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International cooperation in pursuit of sustainable cities Full text
2001
Atkinson, Adrian
Past international cooperation in support of urban projects and programmes, while focusing almost entirely on actions through government agencies, has been based upon major misunderstandings of the limited possibilities of government intervention and with a weak link to academic attempts to conceptualise the processes of urbanisation. The main international urban cooperation programmes, such as in transport, sanitation, and water supply, have been fragmented and often politically, socially, and technologically unsustainable, even in the short term. New initiatives have emerged that do recognise the need to work with actors and stakeholders other than government and these are producing very different practical results. As yet, these remain small scale and little work has been done to develop the implications of 'scaling-up' these approaches or of creating a coherent framework within which to pursue effective sustainable urban development initiatives.
Show more [+] Less [-]Residents' associations and information communication technologies: A suggested approach to international action-research Full text
2001
Ottolini, Cesare
The North-South disparity in access to new information communication technologies is well known, but there is a need now to get beyond simply measuring and documenting that gap, and develop more sensitive indicators on how such technologies might be, and are being, used by popular organisations (such as residents' associations) in order to give more effective voice to the interests of people living in poverty.
Show more [+] Less [-]Children and development assistance: The need to re-orient priorities and programmes Full text
2001
Bartlett, Sheridan
This article argues that if children were the focus of more deliberate attention on the part of donors, it could result in more effective use of the resources available for poverty reduction. Instead, development assistance neglects some of children's most pressing needs, and fails to take advantage of the long-term benefits to be gained by ensuring their physical and psychosocial welfare. The article focuses especially on the living environments of children in poverty, an area which receives little attention, but which is integral to poverty reduction.
Show more [+] Less [-]On-farm testing and dissemination of agroforestry among slash-and-burn farmers in Nagaland, India Full text
2001
Faminow, M. D. | Klein, K K
On-farm testing and dissemination of agroforestry among slash-and-burn farmers in Nagaland, India Full text
2001
Faminow, M. D. | Klein, K K
This paper describes the structure and impacts of a development project in Nagaland, India. The project was a large-scale experiment in participatory development that emphasised local technology based on farmer-led testing of agroforestry, where farmers themselves select agroforestry technologies, implement the field tests and assume responsibility for disseminating the results locally. This assessment suggests that agroforestry has spread rapidly and been primarily adopted on land that otherwise would have been used by traditional farmers for swidden agriculture. Thus, Nagaland appears to be on a path to intensifying its land use, based on agroforestry, which is likely to brake deforestation rates. The high rate of scaling up was due to an effective property rights system, access to a large and growing timber market, a continual process of internal monitoring and evaluation, provision of low-cost seeds and seedlings, and a participatory project strategy with interventions based on flexibility and community empowerment.
Show more [+] Less [-]On-farm testing and dissemination of Agroforestry among slash-and-burn farmers in Nagaland, India
2001
Faminow, M. D. | Klein, K. K.
This paper describes the structure and impacts of a development project in Nagaland, India. The project was a large-scale experiment in participatory development that emphasized local technology based on farm-led testing of Agroforestry, where farmers themselves select Agroforestry technologies, implement the field tests and assume responsibility for disseminating the results locally. This assessment suggests that Agroforestry has spread rapidly and been primarily adopted on land that otherwise would have been used by traditional farmers for Swidden agriculture.
Show more [+] Less [-]Lowering the ladder: Regulatory frameworks for sustainable development Full text
2001
Payne, Geoffrey
A major proportion of urban housing in developing countries, and also in some European countries, is developed outside officially sanctioned processes. This is less a reflection of a global desire to break the law than of the existence of inappropriate planning regulations, standards, and administrative procedures. Many countries have inherited or imported their regulatory frameworks from outside, and these were designed to meet very different conditions from those currently facing countries in the South. By attempting to impose such approaches on populations which are invariably too poor to be able to conform to them, the danger is that respect for the law and official institutions in general will be undermined. For urban development to be socially, economically, and institutionally sustainable, it is therefore vital to assess the extent to which changes in the regulatory frameworks are required in order to lower the bottom rung of the legal housing ladder so that the urban poor can start climbing it. This paper serves as a 'position paper' for an international research project to evaluate the social and economic costs of such frameworks for new urban development.
Show more [+] Less [-]Realising the potential of agroforestry: Integrating research and development to achieve greater impact Full text
2001
Denning, Glenn L
Realising the potential of agroforestry: Integrating research and development to achieve greater impact Full text
2001
Denning, Glenn L
Investments in process-oriented and farmer-participatory research have led to the emergence of sustainable agroforestry solutions to the problems of land degradation, poverty, and food insecurity in rural areas. Thousands of farmers in diverse ecoregions have taken up innovations that demonstrate the potential of agroforestry. This paper highlights the importance of institutional change through illustrating the approach taken by the International Centre for Research in Agroforestry to scale up adoption and impact of innovations. Eight focal areas of intervention constitute the key elements of a development strategy aimed at providing 80 million poor people in rural areas with better livelihood options by 2010.
Show more [+] Less [-]Realising the potential of agroforestry: integrating research and development to achieve greater impact
2001
Denning, Glenn L. | Cooper, Peter (Guest Editor) | Franzel, Steven (Guest Editor)
Investments in process-oriented and farmer-participatory research have led to the emergence of sustainable agroforestry solutions to the problems of land degradation, poverty and food insecurity in rural areas. Thousands of farmers in diverse ecoregions have taken up innovations that demonstrate the potential of agroforestry. This paper highlights the importance of institutional change through illustrating the approach taken by the International Centre for Research in Agroforestry to scale up adoption and impact innovations. Eight focal areas of intervention constitute the key elements of a development strategy aimed at providing 80 million poor people in rural areas with better livelihood options by 2010.
Show more [+] Less [-]Cities for the urban poor in Zimbabwe: Urban space as a resource for sustainable development Full text
2001
Brown, Alison
Large areas of Zimbabwean cites still reflect colonial planning traditions designed to promote racial segregation, which no longer adequately meet the demands of urban areas which are doubling in size every 10-15 years. This paper looks at the political, economic, and social influences on urban space production and use in Harare, and the extent to which the planning and regulatory system accommodates competing demands on public space in a fast-growing city. It argues that urban space is a crucial resource for poor households that cannot be ignored in the context of sustainable development, and that the failure of official policy and regulations to recognise its importance inhibits the ability of the urban poor to help themselves. Policy initiatives to redress this balance are explored.
Show more [+] Less [-]Scaling up the benefits of agroforestry research: Lessons learned and research challenges Full text
2001
Franzel, Steven | Cooper, Peter | Denning, Glenn L
Case studies demonstrate the breadth and richness in approaches to scaling up and lessons learned from them. A key lesson is that scaling up agroforestry innovations is far more complex than simply transferring information and planting material; it often entails building institutional capacity in the community for promoting and sustaining the innovation and adoption process. An overarching problem is the paucity of research on scaling up. Careful assessments of the relative costs and benefits and the advantages and disadvantages of different strategies can greatly strengthen the effectiveness of efforts to scale up.
Show more [+] Less [-]Participatory design of agroforestry systems: Developing farmer participatory research methods in Mexico Full text
2001
Haggar, Jeremy | Ayala, Alejandro | Díaz, Blanca | Reyes, Carlos Uc
Participatory design of agroforestry systems: Developing farmer participatory research methods in Mexico Full text
2001
Haggar, Jeremy | Ayala, Alejandro | Díaz, Blanca | Reyes, Carlos Uc
Participatory research that combines the knowledge of farmers and researchers promotes the development of a variety of agroforestry options that may meet the various needs of different farmers, and thus exploits one of the greatest strengths of agroforestry - its plasticity. The design and evaluation of agroforestry systems with eight farmer research groups in south-east Mexico was conducted through surveys of individual production aims and limitations, and through group identification, testing, and analysis of production alternatives. Farmer trials were used as a basis for agroforestry development projects implemented by community and government organisations, thus disseminating technologies that had been tested and adapted by local farmers.
Show more [+] Less [-]Participatory design of agroforestry systems: developing farmer participatory research methods in Mexico
2001
Haggar, Jeremy | Ayala, Alejandro | Diaz, Blanca | Reyes, Carlos Uc | Anderson, Simon (University of Yucatan) | Keane, Bernadette (University of Yucatan) | Triomphe, Bernard (Rockefeller Foundation) | Cooper, Peter (Guest editor) | Franzel, Steve (Guest editor)
Participatory research that combines the knowledge of farmers and researchers promotes the development of a variety of agroforestry options that may meet the various needs of different farmers, and thus exploits one of the greatest strengths of agroforestry- its plasticity. The design and evaluation of agroforestry systems with eight farmer research groups in south-east Mexico was conducted through surveys of individual production aims and limitations, and through group identification, testing, and analysis of production alternatives. Farmer trials were used as a basis for agroforestry development projects implemented by community and government organizations, thus disseminating technologies that had been tested and adapted by local farmers.
Show more [+] Less [-]Scaling up the use of fodder shrubs in central Kenya Full text
2001
Wambugu, Charles | Franzel, Steven | Tuwei, Paul | Karanja, George
Scaling up the use of fodder shrubs in central Kenya Full text
2001
Wambugu, Charles | Franzel, Steven | Tuwei, Paul | Karanja, George
Fodder shrubs provide great potential for increasing the income of smallholder dairy farmers. Following successful on-station and on-farm trials and considerable farmer-to-farmer dissemination in Embu District, Kenya, a project was initiated to introduce fodder shrubs to farmers across seven districts. Over a two-year period, a dissemination facilitator working through field-based partners assisted 150 farmer groups comprising 2600 farmers to establish 250 nurseries. Farmers planted an average of about 400 shrubs each. The experience has confirmed that successful scaling up requires much more than transferring seed and knowledge about a new practice; it involves building partnerships with a range of stakeholders, ensuring the appropriateness of the practice and farmers' interest in it, assisting local communities to be effective in mobilising local and external resources, and ensuring the effective participation of farmer groups and other stakeholders in testing, disseminating, monitoring, and evaluating the practice.
Show more [+] Less [-]Scaling up the use of fodder shrubs in central Kenya
2001
Wambugu, Charles | Franzel, Steven | Tuwei, Paul | Karanja, George | Cooper, Peter (Guest editor) | Ong, Chin (Guest editor)
Fodder shrubs provide great potential for increasing the income of smallholder dairy farmers. Following successful on-station and on-farm trials and considerable farmer-to-farmer dissemination in Embu District, Kenya, a project was initiated to introduce fodder shrubs to farmers across seven districts. Over a two-year period, a dissemination facilitator working through field-based partners assisted 150 farmer groups comprising 2600 farmers to establish 250 nurseries. Farmers planted an average of about 400 shrubs each. The experience has confirmed that successful scaling up requires much more than transferring seed and knowledge about a new practice; it involves building partnerships with a range of stakeholders, ensuring the appropriateness of the practice and farmers interest in it, assisting local communities to be effective in mobilizing local and external resources, and ensuring the effective participation of farmer groups and other stakeholders in testing, disseminating, monitoring, and evaluating the practice.
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