BACKGROUND: Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is one of the most important pathogens. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of cytopathic (CP) and non-cytopathic (NCP) biotypes of BVDV on vital status, membrane integrity, and motility of sperm cells in Holstein dairy bulls in vitro. METHODS: BVDV-free frozen semen samples were counted after thawing and centrifuged to separate live sperms. A sample containing 105 spermatozoa/mL was prepared. CP and NCP BVDV with 3 different doses of 105 (high dose), 104 (medium dose), and 103 (low dose) tissue culture infectious dose (TCID) 50/mL were challenged to sperm cells. After 2 hours of incubation at 38.5°C, eosin-nigrosine staining and hypoosmotic swelling (HOS) test were performed to assess the sperm viability and plasma membrane integrity. Computer assisted semen analysis (CASA) was used to evaluate the sperm motility parameters. The obtained data were analyzed using GLM method in SAS software. RESULTS: The percentage of live spermatozoa in the control group was 72±3.60%. However, it decreased significantly with the increase of virus concentration in both groups (p ≤0.05). Sperm integrity in the control group showed that the quality of semen was 65± 3.21. But the effect of virus biotypes resulted in a significant decrease in both high (105) and low (103) concentrations (p ≤0.05). BVDV biotypes are able to reduce different sperm movements as their concentration-increases. CONCLUSIONS: We concluded that CP and NCP biotypes of BVDV had a significant effect (p ≤0.05) on survival, plasma membrane integrity, and motility of sperm cells in vitro.

BACKGROUND: Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is one of the most important pathogens. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of cytopathic (CP) and non-cytopathic (NCP) biotypes of BVDV on vital status, membrane integrity, and motility of sperm cells in Holstein dairy bulls in vitro. METHODS: BVDV-free frozen semen samples were counted after thawing and centrifuged to separate live sperms. A sample containing 105 spermatozoa/mL was prepared. CP and NCP BVDV with 3 different doses of 105 (high dose), 104 (medium dose), and 103 (low dose) tissue culture infectious dose (TCID) 50/mL were challenged to sperm cells. After 2 hours of incubation at 38.5°C, eosin-nigrosine staining and hypoosmotic swelling (HOS) test were performed to assess the sperm viability and plasma membrane integrity. Computer assisted semen analysis (CASA) was used to evaluate the sperm motility parameters. The obtained data were analyzed using GLM method in SAS software. RESULTS: The percentage of live spermatozoa in the control group was 72±3.60%. However, it decreased significantly with the increase of virus concentration in both groups (p ≤0.05). Sperm integrity in the control group showed that the quality of semen was 65± 3.21. But the effect of virus biotypes resulted in a significant decrease in both high (105) and low (103) concentrations (p ≤0.05). BVDV biotypes are able to reduce different sperm movements as their concentration-increases. CONCLUSIONS: We concluded that CP and NCP biotypes of BVDV had a significant effect (p ≤0.05) on survival, plasma membrane integrity, and motility of sperm cells in vitro.

BACKGROUND: Persian fallow deer (PFD), Dama dama mesopotamica, is one of the rarest members of the Cervidae family currently listed as endangered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature. OBJECTIVES: Morphological variations in the skulls of male and female PFDs were evaluated in this investigation. METHODS: In cooperation with the Department of Environment, skulls and mandibles were obtained from five male and four female animals. After the usual practices of bone cleaning, the specimens were evaluated for morphological differences. Next, 29 parameters were measured on the skulls and mandibles by a digital Vernier caliper for morphometric studies. In addition, ten, six, and nine landmark points were defined on the left lateral photos of mandibles, dorsal, and left lateral photos of skulls, respectively. The points were digitized on two-dimensional images using the TpsDig2 software. The shape differ-ences between the two genders were analyzed using discriminate function analysis in the MorphoJ software. RESULTS: The interfrontal ridge was more prominent in male PFDs than in female animals. Moreover, there were some significant differences in the measured parameters, mostly in the mandible. The geometric morphometric evaluations showed no significant differences between the two genders. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of the present investigation revealed some morphological differences between the skulls of male and female PFDs

BACKGROUND: Persian fallow deer (PFD), Dama dama mesopotamica, is one of the rarest members of the Cervidae family currently listed as endangered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature. OBJECTIVES: Morphological variations in the skulls of male and female PFDs were evaluated in this investigation. METHODS: In cooperation with the Department of Environment, skulls and mandibles were obtained from five male and four female animals. After the usual practices of bone cleaning, the specimens were evaluated for morphological differences. Next, 29 parameters were measured on the skulls and mandibles by a digital Vernier caliper for morphometric studies. In addition, ten, six, and nine landmark points were defined on the left lateral photos of mandibles, dorsal, and left lateral photos of skulls, respectively. The points were digitized on two-dimensional images using the TpsDig2 software. The shape differ-ences between the two genders were analyzed using discriminate function analysis in the MorphoJ software. RESULTS: The interfrontal ridge was more prominent in male PFDs than in female animals. Moreover, there were some significant differences in the measured parameters, mostly in the mandible. The geometric morphometric evaluations showed no significant differences between the two genders. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of the present investigation revealed some morphological differences between the skulls of male and female PFDs

BACKGROUND: Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) is a DNA virus from the genus capripoxvirus. Though the morbidity rate of this virus is different among species, it involves all ages. This disease was limited to sub-Saharan Africa though it gradually spread to other African countries and the Middle East. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to evaluate and compare the clinical and epidemiologic indices of the virus in two groups of native and Holstein cattle. METHODS: In this research, 1652 native cattle (group 1) and 1798 Holstein cattle (group 2), which were kept in 32 -unvaccinated epidemiologic units, were studied during the field investigation about the disease in Zanjan prov-ince, at first outbreak of LSD. All major symptoms, lesions, morbidity and mortality rates observed were recorded in pre-designed forms. None of the infected cattle in this study were vaccinated. RESULTS: One hundred percent of the cattle in both groups had skin nodules. The number of nodules in group 1 was significantly fewer than that in group 2 (P≤0.05). Moreover, edema in the legs was observed in 5.88% of group 1 and 37.14% of group 2. Moreover, 11.76% of group 1 and 45.71% of group 2 suffered from pneumonia and respiratory distress. The morbidity rate was 1.03% in group 1 and 1.98% in group 2, showing a significant difference (P≤0.05); while there was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of mortality rate. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study showed that native cows are more resistant to LSDV than Holstein cows.

BACKGROUND: Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) is a DNA virus from the genus capripoxvirus. Though the morbidity rate of this virus is different among species, it involves all ages. This disease was limited to sub-Saharan Africa though it gradually spread to other African countries and the Middle East. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to evaluate and compare the clinical and epidemiologic indices of the virus in two groups of native and Holstein cattle. METHODS: In this research, 1652 native cattle (group 1) and 1798 Holstein cattle (group 2), which were kept in 32 -unvaccinated epidemiologic units, were studied during the field investigation about the disease in Zanjan prov-ince, at first outbreak of LSD. All major symptoms, lesions, morbidity and mortality rates observed were recorded in pre-designed forms. None of the infected cattle in this study were vaccinated. RESULTS: One hundred percent of the cattle in both groups had skin nodules. The number of nodules in group 1 was significantly fewer than that in group 2 (P≤0.05). Moreover, edema in the legs was observed in 5.88% of group 1 and 37.14% of group 2. Moreover, 11.76% of group 1 and 45.71% of group 2 suffered from pneumonia and respiratory distress. The morbidity rate was 1.03% in group 1 and 1.98% in group 2, showing a significant difference (P≤0.05); while there was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of mortality rate. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study showed that native cows are more resistant to LSDV than Holstein cows.

BACKGROUND: Prebiotics are non-digestible feed ingredients that improve the immune system. OBJECTIVES: The present study was designed to assess the changes caused by the addition of prebiotics to the feed on carcass characteristics and also chemical composition, physical characteristics, color, texture, and fatty acid profile of chicken pectoral muscles containing Eimeria species. METHODS: Forty-one-day-old male Ross 308 broiler chickens were assigned to four treatments, including nega-tive control (NC), positive control (PC), positive medicated with coxidine (COX), and positive medicated with prebiotics (PRE). After 42 days, carcass characteristics of the chickens were recorded, and also physical character-istics, chemical composition, color, texture, and fatty acid analysis of breast meat were determined. RESULTS: Infection with Eimeria species diminished carcass characteristics. PRE had higher final body weight, hot carcass weight, and breast and thigh muscle weights. Drip loss, pH, cooking loss, fat, ash, dry matter, and texture properties of broilers’ breast meat did not show any significant differences among the experimental groups. Dietary supplementation with prebiotics increased the crude protein content of breast meat. Infection with Eimeria species decreased the a-value of breast meat. Dietary supplementation with prebiotics decreased the amount of fatty acids 16:1 and 18:1 and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) compared to NC. CONCLUSIONS: Dietary supplementation with prebiotics is a promising strategy with the potential to compensate for the negative effects of infection with Eimeria spp. on carcass characteristics, protein content, and color of breast meat of broiler chickens.

BACKGROUND: Prebiotics are non-digestible feed ingredients that improve the immune system. OBJECTIVES: The present study was designed to assess the changes caused by the addition of prebiotics to the feed on carcass characteristics and also chemical composition, physical characteristics, color, texture, and fatty acid profile of chicken pectoral muscles containing Eimeria species. METHODS: Forty-one-day-old male Ross 308 broiler chickens were assigned to four treatments, including nega-tive control (NC), positive control (PC), positive medicated with coxidine (COX), and positive medicated with prebiotics (PRE). After 42 days, carcass characteristics of the chickens were recorded, and also physical character-istics, chemical composition, color, texture, and fatty acid analysis of breast meat were determined. RESULTS: Infection with Eimeria species diminished carcass characteristics. PRE had higher final body weight, hot carcass weight, and breast and thigh muscle weights. Drip loss, pH, cooking loss, fat, ash, dry matter, and texture properties of broilers’ breast meat did not show any significant differences among the experimental groups. Dietary supplementation with prebiotics increased the crude protein content of breast meat. Infection with Eimeria species decreased the a-value of breast meat. Dietary supplementation with prebiotics decreased the amount of fatty acids 16:1 and 18:1 and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) compared to NC. CONCLUSIONS: Dietary supplementation with prebiotics is a promising strategy with the potential to compensate for the negative effects of infection with Eimeria spp. on carcass characteristics, protein content, and color of breast meat of broiler chickens.

BACKGROUND: Induction of cholestasis is one of the methods of liver fibrosis which causes the development of oxidative stress, increased expression of fibrogenic markers, excessive deposition of extracellular matrix, and finally the incidence of fibrosis. Plantago ovata is known as a rich source of various secondary metabolites such as phenolic compounds, flavonoids, alkaloids, trypanoids, and ascorbic acid. OBJECTIVES: the present study, the expression of TGF- β as a fibrotic marker and serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) changes in cholestatic rats treated with P. ovata extract were evaluated. METHODS: In this study, 48 adult Wistar rats were used. The rats were randomly divided into eight groups of six animals each as follows: (1) healthy control group without bile duct ligation (BDL) surgery and treatment; (2–4) three healthy experimental plus P. ovata groups: rats without BDL, treated with P. ovata at dose levels of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg body weight, respectively; (5) the BDL group: rats with BDL and treated with distilled water; and (6–8) the BDL plus P. ovata groups: rats with BDL and treated with P. ovata at dose levels of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg body weight, respectively. The rats were treated with P. ovata extract for 45 consecutive days (once per day). After euthanasia and serum isolation, ALP enzyme level was measured. Moreover, the rat liver was fixed in 10% formalin buffer solution. The immunohistochemical study was performed by TGF-β antibody. Data analysis was performed using the One-way ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis test and the Prism statistical program (p <0.0001). RESULTS: The results showed a significant increase in the serum levels of ALP enzyme and TGF-β expression in BDL group. Treatment with P. ovata extract was able to significantly improve these changes in a dose-dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study showed that P. ovata extract probably due to its phenolic compounds and its antioxidant effect has a protective effect on the liver and subsequently improves the increased serum ALP level and also reduced TGF-β expression

BACKGROUND: Induction of cholestasis is one of the methods of liver fibrosis which causes the development of oxidative stress, increased expression of fibrogenic markers, excessive deposition of extracellular matrix, and finally the incidence of fibrosis. Plantago ovata is known as a rich source of various secondary metabolites such as phenolic compounds, flavonoids, alkaloids, trypanoids, and ascorbic acid. OBJECTIVES: the present study, the expression of TGF- β as a fibrotic marker and serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) changes in cholestatic rats treated with P. ovata extract were evaluated. METHODS: In this study, 48 adult Wistar rats were used. The rats were randomly divided into eight groups of six animals each as follows: (1) healthy control group without bile duct ligation (BDL) surgery and treatment; (2–4) three healthy experimental plus P. ovata groups: rats without BDL, treated with P. ovata at dose levels of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg body weight, respectively; (5) the BDL group: rats with BDL and treated with distilled water; and (6–8) the BDL plus P. ovata groups: rats with BDL and treated with P. ovata at dose levels of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg body weight, respectively. The rats were treated with P. ovata extract for 45 consecutive days (once per day). After euthanasia and serum isolation, ALP enzyme level was measured. Moreover, the rat liver was fixed in 10% formalin buffer solution. The immunohistochemical study was performed by TGF-β antibody. Data analysis was performed using the One-way ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis test and the Prism statistical program (p <0.0001). RESULTS: The results showed a significant increase in the serum levels of ALP enzyme and TGF-β expression in BDL group. Treatment with P. ovata extract was able to significantly improve these changes in a dose-dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study showed that P. ovata extract probably due to its phenolic compounds and its antioxidant effect has a protective effect on the liver and subsequently improves the increased serum ALP level and also reduced TGF-β expression

BACKGROUND: Moringa oleifera seeds are known for their high protein and vitamin content. Antioxidants are abundant in these seeds. Aqueous extraction was done. After that, an acute toxicity test was performed. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of the study was to see how a graded dose of M. oleifera aqueous seed extracts altered testicular pathology, gonadal and extragonadal sperm reserves in Wistar rats infected with Trypanosoma brucei brucei. METHODS: The rats were A, B, C, D, and E were randomly assigned to five groups with group E serving as the control group. The rats in Groups A to D were inoculated intra-peritoneal with 1× 106 virulent T. brucei brucei, and they were held for one week to demonstrate clinical signs before starting the extract therapy. Every day at 10:00 a.m., the rats were given treatment for five weeks with (75, 100, 125, and 150) mg/kg of M. oleifera aqueous seed extract for groups A, B, C, and D respectively. While the control group E received 0.5 mL/kg of water. For hema-tological indices, blood samples were collected every Monday between 10:00 and 11:00 a.m. All of the rats were humanely sacrificed at the end of the six-week experiment, and their gonadal and extragonadal sperm stores were collected, tested, and processed for histopathology. RESULTS: After treatment, the rats' gonadal and extragonadal sperm reserves (groups A to E) showed a substantial increase (213±1.1a; 221±2.1; 250±0.0c; 259±2.6d; 295±2.6e) × 106 and (115±1.1; 160±2.1; 153±0.0; 167±2.6; 120±0.6) × 106 respectively, compared to control group at P < 0.05 level. Sperm concentration of the right epididy-mis (60.0±1.1a; 90.2±2.1b; 96.5±0.0c; 98.7±2.6d; 69.4±0.6e) × 106 were significantly higher compare to the left epididymis (55.0±1.1; 69.8±2.1; 56.5±0.0; 68.3±2.6; 50.6±0.6) × 106. The PCV (%) and WBC (103/μL) levels in groups A, B, and C were significantly greater following infection than that in group E. Infection with T. brucei at weeks 2 and 3 shows poor semen characteristics, thereafter the semen quality has improved. CONCLUSIONS: Moringa oleifera aqueous seeds extract has drastically abridged the impact of trypanosomosis and enhanced the semen quality of the experimental rats.

BACKGROUND: Moringa oleifera seeds are known for their high protein and vitamin content. Antioxidants are abundant in these seeds. Aqueous extraction was done. After that, an acute toxicity test was performed. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of the study was to see how a graded dose of M. oleifera aqueous seed extracts altered testicular pathology, gonadal and extragonadal sperm reserves in Wistar rats infected with Trypanosoma brucei brucei. METHODS: The rats were A, B, C, D, and E were randomly assigned to five groups with group E serving as the control group. The rats in Groups A to D were inoculated intra-peritoneal with 1× 106 virulent T. brucei brucei, and they were held for one week to demonstrate clinical signs before starting the extract therapy. Every day at 10:00 a.m., the rats were given treatment for five weeks with (75, 100, 125, and 150) mg/kg of M. oleifera aqueous seed extract for groups A, B, C, and D respectively. While the control group E received 0.5 mL/kg of water. For hema-tological indices, blood samples were collected every Monday between 10:00 and 11:00 a.m. All of the rats were humanely sacrificed at the end of the six-week experiment, and their gonadal and extragonadal sperm stores were collected, tested, and processed for histopathology. RESULTS: After treatment, the rats' gonadal and extragonadal sperm reserves (groups A to E) showed a substantial increase (213±1.1a; 221±2.1; 250±0.0c; 259±2.6d; 295±2.6e) × 106 and (115±1.1; 160±2.1; 153±0.0; 167±2.6; 120±0.6) × 106 respectively, compared to control group at P < 0.05 level. Sperm concentration of the right epididy-mis (60.0±1.1a; 90.2±2.1b; 96.5±0.0c; 98.7±2.6d; 69.4±0.6e) × 106 were significantly higher compare to the left epididymis (55.0±1.1; 69.8±2.1; 56.5±0.0; 68.3±2.6; 50.6±0.6) × 106. The PCV (%) and WBC (103/μL) levels in groups A, B, and C were significantly greater following infection than that in group E. Infection with T. brucei at weeks 2 and 3 shows poor semen characteristics, thereafter the semen quality has improved. CONCLUSIONS: Moringa oleifera aqueous seeds extract has drastically abridged the impact of trypanosomosis and enhanced the semen quality of the experimental rats.

BACKGROUND: It is essential to minimize the effect of time and temperature on the serum biochemical param-eters and determine the stability limits of each analyte in pre-centrifuged blood samples.OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to investigate the stability limits of 10 analytes in Turkoman racehorses blood samples stored in different temperatures and time points.METHODS: The whole blood samples from healthy horses (n=10) were stored for 2 h (baseline), 6, 12, 24, and 48 h at 25ºC or 4ºC. The commercial kits (Parsazmoon, Tehran, Iran) were used for the samples analysis.RESULTS: Albumin (ALB), total bilirubin (TB), and phosphorous (P) exhibited remarkable changes at 25ºC. The storage time for as long as 12 h at 25ºC had no significant effect on urea, total protein (TP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatinine, and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). The stability of alanine transaminase (ALT) in serum samples stored at 25ºC was for 24 h and for LDH was for 48 h at 4ºC. Aspartate transaminase (AST) was the most unstable analyte at different storage times at both temperatures. Urea, TP, ALB, TB, and P were stable at 4ºC for as long as 6 h. Creatinine and ALP were affected by 24 and 48 h storage times at both temperatures. There was a significant difference (P<0.05) in AST and ALT activities between two temperatures. No significant difference was observed in creatinine, urea, and TB concentrations between two storage temperatures at any of the storage times.CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that some analytes have acceptable stability in the clotted blood samples stored at 4°C for 6 h.

BACKGROUND: It is essential to minimize the effect of time and temperature on the serum biochemical param-eters and determine the stability limits of each analyte in pre-centrifuged blood samples.OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to investigate the stability limits of 10 analytes in Turkoman racehorses blood samples stored in different temperatures and time points.METHODS: The whole blood samples from healthy horses (n=10) were stored for 2 h (baseline), 6, 12, 24, and 48 h at 25ºC or 4ºC. The commercial kits (Parsazmoon, Tehran, Iran) were used for the samples analysis.RESULTS: Albumin (ALB), total bilirubin (TB), and phosphorous (P) exhibited remarkable changes at 25ºC. The storage time for as long as 12 h at 25ºC had no significant effect on urea, total protein (TP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatinine, and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). The stability of alanine transaminase (ALT) in serum samples stored at 25ºC was for 24 h and for LDH was for 48 h at 4ºC. Aspartate transaminase (AST) was the most unstable analyte at different storage times at both temperatures. Urea, TP, ALB, TB, and P were stable at 4ºC for as long as 6 h. Creatinine and ALP were affected by 24 and 48 h storage times at both temperatures. There was a significant difference (P<0.05) in AST and ALT activities between two temperatures. No significant difference was observed in creatinine, urea, and TB concentrations between two storage temperatures at any of the storage times.CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that some analytes have acceptable stability in the clotted blood samples stored at 4°C for 6 h.

BACKGROUND: Diabetes mellitus is one of the most common metabolic disorders with a severe impact on the quality of life. OBJECTIVES: The objective of the present study was to investigate the impact of the hydroalcoholic extract of Eryngos on blood glucose, blood cells, and pancreatic tissue. METHODS: Thirty-five male rats were prepared. After diabetes induction by streptozotocin, they were randomly divided into 5 groups, including; non-diabetic control, diabetic control, diabetic treated with hydroalcoholic extract of Eryngos at doses of 300 and 500 mg/kg administered intraperitoneally, and metformin at a dose of 500 mg/kg. At the end of the study, glucose level was measured, and blood cells and pancreatic tissue were examined. RESULTS: Hydroalcoholic extract of Eryngos caused a significant reduction in blood glucose. Given the adverse effects of diabetes on the number of WBC, Eryngos extract at a dose of 300 mg/kg had a protective effect on the number of WBC. It decreased their number significantly compared with the diabetic control group. This effect was the same for both diabetic and non-diabetic groups. Histopathological results also indicated that Eryngos extract significantly increased the number of islets of Langerhans and beta cells. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that the hydroalcoholic extract of Eryngos may be effective in the treatment of diabetes. Moreover, based on the biochemical and histological results, it can be concluded that the hypoglycemic effect of the extract is probably due to the restoration and repair of the islets of Langerhans

BACKGROUND: Diabetes mellitus is one of the most common metabolic disorders with a severe impact on the quality of life. OBJECTIVES: The objective of the present study was to investigate the impact of the hydroalcoholic extract of Eryngos on blood glucose, blood cells, and pancreatic tissue. METHODS: Thirty-five male rats were prepared. After diabetes induction by streptozotocin, they were randomly divided into 5 groups, including; non-diabetic control, diabetic control, diabetic treated with hydroalcoholic extract of Eryngos at doses of 300 and 500 mg/kg administered intraperitoneally, and metformin at a dose of 500 mg/kg. At the end of the study, glucose level was measured, and blood cells and pancreatic tissue were examined. RESULTS: Hydroalcoholic extract of Eryngos caused a significant reduction in blood glucose. Given the adverse effects of diabetes on the number of WBC, Eryngos extract at a dose of 300 mg/kg had a protective effect on the number of WBC. It decreased their number significantly compared with the diabetic control group. This effect was the same for both diabetic and non-diabetic groups. Histopathological results also indicated that Eryngos extract significantly increased the number of islets of Langerhans and beta cells. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that the hydroalcoholic extract of Eryngos may be effective in the treatment of diabetes. Moreover, based on the biochemical and histological results, it can be concluded that the hypoglycemic effect of the extract is probably due to the restoration and repair of the islets of Langerhans

Chondrosarcoma is an uncommon malignant neoplasm in which the neoplastic cells produce chondroid and varying amounts of matrix. This tumor is the second most common primary skeletal tumor in animals. In our case, radio-logical and histopathological findings supported the final diagnosis of chondrosarcoma in a six-year-old male cat weighing 6.3 kg with a large and solitary mass in the right humerus. The shoulder joint had a limited range of motion. Radiographs were obtained from the raised growth. The mass was surgically excised for histopathological evaluation. Microscopically, the mass was composed of bundles and nests of neoplastic mesenchymal cells. Histo-pathologically, multiple-sized lacunae within a homogenous cartilage matrix were observed. There was marked anisocytosis and anisokaryosis. Neoplastic chondrocytes and oval cells with 1 to 3 nucleoli were seen. Based on the macroscopic, radiological, and cartilaginous differentiation of tumor cells and matrix, the mass was diagnosed as well-differentiated chondrosarcoma

Chondrosarcoma is an uncommon malignant neoplasm in which the neoplastic cells produce chondroid and varying amounts of matrix. This tumor is the second most common primary skeletal tumor in animals. In our case, radio-logical and histopathological findings supported the final diagnosis of chondrosarcoma in a six-year-old male cat weighing 6.3 kg with a large and solitary mass in the right humerus. The shoulder joint had a limited range of motion. Radiographs were obtained from the raised growth. The mass was surgically excised for histopathological evaluation. Microscopically, the mass was composed of bundles and nests of neoplastic mesenchymal cells. Histo-pathologically, multiple-sized lacunae within a homogenous cartilage matrix were observed. There was marked anisocytosis and anisokaryosis. Neoplastic chondrocytes and oval cells with 1 to 3 nucleoli were seen. Based on the macroscopic, radiological, and cartilaginous differentiation of tumor cells and matrix, the mass was diagnosed as well-differentiated chondrosarcoma