The research was performed at the Department of Animal Production's fish laboratory, National Research Center, Dokki, Egypt. The research was conducted to assess the impact of commercial powder probiotic (ZADO®) on growth efficiency of Nile tilapia mono-sex fish (O. niloticus), which were fed on basal experimental diet (the control group)and other 4 experimental diet, which was the basic diet augmented with 0.25,0.5,0.75 and 1% of ZADO® for T1, T2,T3,T4 andT5, respectively. The Five experimental treatments were performed in three replicates each, the experimental aquaria were part of closed recirculating system, where environmental parameters were kept constant throughout the experimental period. Fifteen aquaria 60 × 40 × 30 cm, width, depth, and height, respectively each was stocked with 15 fish. The mean individual initial body weight (4.04 g/fish) was recorded at the start of the experiment. All fish in each aquarium throughout the entire experimental period were weighed every two weeks. The experimental fish were fed 32 % crude proteinbased diet for (98 days). The daily feed allowances were calculated as 5% of fish body weight and were divided into 3 portions fed at 8 am, 12 pm and 4 pm. The Results of the experiment indicated that T2 had the largest significant (P<0.05) final body weight (FBW g/fish), average weight gain (AWG, g/fish), specific growth rate (SGR % day), feed conversion ratio (FCR), feed efficiency ratio (FER) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) among all the experimental groups. In addition, no substantial variations (p > 0.05) were found in protein productive value (PPV). Although significant effects (p <0.05) have been reported in fish body crud protein (CP) and fat (EE) in T2. By increasing ZADO levels in experimental diets higher than 0)25% no significant effect were observed.

The present investigation was carried out throughout the two successive seasons 2018 and 2019. Mango trees were grown in a private farm located at Wadi Elmullak El-Sharkia Governorate, Egypt. This study aimed to elucidate the impact of pinching early flowering in the winter severity on tree yield and fruit quality of Mango ‘Tommy Atkins’ cultivar. The old of the mango cultivar under this study was 15 years old and planted as 3x4 m apart grafted on ‘Saber’ seedling rootstocks, grown in sandy soil and irrigated through drip irrigation system. Mango trees were subjected to deinflorescence in mid-February by manual removing emerged inflorescence as follows complete removing (removing of 100% of emerging inflorescences), sever removing (75% of emerging inflorescences), moderated removing (50% of emerging inflorescences), light removing (25% of emerging inflorescences) and control (without removing inflorescences). Results showed that complete removing treatment significantly increased fruit yield as compared with other applications or untreated trees in the two studied seasons. Similar trend was observed regarding yield increment (%) where was superior to control treatment in the two seasons. Moderated and light treatments caused enhancement in some fruit physical properties when compared with 100% or 75% removal treatments. Complete removing treatment was superior to other treatments regarding total acidity percentage and vitamin C. In conclusion complete removing (100% of emerging inflorescences) in mid- Feb. could be a practicable choice for continued production for the ‘Tommy Atkins’ under the environmental conditions of exported mango orchards

The main objective of this investigation was to evaluate the determination effect of salt tolerance of five new almond× peach hybrid rootstocks namely hybrid 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 through their vegetative growth parameters and chemical concentrations. This evaluation aimed to recommend these rootstocks for the commercial use. This experiment was carried out at the Horticulture Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza, Egypt, during two successive seasons (2018-2019 and 2019- 2020) respectively. Rootstocks chosen for this study included new almond× peach rootstocks which are resistant to nematode. Salinity irrigated water included four levels of NaCl salt which was 500, 1000, 1500, 2000 ppm and the control which was the usual irrigated water. Results cleared that increasing salinity levels led to reduction in all growth parameters including seedling stem diameter, heights, average leaves number and buds per one, leaf area, fresh and dry weights. High salinity levels declined gradually mineral concentrations like N, P, K, Mg%, Fe and Mn ppm. Moreover the highest level of salinity conducted to the highest level of Na and Cl ppm concentrations. Chlorophyll values take the same trend while proline values take the opposite trend with high salinity due to it considered an indicator to high salinity. Moreover, there were differences between rootstocks to salinity tolerance. Hybrid No.5 was the most resistant hybrid to high salinity concentration followed by hybrid No.4 while hybrid No.3 was the least one. Hybrid No.5 reached the highest values of growth parameters and it shared with hybrid No.4 the highest values of N, P and K, Mg concentrations and the highest levels of Fe, Mn, Na and Cl. Chlorophyll values take the same trend with slightly differences with hybrid No.4. On the other hand hybrid No.3 was the least hybrid in all growth measurements, mineral concentration and chlorophyll except proline concentration it recorded the highest value. From the above investigation we can recommend hybrid number5 or hybrid number4 which had the best results compared to other seedlings rootstock under experiment salinity conditions.

Total number of forty testes from twenty Sudani camels (Camelus dromedarius) were used in the present study (>5-10 years old and 500-600 kg body weight). The experimental work was executed to define the effect of green laser irradiation with short-wavelength 532 nm and continuous wave from a diode laser light with a total output power of 3 mW on epididymal camel spermatozoa quality at different exposure times of 0 (control, non-irradiated), 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 min. Following irradiation, the percentages of motile spermatozoa, storagability, viability, and acrosomal damage were assessed of the epididymal camel spermatozoa stored at 5°C for 4 days. Epididymal spermatozoa was diluted with lactose-yolk-citrate (LYC) extender. The obtained results showed that the highest (P<0.05) value of the percentages of motile and storagability of spermatozoa was recorded with spermatozoa exposed to 6 min of laser irradiation and the lowest (P<0.05) value was recorded with the control group. Otherwise, the highest (P<0.05) value of the percentages of dead and acrosomal damage of spermatozoa was recorded with spermatozoa exposed to 10 min and the lowest (P<0.05) value was recorded with 2 min. The advancement of storage time at 5°C decreased (P<0.05) the percentages of motile and storagability of spermatozoa, while increased (P<0.05) the percentages of dead and acrosomal damage of spermatozoa during storage at 5°C for 4 days. Consequently, enhancing the artificial insemination program can be achieved using the laser irradiation which is considered a cost-effective technique for improving semen quality. The profitable effects of laser irradiation on epididymal camel spermatozoa quality raised the motile spermatozoa, storagability, livability, acrosomal integrity which consider an indicator to improve mitochondrial function which extends the survival of spermatozoa

Nonstarter lactic acid bacteria (NSLAB) have an important role in quality and safety of traditional Baramily cheese (Domiati cheese related type). Therefore, the objective of this study was to isolate and identify NSLAB with potential technological features from traditional Baramily cheese. Thirty-three samples of Baramily cheese randomly collected from retails in Cairo metropolitan area. The samples were characterized by physiochemical, textural profile and microbiological analysis. Ninety presumptive NSLAB (30 Lactobacillus spp < /em>. and 35 Enterococcus spp < /em>.) strains were isolated on MRS and Kenner-Faecal (KF) Streptococci media; and were characterized for growth temperature, salt tolerance and milk coagulation. All presumptive NSLAB isolates were tolerant to 6.5 % NaCl. Of them, 40 isolates were tolerant to 10.0 % NaCl including 16 presumptive Lactobacillus spp < /em>., and 24 presumptive Enterococcus spp < /em>. isolates based on the results, 11 representative isolates with potential technological features were selected for genetic identification using 16S rRNA technique, then were confirmed for growth and acidity development in skim milk within 48 h, and were tested for antimicrobial activity against some food spoilage and pathogenic microorganisms. The eleven isolates were identified as Ent. durans (1), Ent. faecalis (5), Lb. paraplantarum (1), Lb. plantarum (3), and Lb. rhamnosus (1). All isolated strains were confirmed active in skim milk, and some exhibited antimicrobial activity against tested food spoilage and pathogenic microorganisms. Both Lb. rhamnosus and Lb. plantarum were confirmed as the isolates with high activity in milk. Ent. durans and Ent. faecalis exhibited antimicrobial activity against Enterobacer aerogenes and E. coli. However, Lb. plantarum exhibited antimicrobial activity against both Enterobacer aerogenes, E. coli and Ps. aeruginosa. Listeria. monocytogenes, S. typhimurium, and Campylobacter. jejuni showed significant resistance to all tested NSLAB isolates. They can be concluded that the identified NSLAB isolated can be used to standardized and improve the quality and safety of Baramily cheese and other types related to Domiati cheese

Potato occupies a distinguished position in the Egyptian agricultural economy, whether in terms of its contribution to agricultural income or in terms of cultivated area, in addition to being one of the important food crops in the Egyptian dietary pattern in addition to being one of the most important Egyptian agricultural exports. The research aims to measure the effect of price policies on the most important economic variables of the potato crop by identifying both the productive and economic indicators of the potato crop in Egypt. The extent of deviation of the price that producers get from the real price that they must obtain. The efficiency of using agricultural resources for the potato crop. The effect of the price policy of potato crop on the product's well-being and consumer and government revenues. It was found from the results of the research that the average area cultivated with the potato crop amounted to about 317.74 thousand feddans. The feddan productivity the total production amounted to about 10.82 tons, 3477.12 thousand tons, respectively, and that the average total costs. Total income, net revenue per feddan, and farm price reached about 9554 53, 13704.05, 4149.58, and 1147.68 pounds respectively, and the ratio of total revenue to total costs. The profitability of the produced ton, and the profit of the invested pound amounted to about 1.53, 0.53 and 381.87 pounds, respectively, during the period (2000-2018), as it turned out that. The value of production inputs, the added value amounted to about 8097.89, 5606.16 pounds, and the average consumption. The amount of waste, and the surplus of the potato crop in Egypt amounted to about 2,297.89, 425.32 and 1179.22 thousand tons, respectively, and the rate of self-sufficiency of the potato crop in Egypt reached About 152.99%, the average per capita consumption of the potato crop in Egypt was about 28.51 kg / year, and the average quantity and value of exports and imports of potatoes amounted to about 418.02, 106.44 thousand tons, 145.63 and 76.47 million dollars per ton respectively, and the trade balance of potatoes reached about 7469 million Dollars during the period Previous reference to it. The nominal protection coefficient and rate and the partial equilibrium model were also estimated in order to study the effect of price policies on both the producer. The consumer, foreign trade and government revenue as a result of following a certain policy based on the indicators of welfare, efficiency and government revenue. About 0.62, 0.38, respectively, during the period (2000- 2018), as it was found that the average net economic loss. The net economic impact on society and the state, producer surplus, government revenue, and the change in foreign exchange amounted to about 247.176, 426.96, 904.352, 1309.882, 829.035 thousand pounds, respectively, during the period (2000-2018).

The aim of this research is to trace recent changes in family expenditures on food commodities between 2015 and 2017/18. The data is drawn from CAPMAS publications on family income, expenditure, and consumption for both years. Three food groups are explored in this paper: 1- The aggregate group of food and beverages; 2-The grains and bread group; and 3- The meat group. Two statistical models are utilized for the purposes of data analysis. The first model is known as Working's model and the second model is the well-Known double logarithmic model. The analysis shows that the expenditure elasticity of the aggregate group of food and beverages ranges between 0.423 for high-income urban families in 2017/18 to 0.763 for urban poor families in 2015. For rural families the same elasticity is about 0.313 for high-income families in 2017/18 and about 0.751 for poor families in 2015. These estimates are derived from the OLS estimates of Working's model. The double logarithmic model gives one single estimate for expenditure elasticity for the entire set of data. For example, the expenditure elasticity for all families in 2017/18 is 0.63 in urban areas and 0.59 in rural areas according to the double logarithmic model. The same estimates are 0.64 for urban areas and 0.56 for rural areas according to Working's model. The Working's model fits the family survey data quite well and gives multiple estimates of expenditure elasticity according to the level of family income. In contrast, the double logarithmic model gives one estimate of expenditure elasticity that does not change with the level of family income. That is Working's model would be more suitable for policy analysis purposes.

Kitchener drain isconsideredone of the largest drains in the Nile delta. The current study aimed to assess water quality and level of some chemical and biological pollutants in both the water and sediments of Kitchener drain. The studied water quality parameters included nitrate (NO3-), phosphate (PO43-), total solids (TS), total suspended solids (TSS) and total dissolved solids (TDS), in addition, water and sediment samples were exposed to bacteriological analysis which included, total coliform (TC) bacteria, faecal coliform (FC) bacteria and Salmonella&Shigella (SS). The results showed that nitrate (NO3-) and phosphate (PO43-) concentrations in most sampling sides were within the permitted Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) limits for irrigation water. In addition, all the values of total suspended solids (TSS) and total dissolved solids concentrations (TDS) in El-Gharbia governorate were higher than the World Health Organization (WHO) permitted limits. Bacteriological results revealed that most sampling sites were contaminated with both TC and FC bacteria where, the counts of them in the water samples exceeded the 1,000 CFU/100 ml which is higher than the WHO limits. In addition, the counts of studied organisms in all examined sediment samples were higher compared to water samples. Based on these results the water in Kitchener drain is considered unsuitablefor domestic and agricultural purposes.

Two types of essential oils (thyme and Stachys) were used in this Estimation. The chemical composition, antioxidant activity (by DPPH assay) and the rancimat method were used to assess the stability effect of these essential oils. The tested oils were added to mayonnaise to evaluate its capability for inhibition of secondary oxidation products. By DPPH assay, antioxidant activity showed that thyme essential oil was the best antioxidant agent as radical scavenging agents at 450 and 500 ppm concentrations, even better than BHT at the200 ppm concentration. As a typical antioxidant, butylated hydroxytoluene was used for comparison. The mayonnaise samples prepared by adding thyme, stachys essential oils and TBHQ (control +) at concentrations of 200,400, 600 and 200 ppm into the sunflower oil free from antioxidant. At the amounts used in this study, thyme and stachys oils were significantly successful in reducing the oxidation of sunflower oil, especially, at 500 ppmwhich showed more efficient than BHT. Specifically, in the presence of thyme oil, the induction period of sunflower oil was considerably elongated. However, butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) was more efficient than thyme and Stachys oils at the 200-ppm concentration against oxidation of oils. all concentrations of thyme and stachys essential oils had an antioxidant activity similar to synthetic antioxidant of TBHQ at a concentration of 200 ppm for inhibition of secondary oxidation products in mayonnaise in comparison with the control sample. As a conveniently available source of natural antioxidants, thyme and stachys essential oils can be used for use in fats, oils and food containing fats.

Fish play an essential role in food security and are regarded as one of Egypt's primary food resources and, therefore, significantly im-pact the national economy. The three main sources of fish production in Egypt: marine (Red and Mediterranean seas), lakes and the River Nile, due to the elevated incidence of species substitution at the global level, precise identification of seafood species on the mar-kets considered a solution for food safety con-trol institutions and human consumer protec-tion. Mislabeling occurs when one species is substituted for another. Different species of red sea marine fish were collected from the Egyp-tian market. According to the Arabic name in the fish market, Samples searched for English and Latin family names in (www.fishdata-base.org). Commercial samples were success-fully extracted and confirmed with 1.5% aga-rose gel electrophoresis. The result showed that the mtDNA gene cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) amplification was successful for all samples with high concentration, it was purified and sequenced for both directions and blasted using the NCBI database. Resulting in the identification of three commercially essen-tial and expensive fish samples, Baghbaghan (parrotfish), Hamour (Greasy Grouper) and kahaya (Spiny squirrelfish). One of them cor-rectly identified according to the market name, while the other two are recorded mistakenly under another name.