed biology in a variety of ways, including testing emergence rate and identifying them. The paper examines the development in the field of computer image analysis that contribute to a better understanding of seed morphology in terms of their radial heterogeneity parameters: size, shape and color range. The size and shape of the seeds depends on the location of them in the inflorescence. The aim of the work was measuring geometric indicators and analyzing the color characteristics of Allium cristophii seeds in the RGB system, due to the multi-tiered arrangement in the inflorescence.Methods. TThe heterogeneous seeds A. cristophii Trautv were analyzed. From AllRussian Scientific Research Institute of Vegetable Growing biocollection – branch of Federal Scientific Vegetable Center. The morphometric and optical parameters of the seeds were measured by analyzing their images using the VideoTesT-Morphology software.Results. Analysis of Christoph onion seeds heterogeneity showed that the length and width of the seeds from the lower tier were 3.301 and 2.681 mm, from the average – 3.295 and 2.605 mm and from the upper tier – 3.265 and 2.58 mm respectively. The average seed size from the lower tier was 2.99 mm, the average size was 2.95 mm and the lower tier was 2.92 mm. Statistically significant decrease of indicators over all color channels (according to RGB color model) from the lower tier - to the upper tierwas revealed. The tiered arrangement of flowers on the inflorescence is the cause of non-time maturation of Allium seeds. Operational ease, low cost commercial computer technology, and non- destructive seed analysis and sorting highlight the potential of this method for application in a seed laboratory.

Relevance. Study the selection material of cucumber on the basis of the hypocotyl length, as well as to assess the stability of this feature depending on the year of research and the timing of sowing.Material and methods. Studies were conducted on the selection samplesof the laboratory cucumber breeding and seed production of Cucurbitaceae of FSBSI Federal Scientific Vegetable Center in 2019 and 2020 in terms of seedling branches winter greenhouse type "Richelle". Cucumber seedlings were grown without artificial illumination. Measurement of the length of the subfamily knee was performed at the stages of expanded cotyledons and the formation of the first true leaf.Results. The length of the hypocotyl varied in the phase of expanded cotyledons – from 3 to 8 cm, in the phase of the first real leaf – from 6 to 18 cm. It was found that at the early stages of development, in the phase of expanded cotyledons, it is effective to reject plants with a hypocotyl length ≥5 cm. This will allow you to get rid of unwanted samples at the early stages of growing seedlings or to conduct selection within populations. The final assessment of the breeding material for lodging stability should be carried out in the phase of the first true leaf, since the most intensive growth of the hypocotyl was observed in the interphase period "expanded cotyledons – the first true leaf". During this period, it is possible to select non-lodging samples in a group that was characterized by an average hypocotyl (3.7-4.0 cm) for the expanded cotyledon phase. In breeding samples, depending on the year of research, the difference in the length of the hypocotyl in the phase of expanded cotyledons was 0.1-0.8 cm. All this indicates the stability of this feature and, accordingly, the possibility of selecting forms with the necessary parameters. A comparative study of cucumber seedlings of different sowing periods (1.5 months difference) revealed the samples most sensitive to low light. Promising samples were selected with a short hypocotyl in the phase of expanded cotyledons (< 5 cm), which are of interest for breeding for seedling resistance to lodging.

Relevance. The degree of variability of the linear parameters of the morphological elements of the seeds of the anise (variety Vityaz) and cumin (variety Peresvet).Materials and methods. 1) Plants: Monarda fistulosa L. (the breeding sample №5 U.P.), Monarda citriodora Cerv. ex Lag. (Simka variety), Melissa officinalis L. (Zhemchuzhina variety). 2) secondary metabolites: flavonoid glycoside linarozid and steroid glycoside moldstim.Methods. The studies were carried out in VNIIO – a branch of the FSBSI Federal Scientific Vegetable Center. The measurement of the length of the seed and endosperm was carried out using a caliper (GOST 166-89). The embryo length was determined using a Levenhuk 670T microscope and a DCM 300 MD video eyepiece at Ч 40 magnification using Scope Photo (Image Software V. 3.1.386). The lengths of each seed, endosperm (longitudinal section) and embryo (after isolation) were sequentially analyzed. The indices IE/C, IZ/E, IZ/C were calculated as the corresponding ratios of the length of the seed, endosperm and embryo.Results. The maximum length of the seed (4.76±0.10 mm) and of the endosperm (4.08 ± 0.08 mm) and the length of the embryo (1.40±0.02 mm) were noted in cumin seeds. The average values of the coefficient of variation (V), on the contrary, were minimal for cumin seeds, varying from 7.8% for the length of the embryo to 11.5% for the length of the seed. The average values of the coefficient of variation (V) for anise varied from 9.3% for the length of the embryo to 14.7% for the length of the seed. The maximum level of variability in both cultures was noted for seed size. Correlation analysis showed that a close relationship was observed in anise (r=0.912) and cumin seeds (r=0.876) only between the length of the seed and the length of the endosperm. The value of the correlation coefficient (r) between the linear sizes of the seed and the embryo was 0.195 for anise and 0.229 for cumin seeds, and between the length of the endosperm and the length of the embryo, 0.237 and 0.214, respectively. The correlation coefficient (r) between the index IZ/E and the linear sizes of the seed, endosperm and embryo had low negative values from -0.221 to - 0.345.