International audience | Faced with the challenges of adapting agriculture to climate change, seed production should have increased resilience to abiotic stress factors and the expected proliferation of pathogens. This concerns both the nutritional quality and seed vigor, two crucial factors in seedling establishment and yield. Both qualities are acquired during seed development, but how environment influences the genetic and physiological determinisms of these qualities remains to be elucidated. With a world production of 71 Mt of seeds per year, oilseed rape (Brassica napus) is the third largest oleaginous crop. But its productivity must cope with several abiotic stresses, among which drought is one of the main constraints in current and future climate scenarios. In addition, clubroot disease, caused by the pathogen Plasmodiophora brassicae, leads to severe yield losses for the Brassica crops worldwide. Clubroot provokes the formation of galls on the infected roots that can restrict the flow of water and nutrients within the plant throughout the growth cycle. In order to get new insights into the impact of single or combined constraints on seed qualities, metabolic profiling assays were run for a collection of 330 seed samples (including developing, mature and imbibed seeds) harvested from plants of two B. napus cultivars ("Express" and "Montego") that were grown under either drought conditions, the presence of P. brassicae, or a combination of both stresses. Metabolites were identified and quantified by UPLC or GC. In addition, monitoring germination traits was conducted for 60 mature seed lots under in vitro conditions using an automated phenotyping platform. The present dataset contains the raw contents for 42 metabolites (nmol.mg(-1) of seed dry weight) filtered and analyzed with statistical tests as well as germination speed and percentages. This dataset is available under accession at Data INRAE. These data will contribute to a better understanding of the crosstalk between the plant responses to water deprivation and/or pathogen attack and how it compromises seed quality. A better understanding of the molecular and physiological responses of the seed to (a)biotic stress on a molecular and physiological will be a first step to meet scientific and technological challenges of adapting seeds to their environment.

Faced with the challenges of adapting agriculture to climate change, seed production should have increased resilience to abiotic stress factors and the expected proliferation of pathogens. This concerns both the nutritional quality and seed vigor, two crucial factors in seedling establishment and yield. Both qualities are acquired during seed development, but how environment influences the genetic and physiological determinisms of these qualities remains to be elucidated. With a world production of 71 Mt of seeds per year, oilseed rape (Brassica napus) is the third largest oleaginous crop. But its productivity must cope with several abiotic stresses, among which drought is one of the main constraints in current and future climate scenarios. In addition, clubroot disease, caused by the pathogen Plasmodiophora brassicae, leads to severe yield losses for the Brassica crops worldwide. Clubroot provokes the formation of galls on the infected roots that can restrict the flow of water and nutrients within the plant throughout the growth cycle. In order to get new insights into the impact of single or combined constraints on seed qualities, metabolic profiling assays were run for a collection of 330 seed samples (including developing, mature and imbibed seeds) harvested from plants of two B. napus cultivars (“Express” and “Montego”) that were grown under either drought conditions, the presence of P. brassicae, or a combination of both stresses. Metabolites were identified and quantified by UPLC or GC. In addition, monitoring germination traits was conducted for 60 mature seed lots under in vitro conditions using an automated phenotyping platform. The present dataset contains the raw contents for 42 metabolites (nmol.mg⁻¹ of seed dry weight) filtered and analyzed with statistical tests as well as germination speed and percentages. This dataset is available under accession at Data INRAE. These data will contribute to a better understanding of the crosstalk between the plant responses to water deprivation and/or pathogen attack and how it compromises seed quality. A better understanding of the molecular and physiological responses of the seed to (a)biotic stress on a molecular and physiological will be a first step to meet scientific and technological challenges of adapting seeds to their environment.

International audience | Seed vigor is an estimate of how successfully a seed lot will establish seedlings under a wide range of environmental conditions, with both the embryo and the surrounding endosperm playing distinct roles in the germination behaviour. Germination and seedling establishment are essential for crop production to be both sustainable and profitable. Seed vigor traits are sequentially acquired during development via genetic programs that are poorly understood, but known to be under the strong influence of environmental conditions. To investigate how light and temperature have an impact on the molecular mechanisms governing seed vigor at harvest, RNA sequencing was performed on Solanum lycopersicum cv. Moneymaker seed tissues (i.e. embryo and endosperm) that were dissected from fruits that were submitted to standard or high temperature and/or standard or dim light. The dataset encompassed a total of 26.5 Gb raw data from mature embryo and endosperm tissues transcriptomes. The raw and mapped reads data on build SL4.0 and annotation ITAG4.0 are available under accession GSE158641 at NCBI Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Data on seed vigor characteristics are presented together with the differentially expressed gene transcripts. GO and Mapman annotations were generated on ITAG4.0 to analyse this dataset and are provided for datamining future datasets.

Seed vigor is an estimate of how successfully a seed lot will establish seedlings under a wide range of environmental conditions, with both the embryo and the surrounding endosperm playing distinct roles in the germination behaviour. Germination and seedling establishment are essential for crop production to be both sustainable and profitable. Seed vigor traits are sequentially acquired during development via genetic programs that are poorly understood, but known to be under the strong influence of environmental conditions. To investigate how light and temperature have an impact on the molecular mechanisms governing seed vigor at harvest, RNA sequencing was performed on Solanum lycopersicum cv. Moneymaker seed tissues (i.e. embryo and endosperm) that were dissected from fruits that were submitted to standard or high temperature and/or standard or dim light. The dataset encompassed a total of 26.5 Gb raw data from mature embryo and endosperm tissues transcriptomes. The raw and mapped reads data on build SL4.0 and annotation ITAG4.0 are available under accession GSE158641 at NCBI Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Data on seed vigor characteristics are presented together with the differentially expressed gene transcripts. GO and Mapman annotations were generated on ITAG4.0 to analyse this dataset and are provided for datamining future datasets.

International audience | We present here a data set generated from a multinational survey on opinions of university community members on the prospect of consuming food grown with human urine as fertiliser and about their urine recycling perceptions in general. The data set comprises answers from 3,763 university community members (students, faculty/researchers, and staff) from 20 universities in 16 countries and includes demographic variables (age bracket, gender, type of settlement of origin, academic discipline, and role in the university). Questions were designed based on Ajzen's theory of planned behaviour to elicit information about three components of behavioural intention—attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioural control. Survey questions covered perceived risks and benefits (attitudes), perceptions of colleagues (injunctive social norm) and willingness to consume food grown with cow urine/faeces (descriptive social norm), and willingness to pay a price premium for food grown with human urine as fertiliser (perceived behavioural control). We also included a question about acceptable urine recycling and disposal options and assessed general environmental outlook via the 15-item revised New Ecological Paradigm (NEP) scale. Data were collected through a standardised survey instrument translated into the relevant languages and then administered via an online form. Invitations to the survey were sent by email to university mailing lists or to a systematic sample of the university directory. Only a few studies on attitudes towards using human urine as fertiliser have been conducted previously. The data described here, which we analysed in “Willingness among food consumers at universities to recycle human urine as crop fertiliser: Evidence from a multinational survey” [1], may be used to further understand potential barriers to acceptance of new sanitation systems based on wastewater source separation and urine recycling and can help inform the design of future sociological studies.

We present here a data set generated from a multinational survey on opinions of university community members on the prospect of consuming food grown with human urine as fertiliser and about their urine recycling perceptions in general. The data set comprises answers from 3,763 university community members (students, faculty/researchers, and staff) from 20 universities in 16 countries and includes demographic variables (age bracket, gender, type of settlement of origin, academic discipline, and role in the university). Questions were designed based on Ajzen's theory of planned behaviour to elicit information about three components of behavioural intention-attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioural control. Survey questions covered perceived risks and benefits (attitudes), perceptions of colleagues (injunctive social norm) and willingness to consume food grown with cow urine/faeces (descriptive social norm), and willingness to pay a price premium for food grown with human urine as fertiliser (perceived behavioural control). We also included a question about acceptable urine recycling and disposal options and assessed general environmental outlook via the 15-item revised New Ecological Paradigm (NEP) scale. Data were collected through a standardised survey instrument translated into the relevant languages and then administered via an online form. Invitations to the survey were sent by email to university mailing lists or to a systematic sample of the university directory. Only a few studies on attitudes towards using human urine as fertiliser have been conducted previously. The data described here, which we analysed in "Willingness among food consumers at universities to recycle human urine as crop fertiliser: Evidence from a multinational survey"[1], may be used to further understand potential barriers to acceptance of new sanitation systems based on wastewater source separation and urine recycling and can help inform the design of future sociological studies. (C) 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc.

We present here a data set generated from a multinational survey on opinions of university community members on the prospect of consuming food grown with human urine as fertiliser and about their urine recycling perceptions in general. The data set comprises answers from 3,763 university community members (students, faculty/researchers, and staff) from 20 universities in 16 countries and includes demographic variables (age bracket, gender, type of settlement of origin, academic discipline, and role in the university). Questions were designed based on Ajzen's theory of planned behaviour to elicit information about three components of behavioural intention—attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioural control. Survey questions covered perceived risks and benefits (attitudes), perceptions of colleagues (injunctive social norm) and willingness to consume food grown with cow urine/faeces (descriptive social norm), and willingness to pay a price premium for food grown with human urine as fertiliser (perceived behavioural control). We also included a question about acceptable urine recycling and disposal options and assessed general environmental outlook via the 15-item revised New Ecological Paradigm (NEP) scale. Data were collected through a standardised survey instrument translated into the relevant languages and then administered via an online form. Invitations to the survey were sent by email to university mailing lists or to a systematic sample of the university directory. Only a few studies on attitudes towards using human urine as fertiliser have been conducted previously. The data described here, which we analysed in “Willingness among food consumers at universities to recycle human urine as crop fertiliser: Evidence from a multinational survey” [1], may be used to further understand potential barriers to acceptance of new sanitation systems based on wastewater source separation and urine recycling and can help inform the design of future sociological studies.

International audience | Land application of organic waste products (OWPs), catch crops and reduced soil tillage are accepted as sustainable management practices in agriculture. They can optimize resources by supplying nutrients to plants and helping to maintain soil fertility. They also can influence soil functions in agricultural production systems. Soil microorganisms can feed on fresh organic matter by producing extracellular enzymes. Enzyme production responds to resource availability and soil C:N:P ratios, which could limit biogeochemical cycling. Allocating resources to produce nutrient-acquiring enzymes requires a large amount of energy to achieve optimal growth. In this context, studying the use of OWPs is important, as alternatives to long-term use of mineral fertilizers, to understand the dynamics of response and how the OWPs influence production of extracellular enzymes in the soil. Effects of OWPs on soil enzymatic activities have been studied widely, but long-term effects remain poorly understood, and no information is available about differences in dynamics among systems for each biogeochemical cycle. The data described here were collected during two trials from an initial state, and they allow assessment of long-term effects of OWP application, mineral nitrogen fertilization, tillage and vegetation cover on soil enzymatic activities. Data are presented for the activities of five soil enzymes measured from 2012 to 2019: beta-glucosidase, phosphatase, urease, arylamidase and arylsulfatase. Five additional enzymes were included in 2019 to supplement the analysis of biogeochemical cycles: alkaline phosphatase, phosphodiesterase, alpha-glucosidase, beta-galactosidase and n-acetyl-glucosaminidase. These activities were measured in two trials at the EFELE study site: PROs (five OWPs applied to a corn-wheat rotation) and TS/MO (four treatments that examine interactions between OWP and type of tillage). These data can be used as a reference for future studies of soil enzymes in France and other regions (e.g. for developing reduced-tillage systems and organic or inorganic amendments, and to assess dynamics of the systems).

Land application of organic waste products (OWPs), catch crops and reduced soil tillage are accepted as sustainable management practices in agriculture. They can optimize resources by supplying nutrients to plants and helping to maintain soil fertility. They also can influence soil functions in agricultural production systems. Soil microorganisms can feed on fresh organic matter by producing extracellular enzymes. Enzyme production responds to resource availability and soil C:N:P ratios, which could limit biogeochemical cycling. Allocating resources to produce nutrient-acquiring enzymes requires a large amount of energy to achieve optimal growth. In this context, studying the use of OWPs is important, as alternatives to long-term use of mineral fertilizers, to understand the dynamics of response and how the OWPs influence production of extracellular enzymes in the soil. Effects of OWPs on soil enzymatic activities have been studied widely, but long-term effects remain poorly understood, and no information is available about differences in dynamics among systems for each biogeochemical cycle. The data described here were collected during two trials from an initial state, and they allow assessment of long-term effects of OWP application, mineral nitrogen fertilization, tillage and vegetation cover on soil enzymatic activities. Data are presented for the activities of five soil enzymes measured from 2012 to 2019: β-glucosidase, phosphatase, urease, arylamidase and arylsulfatase. Five additional enzymes were included in 2019 to supplement the analysis of biogeochemical cycles: alkaline phosphatase, phosphodiesterase, α-glucosidase, β-galactosidase and n-acetyl-glucosaminidase. These activities were measured in two trials at the EFELE study site: PROs (five OWPs applied to a corn-wheat rotation) and TS/MO (four treatments that examine interactions between OWP and type of tillage). These data can be used as a reference for future studies of soil enzymes in France and other regions (e.g. for developing reduced-tillage systems and organic or inorganic amendments, and to assess dynamics of the systems).

International audience | This article introduces a dataset of high-resolution colour images of grapevines. It contains 99 images acquired in the vineyard from a cruising tractor. Each image includes the full foliage of a grapevine plant. These images display a diverse range of symptoms caused by the grapevine downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola), a major fungal disease. The dataset also includes various confounding factors, i.e. anomalies that are not related to the disease. These anomalies are the natural and common phenomena affecting vineyards such as results of mechanical wounds, necroses, chemical burns or yellowing and discolorations due to nutritional or hydric deficiencies. Images were acquired in-situ on “Le Domaine de la Grande Ferrade” a public experimental facility of INRAE, in the area of Bordeaux. Acquisitions took place at early fruiting stages (BBCH 75-79) corresponding to the main sanitary pressure during growth. The acquisition device, embedded on a vine tractor, is composed of an industrial colour camera synchronised with powerful flashes. The purpose of this device is to produce a “day for night” effect that mitigates the variation of sunlight. It enables to homogenise images acquired during different weathers and time of the day and to ensure that the foreground (containing foliage) displays appropriate brightness, with minimum shadows while the background is darker. The images of the dataset were annotated manually by photo-interpretation with a careful review of expertise regarding phytopathology and physiological disorders. The annotation process consists in associating pixels with a class that defines its membership to a type of organ and its physiological state. Pixels from healthy, symptomatic or abnormal grapevine tissues were labelled into seven classes: “Limbus”, “Leaf edges”, “Berries”, “Stems”, “Foliar mildew”, “Berries mildew” and “Anomalies”. The annotation is achieved with the GIMP2 software as mask images where the value attributed to each pixel corresponds to one of the seven considered classes.

This article introduces a dataset of high-resolution colour images of grapevines. It contains 99 images acquired in the vineyard from a cruising tractor. Each image includes the full foliage of a grapevine plant. These images display a diverse range of symptoms caused by the grapevine downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola), a major fungal disease. The dataset also includes various confounding factors, i.e. anomalies that are not related to the disease. These anomalies are the natural and common phenomena affecting vineyards such as results of mechanical wounds, necroses, chemical burns or yellowing and discolorations due to nutritional or hydric deficiencies. Images were acquired in-situ on “Le Domaine de la Grande Ferrade” a public experimental facility of INRAE, in the area of Bordeaux. Acquisitions took place at early fruiting stages (BBCH 75-79) corresponding to the main sanitary pressure during growth. The acquisition device, embedded on a vine tractor, is composed of an industrial colour camera synchronised with powerful flashes. The purpose of this device is to produce a “day for night” effect that mitigates the variation of sunlight. It enables to homogenise images acquired during different weathers and time of the day and to ensure that the foreground (containing foliage) displays appropriate brightness, with minimum shadows while the background is darker. The images of the dataset were annotated manually by photo-interpretation with a careful review of expertise regarding phytopathology and physiological disorders. The annotation process consists in associating pixels with a class that defines its membership to a type of organ and its physiological state. Pixels from healthy, symptomatic or abnormal grapevine tissues were labelled into seven classes: “Limbus”, “Leaf edges”, “Berries”, “Stems”, “Foliar mildew”, “Berries mildew” and “Anomalies”. The annotation is achieved with the GIMP2 software as mask images where the value attributed to each pixel corresponds to one of the seven considered classes.

International audience | This dataset presents the chemical characteristics of plant biomass and crop residues from agrosystems in European areas (carbon and nitrogen contents and biochemical composition). These data have been collected from the scientific literature. The specific data and their origins are presented. The mean values from these data are also provided by major production type (main crops, forage and pasture crops, green manure and cover crops, vegetable crops and energy crops), species and litter type. These data were collected as part of the framework of the European project ResidueGas (ERA-GAS, 2017-2021), which aims to improve the estimation of greenhouse gas emissions associated with crop residues.

This dataset presents the chemical characteristics of plant biomass and crop residues from agrosystems in European areas (carbon and nitrogen contents and biochemical composition). These data have been collected from the scientific literature. The specific data and their origins are presented. The mean values from these data are also provided by major production type (main crops, forage and pasture crops, green manure and cover crops, vegetable crops and energy crops), species and litter type. These data were collected as part of the framework of the European project ResidueGas (ERA-GAS, 2017-2021), which aims to improve the estimation of greenhouse gas emissions associated with crop residues.

International audience | Organic vegetable farming systems in France have diverse farm structures, farming practices and socio-economic contexts. From April-July 2019, Pépin et al. [1] surveyed 165 farms using an online form. The questions about farming practices or socio-economic context did not require quantitative responses to make them simple and easy to answer. From a list of practices, farmers were asked which one(s) they used most often. Using decision rules, the answers were transformed into variables that are suitable for multivariate analysis. The data set also contains analysed data, including composite indexes derived from survey answers, as well as the number of the cluster to which each farm belonged, created after multivariate analysis and clustering performed on the data set.

Organic vegetable farming systems in France have diverse farm structures, farming practices and socio-economic contexts. From April-July 2019, Pépin et al. [1] surveyed 165 farms using an online form. The questions about farming practices or socio-economic context did not require quantitative responses to make them simple and easy to answer. From a list of practices, farmers were asked which one(s) they used most often. Using decision rules, the answers were transformed into variables that are suitable for multivariate analysis. The data set also contains analysed data, including composite indexes derived from survey answers, as well as the number of the cluster to which each farm belonged, created after multivariate analysis and clustering performed on the data set.

Improvements in ex situ storage of genetic and reproductive materials offer an alternative for endangered livestock breed conservation. This paper presents a dataset for current ex situ collections and in situ population for 179 Spanish livestock breeds of seven species, cattle, sheep, pig, chicken, goat, horse and donkey. Ex situ data was obtained via survey administered to 18 functioning gene banks in Spain and relates to the reproductive genetic materials (semen doses) of 210 livestock breeds distributed across the gene banks. In situ data combines CENSUS information with linear regression techniques and relates to the geographic distribution of 179 Spanish autochthonous livestock breeds (2009-2018), and in situ population projections and extinction probabilities (2019-2060). We use a decision variable defining an “acceptable level of risk” that allows decision makers to specify tolerable levels of in situ breed endangerment when taking ex situ collection and storage decisions.

Improvements in ex situ storage of genetic and reproductive materials offer an alternative for endangered livestock breed conservation. This paper presents a dataset for current ex situ collections and in situ population for 179 Spanish livestock breeds of seven species, cattle, sheep, pig, chicken, goat, horse and donkey. Ex situ data was obtained via survey administered to 18 functioning gene banks in Spain and relates to the reproductive genetic materials (semen doses) of 210 livestock breeds distributed across the gene banks. In situ data combines CENSUS information with linear regression techniques and relates to the geographic distribution of 179 Spanish autochthonous livestock breeds (2009-2018), and in situ population projections and extinction probabilities (2019-2060). We use a decision variable defining an “acceptable level of risk” that allows decision makers to specify tolerable levels of in situ breed endangerment when taking ex situ collection and storage decisions.

International audience | Improvements in ex situ storage of genetic and reproductive materials offer an alternative for endangered livestock breed conservation. This paper presents a dataset for current ex situ collections and in situ population for 179 Spanish livestock breeds of seven species, cattle, sheep, pig, chicken, goat, horse and donkey. Ex situ data was obtained via survey administered to 18 functioning gene banks in Spain and relates to the reproductive genetic materials (semen doses) of 210 livestock breeds distributed across the gene banks. In situ data combines CENSUS information with linear regression techniques and relates to the geographic distribution of 179 Spanish autochthonous livestock breeds (2009-2018), and in situ population projections and extinction probabilities (2019-2060). We use a decision variable defining an “acceptable level of risk” that allows decision makers to specify tolerable levels of in situ breed endangerment when taking ex situ collection and storage decisions.

The data describes Christian mission stations established in Ghana 1752–1932. Data is reported at an annual basis. For all 2,144 mission stations, the data includes station name, denomination, circuity, longitude, latitude, year of entry, exit, whether the station is a main or out-station, and whether it had a school attached. For sub-periods the data also includes information on the number of church members, attendance and seat capacity. The data was mainly sourced from ecclesiastical returns provided by the mission societies and published in the British Blue Books of the Gold Coast 1844–1932. The source represents a comprehensive census of missions. Various other sources were consulted to extend the data base to Ghana's first mission (1752), to include missions from German Togoland incorporated into Ghana after World War I, and to account for years, for which no Blue Books have survived. Mission stations were then georeferenced based on the place name where the mission is located. Coordinates were retrieved from NGA place name gazetteer as well as other sources. The data can be used to study patterns in and effects of Christianization in Ghana. The geographic coordinates of the mission stations allow researchers to flexibly link the data to other spatio-temporal databases. The data has been used in: Jedwab, R., F. Meier zu Selhausen and A. Moradi (2021). Christianization without economic development: Evidence from missions in Ghana.'' Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 190: 573–596.

The data describes Christian mission stations established in Ghana 1752–1932. Data is reported at an annual basis. For all 2,144 mission stations, the data includes station name, denomination, circuity, longitude, latitude, year of entry, exit, whether the station is a main or out-station, and whether it had a school attached. For sub-periods the data also includes information on the number of church members, attendance and seat capacity.The data was mainly sourced from ecclesiastical returns provided by the mission societies and published in the British Blue Books of the Gold Coast 1844–1932. The source represents a comprehensive census of missions. Various other sources were consulted to extend the data base to Ghana's first mission (1752), to include missions from German Togoland incorporated into Ghana after World War I, and to account for years, for which no Blue Books have survived. Mission stations were then georeferenced based on the place name where the mission is located. Coordinates were retrieved from NGA place name gazetteer as well as other sources.The data can be used to study patterns in and effects of Christianization in Ghana. The geographic coordinates of the mission stations allow researchers to flexibly link the data to other spatio-temporal databases.The data has been used in: Jedwab, R., F. Meier zu Selhausen and A. Moradi (2021). Christianization without economic development: Evidence from missions in Ghana.'' Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 190: 573–596.