O estudo foi realizado com 29 macacos-pregos (Cebus apella). Foram colhidas 50 amostras de suabe da mucosa oral, junto à transição muco-gengival maxilar, com auxílio de zaragatoas esterilizadas, embebidas em caldo Brain Heart Infusion (BHI). Todos os animais foram submetidos a exame clínico para avaliação periodontal. As amostras obtidas foram cultivadas em meios apropriados: caldo simples, caldo BHI, e ágar sangue para o isolamento de cocos Gram-positivos aeróbios da família Micrococcaceae. Para sua classificação utilizou-se as provas de catalase, Staphy-test (teste rápido para caracterização de Staphylococcus aureus) e sensibilidade à bacitracina. Foram identificados 73,1% de Staphylococcus spp; 15,4% de Staphylococcus aureus; e 11,5% Micrococcus spp. As cepas isoladas foram testadas em relação à sua suscetibilidade a antibióticos pela técnica de difusão em ágar. Verificou-se para as cepas de Staphylococcus spp, 94,7% de sensibilidade a cefalotina e resistência de 89,5% à penicilina, 97,4% à oxacilina, 55,3% à tetraciclina, 57,9% à clindamicina e 63,2% à amoxicilina. Os dados obtidos demonstraram que a cefalotina foi o antibiótico para o qual as amsotras de Staphylococcus spp estudadas apresentaram, in vitro, maior grau de sensibilidade. | Twenty-nine capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella) were used in this study. Fifty samples of oral mucous membrane were collected in area next to their muco-gingival-maxilar transition using sterilized swabs soaked in Brain Heart Infusion (BHI). All animals were clinically examined for periodontal evaluation. The samples were cultivated in appropriate media, namely: simple broth, BHI broth and, blood agar in order to get aerobic Gram positive cocos, from the Micrococcaceae family, isolated. Catalase test, Staphy-test (a quick-test for Staphylococcus aureus characterization) and bactracin-sensitivity test were the tools employed for their classification. Data were follows: 73.1% of them were Staphylococcus spp; 15.4% Staphylococcus aureus; and, 11.5% Micrococcus spp. The isolated were strains tested for their in vitro susceptible to antibiotics by the agar diffusion technique. Concerning the Staphylococcus spp strains, 94.7% were susceptibility to cephalotin; however, 89.5% of them were resistant to penicillin; 97.4% to oxacilin; 55.3% to tetracicline; 57.9% to clindamicine; and 63.2% to amoxiciline. Staphylococcus spp strains studied presented the highest in vitro sensitivity degree to cephalotin.

O estudo foi realizado com 29 macacos-pregos (Cebus apella). Foram colhidas 50 amostras de suabe da mucosa oral, junto à transição muco-gengival maxilar, com auxílio de zaragatoas esterilizadas, embebidas em caldo Brain Heart Infusion (BHI). Todos os animais foram submetidos a exame clínico para avaliação periodontal. As amostras obtidas foram cultivadas em meios apropriados: caldo simples, caldo BHI, e ágar sangue para o isolamento de cocos Gram-positivos aeróbios da família Micrococcaceae. Para sua classificação utilizou-se as provas de catalase, Staphy-test (teste rápido para caracterização de Staphylococcus aureus) e sensibilidade à bacitracina. Foram identificados 73,1% de Staphylococcus spp; 15,4% de Staphylococcus aureus; e 11,5% Micrococcus spp. As cepas isoladas foram testadas em relação à sua suscetibilidade a antibióticos pela técnica de difusão em ágar. Verificou-se para as cepas de Staphylococcus spp, 94,7% de sensibilidade a cefalotina e resistência de 89,5% à penicilina, 97,4% à oxacilina, 55,3% à tetraciclina, 57,9% à clindamicina e 63,2% à amoxicilina. Os dados obtidos demonstraram que a cefalotina foi o antibiótico para o qual as amsotras de Staphylococcus spp estudadas apresentaram, in vitro, maior grau de sensibilidade.

Objetivou-se avaliar a eficiência da sincronização da ovulação para inovulação em tempo fixo em novilhas Bos taurus indicus x Bos taurus taurus receptoras de embrião. No Experimento 1, a dinâmica folicular foi acompanhada durante o protocolo "Ovsynch" (G1; n=35) e após a aplicação de PGF2alfa (G2; n=34). No Experimento 2, os mesmos tratamentos foram realizados a campo em 168 (G1) e 177 (G2) novilhas. No D6, colheu-se sangue para dosagem de P4 e se realizaram exames ultra-sonográficos. No D7, realizou-se a inovulação. No Experimento 1, 45,7% dos animais ovularam após o 1º GnRH (P;0,05). Ao final, a taxa de prenhez no Gl foi de 35,7% e no G2 de 25,4% (P<0,05). Foram detectadas em estro 53,7% das novilhas do G2 e 33,3% do Gl (P<0,05). Os corpos lúteos com maior área determinaram maiores concentrações de P4 e taxa de concepção (P<0,05). A sincronização da ovulação para inovulação em tempo fixo aumentou as taxas de ovulação, de aproveitamento e de prenhez em novilhas receptoras de embrião. | The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of the synchronization of ovulation for fixed-time embryo transfer in crossbred recipient heifers (Bos taurus indicus x Bos taurus taurus). At Experiment 1, ovarian ultrasonography was performed to evaluate follicular dynamics during the "Ovsynch" protocol (G1; n=35) or single PGF2alpha injection (G2; n=34). At Experiment 2, the same treatments were used at field conditions in 168 (G1) and 177 (G2) heifers. On D6, ovarian ultrasonography and blood collection for P4 assay were performed. On D7, a embryo was transferred. At Experiment 1, 45.7% of the heifers ovulated after the 1st and 74.3% after the 2nd GnRH injection (P;0.05). Thus, the pregnancy rate in Gl was 35.7% and 25.4% in G2 (P<0.05). Estrus was detected in 53.7% of the recipients in G2 and 33.3% in those of the Gl (P<0.05). It was verified that CL with larger area induced an increase on P4 concentration and on the conception rate of both groups (P<0.05). The synchronization of ovulation for fixed-time embryo transfer increased the ovulation, the selection and the pregnancy rates in recipient heifers.

Objetivou-se avaliar a eficiência da sincronização da ovulação para inovulação em tempo fixo em novilhas Bos taurus indicus x Bos taurus taurus receptoras de embrião. No Experimento 1, a dinâmica folicular foi acompanhada durante o protocolo "Ovsynch" (G1; n=35) e após a aplicação de PGF2alfa (G2; n=34). No Experimento 2, os mesmos tratamentos foram realizados a campo em 168 (G1) e 177 (G2) novilhas. No D6, colheu-se sangue para dosagem de P4 e se realizaram exames ultra-sonográficos. No D7, realizou-se a inovulação. No Experimento 1, 45,7% dos animais ovularam após o 1º GnRH (P;0,05). Ao final, a taxa de prenhez no Gl foi de 35,7% e no G2 de 25,4% (P<0,05). Foram detectadas em estro 53,7% das novilhas do G2 e 33,3% do Gl (P<0,05). Os corpos lúteos com maior área determinaram maiores concentrações de P4 e taxa de concepção (P<0,05). A sincronização da ovulação para inovulação em tempo fixo aumentou as taxas de ovulação, de aproveitamento e de prenhez em novilhas receptoras de embrião.

Objetivou-se avaliar a eficiência da sincronização da ovulação para inovulação em tempo fixo em novilhas Bos taurus indicus x Bos taurus taurus receptoras de embrião. No Experimento 1, a dinâmica folicular foi acompanhada durante o protocolo "Ovsynch" (G1; n=35) e após a aplicação de PGF2alfa (G2; n=34). No Experimento 2, os mesmos tratamentos foram realizados a campo em 168 (G1) e 177 (G2) novilhas. No D6, colheu-se sangue para dosagem de P4 e se realizaram exames ultra-sonográficos. No D7, realizou-se a inovulação. No Experimento 1, 45,7% dos animais ovularam após o 1º GnRH (P&lt;0,05) e 74,3% após o 2º. A taxa de ovulação foi de 58,8% no G2. Foram detectadas em estro 64,7% das novilhas no G2 e 22,9% no Gl (P&lt;0,01). No Experimento 2, observaram-se mais receptoras aptas a inovulação no Gl que no G2 (72,6% vs. 45,2%; P&lt;0,01). A taxa de concepção foi de 49,2% para o Gl e de 56,3% para o G2 (P&gt;0,05). Ao final, a taxa de prenhez no Gl foi de 35,7% e no G2 de 25,4% (P&lt;0,05). Foram detectadas em estro 53,7% das novilhas do G2 e 33,3% do Gl (P&lt;0,05). Os corpos lúteos com maior área determinaram maiores concentrações de P4 e taxa de concepção (P&lt;0,05). A sincronização da ovulação para inovulação em tempo fixo aumentou as taxas de ovulação, de aproveitamento e de prenhez em novilhas receptoras de embrião. | The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of the synchronization of ovulation for fixed-time embryo transfer in crossbred recipient heifers (Bos taurus indicus x Bos taurus taurus). At Experiment 1, ovarian ultrasonography was performed to evaluate follicular dynamics during the "Ovsynch" protocol (G1; n=35) or single PGF2alpha injection (G2; n=34). At Experiment 2, the same treatments were used at field conditions in 168 (G1) and 177 (G2) heifers. On D6, ovarian ultrasonography and blood collection for P4 assay were performed. On D7, a embryo was transferred. At Experiment 1, 45.7% of the heifers ovulated after the 1st and 74.3% after the 2nd GnRH injection (P&lt;0.05). The ovulation rate in G2 was 58.8%. In G2, 64.7% of the heifers were detected in estrus and in Gl, 22.9% (P&lt;0.01). At Experiment 2, Gl had more selected heifers for embryo transfer than G2 (72.6% vs. 45.2%; P&lt;0.01). Conception rates were 49.2% and 56.3% in G1 and G2, respectively (P&gt;0.05). Thus, the pregnancy rate in Gl was 35.7% and 25.4% in G2 (P&lt;0.05). Estrus was detected in 53.7% of the recipients in G2 and 33.3% in those of the Gl (P&lt;0.05). It was verified that CL with larger area induced an increase on P4 concentration and on the conception rate of both groups (P&lt;0.05). The synchronization of ovulation for fixed-time embryo transfer increased the ovulation, the selection and the pregnancy rates in recipient heifers.

O experimento foi realizado no Campus IV da Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Bananeiras - PB com o objetivo de avaliar as características morfológicas e volumétricas do estômago de caprinos submetidos a diferentes períodos de aleitamento. Foram utilizados 42 caprinos mestiços de raça Alpina, sendo 21 fêmeas e 21 machos inteiros, distribuídos em três tratamentos com 14 animais: T1- desmame aos 56, T2- desmame aos 70 e T3- desmame aos 84 dias de idade. A dieta líquida fornecida até 35 dias de idade foi 1 litro de leite de cabra, dividido em duas mamadas e, após este período, passou a ser fornecida a mesma quantidade em uma mamada, à tarde. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente casualisado com 7 repetições, em esquema fatorial 3x2, com os fatores época de desmame e sexo (macho e fêmea). As médias de pesos para os respectivos tratamentos aos 182 dias de idade foram: T1= 19,3b, T2= 20,3ab e T3= 21,4ª kg. Na avaliação dos pré-estômagos verificou-se um maior desenvolvimento do rúmen para os animais desmamados aos 56 dias, com papilas mais espessas, denotando o epitélio mais amadurecido. | The experiment was carried out at the Campus IV of the UFPB aiming at evaluating the morphological and volumetrics features of the stomach of goats. To study the effects of different periods of milk feeding, 42 alpine crossbred (21 males an females) were used and distributed in three treatments: T1-weaning at 56 days old; T2-weaning at 70 and T3-weaning at 84 days old. The liquid supplied to 35 days old was milk goat's at a sucking in the afternoon. The animals (males) to were killed evaluate the ruminal development and papillae in accordance to periods (183 days age). The mean weight to the respective treatments at the 182 days old were: T1= 19.3b, T2= 20.3ab e T3= 21.4ª kg. It was observed in the forestomach evaluation a greater ruminal development in the 56 days weaned animal who had papillee thicker indicating an the epithelium maturation.

O experimento foi realizado no Campus IV da Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Bananeiras - PB com o objetivo de avaliar as características morfológicas e volumétricas do estômago de caprinos submetidos a diferentes períodos de aleitamento. Foram utilizados 42 caprinos mestiços de raça Alpina, sendo 21 fêmeas e 21 machos inteiros, distribuídos em três tratamentos com 14 animais: T1- desmame aos 56, T2- desmame aos 70 e T3- desmame aos 84 dias de idade. A dieta líquida fornecida até 35 dias de idade foi 1 litro de leite de cabra, dividido em duas mamadas e, após este período, passou a ser fornecida a mesma quantidade em uma mamada, à tarde. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente casualisado com 7 repetições, em esquema fatorial 3x2, com os fatores época de desmame e sexo (macho e fêmea). As médias de pesos para os respectivos tratamentos aos 182 dias de idade foram: T1= 19,3b, T2= 20,3ab e T3= 21,4ª kg. Na avaliação dos pré-estômagos verificou-se um maior desenvolvimento do rúmen para os animais desmamados aos 56 dias, com papilas mais espessas, denotando o epitélio mais amadurecido. | The experiment was carried out at the Campus IV of the UFPB aiming at evaluating the morphological and volumetrics features of the stomach of goats. To study the effects of different periods of milk feeding, 42 alpine crossbred (21 males an females) were used and distributed in three treatments: T1-weaning at 56 days old; T2-weaning at 70 and T3-weaning at 84 days old. The liquid supplied to 35 days old was milk goat's at a sucking in the afternoon. The animals (males) to were killed evaluate the ruminal development and papillae in accordance to periods (183 days age). The mean weight to the respective treatments at the 182 days old were: T1= 19.3b, T2= 20.3ab e T3= 21.4ª kg. It was observed in the forestomach evaluation a greater ruminal development in the 56 days weaned animal who had papillee thicker indicating an the epithelium maturation.

O experimento foi realizado no Campus IV da Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Bananeiras - PB com o objetivo de avaliar as características morfológicas e volumétricas do estômago de caprinos submetidos a diferentes períodos de aleitamento. Foram utilizados 42 caprinos mestiços de raça Alpina, sendo 21 fêmeas e 21 machos inteiros, distribuídos em três tratamentos com 14 animais: T1- desmame aos 56, T2- desmame aos 70 e T3- desmame aos 84 dias de idade. A dieta líquida fornecida até 35 dias de idade foi 1 litro de leite de cabra, dividido em duas mamadas e, após este período, passou a ser fornecida a mesma quantidade em uma mamada, à tarde. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente casualisado com 7 repetições, em esquema fatorial 3x2, com os fatores época de desmame e sexo (macho e fêmea). As médias de pesos para os respectivos tratamentos aos 182 dias de idade foram: T1= 19,3b, T2= 20,3ab e T3= 21,4ª kg. Na avaliação dos pré-estômagos verificou-se um maior desenvolvimento do rúmen para os animais desmamados aos 56 dias, com papilas mais espessas, denotando o epitélio mais amadurecido.

Apesar do crescente número de pesquisas na área de reprodução canina, ainda não foram desenvolvidos métodos que possibilitem datar a gestação e estimar a data do parto utilizando variáveis obtidas de mensurações por meio de ultra-som, como há muito tempo se faz e se aplica na espécie humana. A ultra-sonografia é o método mais adequado para a obtenção de tais valores por ser indolor, inócuo para a mãe e conceptos, não necessitando de sedação. O objetivo deste estudo foi o de utilizar a ultra-sonografia para mensurar as dimensões da placenta e verificar como estão relacionadas à idade gestacional em cadelas da raça Boxer. Examinou-se 10 cadelas da referida raça com um aparelho portátil da marca GE®, modelo Logic á 100 MP, equipado com um transdutor convexo 5,0 MHz e outro linear de 7,5 MHz, de 2 a 3 vezes por semana a partir do 18º dia de gestação até o parto. A placenta foi aferida desde o exame em que foi possível sua identificação até o fim da gestação, sendo assim, verificou-se o comprimento e a espessura da placenta. Tais informações foram plotadas em gráficos de dispersão das mensurações em função do número de dias antes do parto. Concluiu-se que a variável espessura da placenta (EP) foi consistente entre as gestações estudadas e altamente correlacionada com o dia do parto. | Despite increasing research on reproduction in dogs, methods have not been developed to allow dating the gestation and predict the parturition day under definitive measurable parameters, as it has been done for human gestation. Ultrasonography is the most suitable method to this propose because it is painless, harmless for the mother and conceptus and no need of sedation. The aim of this study is to use ultrasonographic scannings to measure Boxer placenta dimensions and then verify the correlation between them and gestational period. Serial ultrasonographic examinations were performed in 10 pregnant Boxers, 2 or 3 times per week from the 18th day of gestation until the whelping, the used device was a portable GE®, Logic 100 MP, equipped with a sectorial transducer 5,0 MHz and another linear one of 7,5 MHz. Thickness and width of the placenta had been measured since the opportunity of detection until the end of gestation. Such informations had been located in graphs of dispersion of the measurement in function of the number of days before parturition. It was concluded that the measurements of selected parameters were consistent between studied gestations and highly correlated to the parturition day.

Apesar do crescente número de pesquisas na área de reprodução canina, ainda não foram desenvolvidos métodos que possibilitem datar a gestação e estimar a data do parto utilizando variáveis obtidas de mensurações por meio de ultra-som, como há muito tempo se faz e se aplica na espécie humana. A ultra-sonografia é o método mais adequado para a obtenção de tais valores por ser indolor, inócuo para a mãe e conceptos, não necessitando de sedação. O objetivo deste estudo foi o de utilizar a ultra-sonografia para mensurar as dimensões da placenta e verificar como estão relacionadas à idade gestacional em cadelas da raça Boxer. Examinou-se 10 cadelas da referida raça com um aparelho portátil da marca GE®, modelo Logic á 100 MP, equipado com um transdutor convexo 5,0 MHz e outro linear de 7,5 MHz, de 2 a 3 vezes por semana a partir do 18º dia de gestação até o parto. A placenta foi aferida desde o exame em que foi possível sua identificação até o fim da gestação, sendo assim, verificou-se o comprimento e a espessura da placenta. Tais informações foram plotadas em gráficos de dispersão das mensurações em função do número de dias antes do parto. Concluiu-se que a variável espessura da placenta (EP) foi consistente entre as gestações estudadas e altamente correlacionada com o dia do parto. | Despite increasing research on reproduction in dogs, methods have not been developed to allow dating the gestation and predict the parturition day under definitive measurable parameters, as it has been done for human gestation. Ultrasonography is the most suitable method to this propose because it is painless, harmless for the mother and conceptus and no need of sedation. The aim of this study is to use ultrasonographic scannings to measure Boxer placenta dimensions and then verify the correlation between them and gestational period. Serial ultrasonographic examinations were performed in 10 pregnant Boxers, 2 or 3 times per week from the 18th day of gestation until the whelping, the used device was a portable GE®, Logic 100 MP, equipped with a sectorial transducer 5,0 MHz and another linear one of 7,5 MHz. Thickness and width of the placenta had been measured since the opportunity of detection until the end of gestation. Such informations had been located in graphs of dispersion of the measurement in function of the number of days before parturition. It was concluded that the measurements of selected parameters were consistent between studied gestations and highly correlated to the parturition day.

Apesar do crescente número de pesquisas na área de reprodução canina, ainda não foram desenvolvidos métodos que possibilitem datar a gestação e estimar a data do parto utilizando variáveis obtidas de mensurações por meio de ultra-som, como há muito tempo se faz e se aplica na espécie humana. A ultra-sonografia é o método mais adequado para a obtenção de tais valores por ser indolor, inócuo para a mãe e conceptos, não necessitando de sedação. O objetivo deste estudo foi o de utilizar a ultra-sonografia para mensurar as dimensões da placenta e verificar como estão relacionadas à idade gestacional em cadelas da raça Boxer. Examinou-se 10 cadelas da referida raça com um aparelho portátil da marca GE®, modelo Logic á 100 MP, equipado com um transdutor convexo 5,0 MHz e outro linear de 7,5 MHz, de 2 a 3 vezes por semana a partir do 18º dia de gestação até o parto. A placenta foi aferida desde o exame em que foi possível sua identificação até o fim da gestação, sendo assim, verificou-se o comprimento e a espessura da placenta. Tais informações foram plotadas em gráficos de dispersão das mensurações em função do número de dias antes do parto. Concluiu-se que a variável espessura da placenta (EP) foi consistente entre as gestações estudadas e altamente correlacionada com o dia do parto.

O experimento foi disposto no delineamento em blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial, visando avaliar o efeito do nitrogênio (zero, 45, 90, 180 e 360 mg dm-3 de nitrogênio - N) e de freqüências de corte (14 e 28 dias) sobre a produção da massa seca total e o vigor da rebrotação da Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu, em vasos, em casa-de-vegetação, com três repetições por tratamento. Todas as fontes de variação (doses de nitrogênio, freqüência de corte e a interação entre eles) tiveram efeito estatisticamente significativo, positivo e negativo sobre a produção de massa seca total, respectivamente, para as doses de N e freqüência de corte. No estudo do vigor de rebrotação (produção corte-1), a interação dos cortes e as doses de nitrogênio não foram significativas (P&gt;;0,01) pelo teste de Wilks. O efeito das doses de nitrogênio dentro de cada corte, tanto para desfolhações freqüentes, como para desfolhações menos freqüentes, proporcionou incremento no vigor de rebrotação, com o aumento do suprimento de N (P&lt;0,01). | The experiment was disposed in a randomized blocks design, in a factorial scheme, with the objective to evaluate of effect of the nitrogen levels (0, 45, 90, 180 and 360 mg dm-3 of nitrogen - N) and frequencies of harvests (14 and 28 days) under the production of total dry mass and the regrowth vigor of Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu, in pots, in a greenhouse, with three repetitions by treatment. All of the variations sources (nitrogen levels, frequencies of harvests and the interactions between them) had effect statistically significative, positive and negative under the production of total dry mass, respectively, for the N levels and the frequencies of harvest. In the study of the regrowth vigor (production harvest-1), the interaction of the harvests and the nitrogen levels were not significative (P&lt;0,01) by the Wilks test. The effect off the nitrogen levels inside of each harvest as much as frequents defoliations, how for less frequents defoliations, provided increment in regrowth vigor with the increase in the supply of N.

O experimento foi disposto no delineamento em blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial, visando avaliar o efeito do nitrogênio (zero, 45, 90, 180 e 360 mg dm-3 de nitrogênio - N) e de freqüências de corte (14 e 28 dias) sobre a produção da massa seca total e o vigor da rebrotação da Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu, em vasos, em casa-de-vegetação, com três repetições por tratamento. Todas as fontes de variação (doses de nitrogênio, freqüência de corte e a interação entre eles) tiveram efeito estatisticamente significativo, positivo e negativo sobre a produção de massa seca total, respectivamente, para as doses de N e freqüência de corte. No estudo do vigor de rebrotação (produção corte-1), a interação dos cortes e as doses de nitrogênio não foram significativas (P>;0,01) pelo teste de Wilks. O efeito das doses de nitrogênio dentro de cada corte, tanto para desfolhações freqüentes, como para desfolhações menos freqüentes, proporcionou incremento no vigor de rebrotação, com o aumento do suprimento de N (P<0,01).

O experimento foi disposto no delineamento em blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial, visando avaliar o efeito do nitrogênio (zero, 45, 90, 180 e 360 mg dm-3 de nitrogênio - N) e de freqüências de corte (14 e 28 dias) sobre a produção da massa seca total e o vigor da rebrotação da Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu, em vasos, em casa-de-vegetação, com três repetições por tratamento. Todas as fontes de variação (doses de nitrogênio, freqüência de corte e a interação entre eles) tiveram efeito estatisticamente significativo, positivo e negativo sobre a produção de massa seca total, respectivamente, para as doses de N e freqüência de corte. No estudo do vigor de rebrotação (produção corte-1), a interação dos cortes e as doses de nitrogênio não foram significativas (P&gt;0,01) pelo teste de Wilks. O efeito das doses de nitrogênio dentro de cada corte, tanto para desfolhações freqüentes, como para desfolhações menos freqüentes, proporcionou incremento no vigor de rebrotação, com o aumento do suprimento de N (P&lt;0,01). | The experiment was disposed in a randomized blocks design, in a factorial scheme, with the objective to evaluate of effect of the nitrogen levels (0, 45, 90, 180 and 360 mg dm-3 of nitrogen - N) and frequencies of harvests (14 and 28 days) under the production of total dry mass and the regrowth vigor of Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu, in pots, in a greenhouse, with three repetitions by treatment. All of the variations sources (nitrogen levels, frequencies of harvests and the interactions between them) had effect statistically significative, positive and negative under the production of total dry mass, respectively, for the N levels and the frequencies of harvest. In the study of the regrowth vigor (production harvest-1), the interaction of the harvests and the nitrogen levels were not significative (P&lt;0,01) by the Wilks test. The effect off the nitrogen levels inside of each harvest as much as frequents defoliations, how for less frequents defoliations, provided increment in regrowth vigor with the increase in the supply of N.

Memory is a property common to a diverse range of tissues. Cardiac memory has been demonstrated in the human, dog, rat and rabbit. This is a peculiar phenomenon, reflected in the T wave of the electrocardiogram. The heart is able to remember periods of alterations in the sequence of ventricular activation and once there is a return to a normal sequence of ventricular activation the T waves may manifest memory. Cardiac memory is noted when the T wave during normal ventricular activation retains the vector of the previous abnormal QRS complex, caused by a period of altered ventricular activation. Possible mechanisms of memory in the heart are alterations of the transient outward potassium current (Ito) in ventricular myocytes and new protein synthesis inside myocytes. These two mechanisms operate in short- and long-term cardiac memory respectively. Currently, it is unknown whether memory may have adverse structural consequences in the heart. We were able to demonstrate memory in the hearts of Dorper wethers and this is the first report of cardiac memory in Dorper sheep.

ABSTRACT This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of leucine (Leu) supplementation on performance and carcass traits of broilers along with the re-evaluation of standardized ileal digestible (SID) Leu requirement of broiler chicks on days 0-14. Birds were fed seven experimental diets with SID Leu levels of 16.3 (basal), 17.3, 18.3, 19.3, 20.3, 21.3, and 22.3 g/kg. Some 280 male broiler chicks were randomly assigned to the seven dietary treatments in a completely randomized design with five replicates. Dietary SID Leu levels had significant effects on body weight gain(BWG), feed conversion ratio(FCR), carcass, and breast percentages. BWG increased (p<0.05) when the broilers fed diets with 18.3 to 21.3 g/kg SID Leu compared to the basal diet. FCR decreased (p<0.05) by dietary SID Leu levels of 18.3 to 21.3 g/kg in comparison with the basal diet. Carcass yield increased (p<0.05) by SID Leu levels of 19.3 to 21.3 g/kg. Breast percentage increased (p<0.01) when the broilers received diets with 18.3 to 22.3 g/kg SID Leu and the highest value obtained by the SID Leu level of 21.3 g/kg. Abdominal fat decreased linearly by Leu supplementation (p<0.01). Regression analysis indicated the SID Leu requirement of 18.67, 18.88, and 19.85 g/kg for BWG, FCR, and breast meat yield, respectively. It can be concluded that broiler performance characteristics, especially breast yield, improve by Leu supplementation. Based on the results, the Leu requirement of modern broilers has increased dramatically due to genetic selection for a higher growth rate.

Memory is a property common to a diverse range of tissues. Cardiac memory has been demonstrated in the human, dog, rat and rabbit. This is a peculiar phenomenon reflected in the T wave of the electrocardiogram. The heart is able to remember periods of alterations in the sequence of ventricular activation and once there is a return to a normal sequence of ventricular activation the T waves may manifest memory. Cardiac memory is noted when the T wave during normal ventricular activation retains the vector of the previous abnormal QRS complex, caused by a period of altered ventricular activation. Possible mechanisms of memory in the heart are alterations of the transient outward potassium current (Iᵼ₀) in ventricular myocytes and new protein synthesis inside myocytes. These two mechanisms operate in short- and long-term cardiac memory respectively. Currently, it is unknown whether memory may have adverse structural consequences in the heart. We were able to demonstrate memory in the hearts of Dorper wethers and this is the first report of cardiac memory in Dorper sheep.

Domestic dogs were screened for Trypanosoma brucei infection using the haematocrit centrifugation technique as part of routine active surveillance exercises in the Busia and Teso districts of Kenya. The purpose was to assess the role of dogs as sentinels for the occurrence of human sleeping sickness. Out of 200 dogs screened, five were found to be infected at the various test sites. These five succumbed to the disease within four weeks, and exhibited a distinct and pronounced corneal opacity before death. Blood from two naturally infected dogs were tested for the presence of the serum resistance associated (SRA) gene and one tested positive, confirming it as human infective (T. brucei rhodesiense) prevalence (0.5 %). It is considered that the occurrence of this clinical sign could be used as an early warning prediction of future outbreaks. This type of prediction could form an integral part of an indigenous technical knowledge set in areas lying at the edges of the tsetse (Glossina) belts where T. brucei is the main trypanosome species that affects dogs. The occurrence of corneal opacity in dogs could indicate a rise in the levels of T. brucei a proportion of which could be human infective T. b. rhodesiense circulating in the population early enough before disease outbreak occurs. It is thought that during sleeping sickness epidemics the domestic dog will be the first casualty rapidly succumbing to disease long before it is noticed in man. Prompt prediction of disease outbreaks would thus enable early interventions that would reduce the morbidity, mortality and the general economic losses associated with sleeping sickness to be instituted.

Domestic dogs were screened for Trypanosoma brucei infection using the haematocrit centrifugation technique as part of routine active surveillance exercises in the Busia and Teso districts of Kenya. The purpose was to assess the role of dogs as sentinels for the occurrence of human sleeping sickness. Out of 200 dogs screened, five were found to be infected at the various test sites. These five succumbed to the disease within four weeks, and exhibited a distinct and pronounced corneal opacity before death. Blood from two naturally infected dogs were tested for the presence of the serum resistance associated (SRA) gene and one tested positive, confirming it as human infective (T. brucei rhodesiense) prevalence (0.5%). It is considered that the occurrence of this clinical sign could be used as an early warning prediction of future outbreaks. This type of prediction could form an integral part of an indigenous technical knowledge set in areas lying at the edges of the tsetse (Glossina) belts where T. brucei is the main trypanosome species that affects dogs. The occurrence of corneal opacity in dogs could indicate a rise in the levels of T. brucei a proportion of which could be human infective T. b. rhodesiense circulating in the population early enough before disease outbreak occurs. It is thought that during sleeping sickness epidemics the domestic dog will be the first casualty rapidly succumbing to disease long before it is noticed in man. Prompt prediction of disease outbreaks would thus enable early interventions that would reduce the morbidity, mortality and the general economic losses associated with sleeping sickness to be instituted.

Domestic dogs were screened for Trypanosoma brucei infection using the haematocrit centrifugation technique as part of routine active surveillance exercises in the Busia and Teso districts of Kenya. The purpose was to assess the role of dogs as sentinels for the occurrence of human sleeping sickness. Out of 200 dogs screened, five were found to be infected at the various test sites. These five succumbed to the disease within four weeks, and exhibited a distinct and pronounced corneal opacity before death. Blood from two naturally infected dogs were tested for the presence of the serum resistance associated (SRA) gene and one tested positive, confirming it as human infective (T. brucei rhodesiense) prevalence (0.5 %). It is considered that the occurrence of this clinical sign could be used as an early warning prediction of future outbreaks. This type of prediction could form an integral part of an indigenous technical knowledge set in areas lying at the edges of the tsetse (Glossina) belts where T. brucei is the main trypanosome species that affects dogs. The occurrence of corneal opacity in dogs could indicate a rise in the levels of T. brucei a proportion of which could be human infective T. b. rhodesiense circulating in the population early enough before disease outbreak occurs. It is thought that during sleeping sickness epidemics the domestic dog will be the first casualty rapidly succumbing to disease long before it is noticed in man. Prompt prediction of disease outbreaks would thus enable early interventions that would reduce the morbidity, mortality and the general economic losses associated with sleeping sickness to be instituted.

The prospective severity assessment in animal experiments in the categories' non-recovery, mild, moderate, and severe is part of each approval process and serves to estimate the harm/benefit. Harms are essential for evaluating ethical justifiability, and on the other hand, they may represent confounders and effect modifiers within an experiment. Catalogs and guidelines provide a way to assess the experimental severity prospectively but are limited in adaptation due to their nature of representing particular examples without clear explanations of the assessment strategies. To provide more flexibility for current and future practices, we developed the modular Where-What-How (WWHow) concept, which applies findings from pre-clinical studies using surgical-induced pain models in mice and rats to provide a prospective severity assessment. The WWHow concept integrates intra-operative characteristics for predicting the maximum expected severity of surgical procedures. The assessed severity categorization is mainly congruent with examples in established catalogs; however, because the WWHow concept is based on anatomical location, detailed analysis of the tissue trauma and other intra-operative characteristics, it enables refinement actions, provides the basis for a fact-based dialogue with authority officials and other stakeholders, and helps to identify confounder factors of study findings.

The efficacy of Leishmania donovani-derived lipophosphoglycan (LPG) plus Mycobacterium bovis Bacille Calmette-Gurin (BCG) as a vaccine candidate against visceral leishmaniosis in susceptible BALB/c mouse and Syrian golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) models was investigated. Following a triple vaccination with a total dose of 150 l BCG plus 60 g or 30 g of LPG for hamsters and BALB/c mice respectively, there were no noticeable side effects both locally and systemically; implying that the molecule was safe at this dosage level. Vaccinated animals demonstrated an activation of both the humoral as well as cell-mediated responses to LPG, which correlated with resistance against the disease. Protection by LPG plus BCG, was however, poor as the remaining immunized animals showed disease progression leading to severity of the disease as illustrated by emaciation, mass loss and heavy splenic parasitaemia in hamsters. These data nevertheless suggest that it may be rewarding to further evaluate the potential of LPG as a vaccine candidate in leishmaniosis using other adjuvants, which may enhance its immunogenicity.

The efficacy of Leishmania donovani-derived lipophosphoglycan (LPG) plus Mycobacterium bovis Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) as a vaccine candidate against visceral leishmaniosis in susceptible BALB/c mouse and Syrian golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) models was investigated. Following a triple vaccination with a total dose of 150 µI BCG plus 60 µg or 30 µg of LPG for hamsters and BALB/c mice respectively, there were no noticeable side effects both locally and systemically; implying that the molecule was safe at this dosage level. Vaccinated animals demonstrated an activation of both the humoral as well as cell-mediated responses to LPG, which correlated with resistance against the disease. Protection by LPG plus BCG, was however, poor as the remaining immunized animals showed disease progression leading to severity of the disease as illustrated by emaciation, mass loss and heavy splenic parasitaemia in hamsters. These data nevertheless suggest that it may be rewarding to further evaluate the potential of LPG as a vaccine candidate in leishmaniosis using other adjuvants, which may enhance its immunogenicity.

The efficacy of Leishmania donovani-derived lipophosphoglycan (LPG) plus Mycobacterium bovis Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) as a vaccine candidate against visceral leishmaniosis in susceptible BALB/c mouse and Syrian golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) models was investigated. Following a triple vaccination with a total dose of 150 µl BCG plus 60 µg or 30 µg of LPG for hamsters and BALB/c mice respectively, there were no noticeable side effects both locally and systemically; implying that the molecule was safe at this dosage level. Vaccinated animals demonstrated an activation of both the humoral as well as cell-mediated responses to LPG, which correlated with resistance against the disease. Protection by LPG plus BCG, was however, poor as the remaining immunized animals showed disease progression leading to severity of the disease as illustrated by emaciation, mass loss and heavy splenic parasitaemia in hamsters. These data nevertheless suggest that it may be rewarding to further evaluate the potential of LPG as a vaccine candidate in leishmaniosis using other adjuvants, which may enhance its immunogenicity.

During winter populations of Argas arboreus from heronries of the cattle egret, Bubulcus ibis, in South Africa are composed of adults, with some predominance of males, and II-IV instar nymphs, in a state of diapause. The period of tick activity, including reproduction and development of eggs, larvae and N1 nymphs, is synchronized with the nesting and breeding season of their avian hosts. It begins during spring with the return of birds to the heronry, and ceases in autumn through induction of reproductive diapause in engorged females, and behavioural diapause in unfed nymphs and adult ticks. Many ticks showed morphological anomalies and malformations, the study of which could possibly be used for monitoring of environmental pollution.

The sudden emergence of Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale (ORT) in commercially raised poultry species and its presence in non-galliform birds raise important epidemiological issues about the role of interspecies transmission. In the present study, 21 ORT strains isolated from pigeons and from birds of prey were analyzed using the recently established multilocus sequence typing (MLST) scheme. Results were compared to MLST sequence data available from ORT strains isolated mainly from turkeys and chickens, but also single strains from pheasant, guineafowl and rook. The pigeon-derived ORT strains (n=11) were closely related amongst themselves representing their own cluster distant from ORT strains of non-columbiform avian hosts. ORT strains isolated from birds of prey (n=10) revealed a higher genetic heterogeneity that corresponded well to their host family relationships but grouped within the two mainly poultry-based clusters. None of these strains had a sequence type identical to strains investigated previously. However, three strains isolated from common kestrels and a single strain from a turkey vulture shared one or two out of seven gene loci, respectively, with strains of turkey and chicken origin. The MLST results of ORT isolated from pigeons and birds of prey likely reflect evolutionary bacterial host adaptations but might also indicate a potential for interspecies transmission. Definite conclusions should be drawn carefully as so far a few strains from non-galliform birds were analyzed by MLST. By extending the number of ORT isolates and the range of potential avian hosts, the MLST database can provide a valuable resource in understanding transmission dynamics.

The medical, veterinary and economic importance of blackflies in South Africa, and the historical development of blackfly control programmes in various South African rivers, are reviewed in this paper. In 1996 it was estimated that blackflies can cause more than R 88 million damages per annum along the middle and lower Orange River where Simulium chutteri is considered the main pest species. A clear link between the construction of dams and the spread of the blackfly problem was shown. Four phases characterize the development of blackfly control in South Africa: (1) during the 1960s blackflies in the Vaal River were controlled with DDT; (2), during the 1970s and into the 1980s blackflies were controlled using water-flow manipulation; (3) when used at strategic times, water-flow manipulation could be used to enhance the effect of natural predator populations; and (4) during the 1990s the organophosphate temephos and toxins produced by the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis were tested for their efficacy against blackflies. The larvicides temephos and B. thuringiensis proved to be effective and are still used in several control programmes. The latest research focuses on the factors that influence adult blackfly survival and annoyance, as well as the development of methods that can be used to protect sheep from blackfly attacks.

The medical, veterinary and economic importance of blackflies in South Africa, and the historical development of blackfly control programmes in various South African rivers, are reviewed in this paper. In 1996 it was estimated that blackflies can cause more than R 88 million damages per annum along the middle and lower Orange River where Simulium chutteri is considered the main pest species. A clear link between the construction of dams and the spread of the blackfly problem was shown. Four phases characterize the development of blackfly control in South Africa: (1) during the 1960s blackflies in the Vaal River were controlled with DDT; (2), during the 1970s and into the 1980s blackflies were controlled using water-flow manipulation; (3) when used at strategic times, water-flow manipulation could be used to enhance the effect of natural predator populations; and (4) during the 1990s the organophosphate temephos and toxins produced by the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis were tested for their efficacy against blackflies. The larvicides temephos and B. thuringiensis proved to be effective and are still used in several control programmes. The latest research focuses on the factors that influence adult blackfly survival and annoyance, as well as the development of methods that can be used to protect sheep from blackfly attacks.