Field trials were conducted during 2005 and 2006 seasons at Minofia governorate to evaluate the effect of planting date of three cowpea cultivars on their infestation rate with cowpea pod borer, Etiella zienckenella. For each cowpea cultivar planted at each tested date, the numbers of bores and larvae were counted in green and dry pods as well as in dry seeds and the means were obtained to estimate the degree of insect infestations. Results indicated that, regardless the planting date in both seasons, Kream7 was the highest resistant cultivar to insect infestation followed by Kaha1 and then Kafr El Shikh1. On the other hand, regardless the cowpea cultivar, the rate of insect infestation was greatly reduced at the early plantation. Thus, selection of Kream7 cultivar and early  plantation could be involved in reducing E. zinckenella infestation and subsequently increase the cowpea yield. These studies clearly demonstrated that several non-insecticidal approaches have great potential for cowpea pod borer  Etiella zinckenella  management. These approaches include some of integrated pest management strategies which can effectively prevent or reduce infestation

Understanding the sorption process in natural zeolite and bentonite is necessary for effective utilization of these minerals as nutrient adsorbents and on the other side for controlling release of plant nutrients. This research was undertaken to characterize the ability of natural zeolite and bentonite minerals to adsorb and release zinc and manganese. The potentials for sorption of these ions were evaluated by applying the Langmuir and Freundlich equations. The results showed that Langmuir constant [maximum adsorption (b mmol kg-1)] of both Zn and Mn were for bentonite > zeolite While the [binding strength values (k in L.mmol-1)] for zeolite > bentonite      Zn in case of zeolite showed the lowest desorbed percentage particularly at high levels of sorbed Zn. Only, 74.7 % is readily extractable by DTPA after three successive extractions leaving, 25.3 % Zn retained by the mineral. In case of bentonite, 82.26 % of sorbed Zn is readily extractable by DTPA after three successive extractions leaving, 17.74 % Zn retained by the mineral. In case of Mn, 84.63% of Mn sorbed by zeolite is readily extractable by DTPA after three successive extractions leaving, 15.37% Mn retained by the mineral. In case of bentonite, 89.79 % of adsorbed Mn is readily extractable by DTPA after three successive extractions leaving, 10.21 % Mn retained by the mineral.      This finding may reflect clearly the possibility of using natural zeolite and bentonite as a slow release fertilizer for Zn and Mn and on the other hand preventing soil pollution with heavy metals.

Among 17 fungal isolates isolated from soil of El-hawia, El-hada, El-kaym and Karwa in Taif governorate in Saudi Arabia, two isolates showed high efficacy in producing cellulases enzymes. They were identified to be Alternaria alternata and Aspergillus wentii. Some factors such as carbon and wheat bran as a raw material, nitrogen, pH and incubation temperature were investigated. Results indicated that glucose and cellulose were the most effective as a carbon source while, urea was the best nitrogen source for cellulases production. Initial pH 5.0 and incubation temperatures at 25 or 35ºC achieved high cellulases production.

Ultrastructure study revealed two types of fly larvae Przhevalskiana silenus (Brauer, 1858) and Cochliomyia hominivorax (Coquerel, 1858) that causes myasis in Goats in Saudi Arabia, The study recorded that the exact composition of these two genus showed differences in morphological characteristics, which cannot be identified using an optical microscope. All previous studies recorded on the same region never before carried out ultrastracture studied.

The study showed that the average amount of global production of cotton during the period (2004-2008) was estimated at 20.849 million tons. Where China, United States of America and India in the front of producing countries and was the relative importance of the Egyptian production of cotton for the world in tenth place. The harvested area it may an annual average of about 33.205 million hectares during the same period. Where India, United States of America and China in the front of those countries, while the average quantity of world exports during the same period was estimated at 8.293 million tons / year. Where United States of America, Uzbekistan and India in the front of those countries, were ranked Egypt in the ninth position. while the imports it may average annual rate during the same period was estimated at 7.76 million tons / year. Where China, Turkey and Indonesia in the front of those countries, The world Stock comes China ,United States of America and India in the front of those countries during the same period, while the consumption of cotton, it may average annual rate during the same period was estimated at 21.15 million tons / year. Where China, India and Pakistan in the front of those countries. There is also a decrease in the area of the Extra long staple cotton in Egypt by 6040 feddan per year during the period (1990-2008). The area of ​​ long-staple cotton, there is a decrease up to 18190 feddan  annually during the same period, while the production of Extra long staple cotton there are decline 6620 tons annually, while the production of long staple cotton there is a decline of 13,250 tons annually during the same period. With regard to the evolution of the total production costs of cotton in Egypt, there are increasing by 113.14 pounds / feddan per year as well as prices of farm cotton in Egypt, there are increasing by 170.95 pounds / tons every year either total return for Egyptian cotton, there is increased total 173.34 pounds / feddan per year during the same period, The net return of cotton feddan to the study, noted the relative stability, and that it ranges around the arithmetic mean during the study period. Looks at the future of cotton in the world by forecasting its progress during the period (2009-2018), the direction of the Beginning stock to decline during the same period, while that the harvested area and end stock ,consumption relatively stable during the same Period, while exports and imports tended to increase during the same period, As for the forecasting of the Egyptian market during the same period the harvested area has tended to decline while increasing domestic consumption and with the relative stability in the beginning stock, as well as exports, Comparing the results to predict the global and Egyptian variables is showed Egyptian market for cotton towards the import of foreign cotton

Olive tree (Olea europaea L.) is one of the most important fruit trees, there is a lot of varieties with the possibility of mislabeling, homogenouses and synonyms, which makes major troubles when having plant material for propagation and breeding programs. In this search, 12 olive varieties (Maw! Istanbul!, Khilkhali Khishen, Dan, Mniekri, Adkam, Doaibli, Mot, Khilkhali Saghir, Karamani Modabal, Mawi abo Shokeh, Sourani, and Abo Shokeh), cultivated in ACSAD Gene bank in Gellin, were characterized by ISSR molecular markers to determine the relationship between these varieties. Depending on quantitive traits the results indicated that these varieties are so close to each other's, ranged from 60% and 85%. It was noticed that Mneikri was apart from the other varieties in its traits, (polymorphic rate was 92.94%).

.The results revealed that The highest proportion of farmers was between 28 and 60 years. Mean values for family size in the different study areas were 5.49, the main occupation of respondents was agriculture (60%) A large share of farmers (70%) received formal education, while (30%) of farmers did not receive any formal education. Farmers in the study area were small-scale farmers, it showed that the average size of land owned was one feddan, the average level of living was 12.19, the average annual gross farm income in the study area was 11362 L_.E per household. All farmers in the study areas were members of the agricultural cooperative, which exist in all villages. Membership of these cooperatives was mandatory for those farmers who had reasonable access to it; 51.5% of farmers have a medium level of cosmopoliteness, 37% have a high level. More than 75% of farmers were falling in the medium level of communication with agricultural information, more than 65% of farmers had a medium level of aspiration, only 1.5% of farmers had a high level of aspiration, The highest proportion of farmers was a medium degree of filiations to community. The results showed that non of the respondents from the sample size had a high level of agricultural modernity, 76.5% had a medium level and 23.5 % only had low level. The coefficients of the logistic model used to investigate factors affecting the modernity of farmers. The chi-square test showed the level of significance of the parameters included in the model (at P 0.01). Modernity of farmers was correctly predicted for 77.5% of the farmers. The factors that contribute to modernity of farmers according to the Wald chi-square statistic were in order of importance: degree of affiliation, cosmopoliteness, family size, farm size, and aspiration level.

This study aimed at identifying the political knowledge and some aspects of political participation of the rural youth, and determining variables that are proposed to relate and explaine the variance of degree of political knowledge and political participation of the rural youth. Data were collected from a random sample of 1100 youth (550 males, and 550 females) in eleven villages at Menoufiya governorate through personal interviews with respondents. The results of the study indicated a low political knowledge degree and political participation degree for the rural youth. The results of statistical tests revealed that there were significant differences between the two groups of respondents (males and females) regarding political knowledge degree and political participation degree. The findings of step-wise multiple regression analysis indicated that: , The most important variables affecting degree of male's political knowledge were education level, participation in developmental projects, cultural cosmoplitness, participation in public election's conferences, participation in social organizations and participation in political parties. These six significant independent variables explained only 37.9% of the total variance of the male's political knowledge degree. , The most important variables affecting degree of female's political knowledge were education level, cultural cosmoplitness, participation in social organizations, socialization and politicalization, geographical cosmoplitness, monthly incom and age. These seven significant independent variables explained only 33.3% of the total variance of the female's political knowledge degree. , The most important variables affecting degree of male's political participation were political knowledge degree, participation in social organizations, participation in developmental projects and cultural cosmoplitness. These four significant independent variables explained only 24% of the total variance of the male's political participation degree. , The most important variables affecting degree of female's political participation were political knowledge degree, participation in social organizations, age, geographical cosmoplitness, family education level and cultural cosmoplitness. These six significant independent variables explained only 15.6% of the total variance of the female's political participation degree. The study were concluded with a discussion of its findings and a number of suggestions for the inhancement of rural youth' participation in political activities were introduced.

Ultrastructure study revealed two types of fly larvae Pizhevalskiana silenus (Brauer,1858) and Cochliomyia hominivorax (Coquerel, 1858) that causes myasis in Goats in Saudi Arabia, The study recorded that the exact composition of these two genus showed differences in morphological characteristics, which cannot be identified using an optical microscope. All previous studies recorded on the same region never before carried out ultrastracture studied.

The study showed that the average amount of global production of cotton during the period (2004-2008) was estimated at 20.849 million tons. Where China, United States of America and India in the front of producing countries and was the relative importance of the Egyptian production of cotton for the world in tenth place. The harvested area it may an annual average of about 33.205 million hectares during the same period. Where India, United States of America and China in the front of those countries, while the average quantity of world exports during the same period was estimated at 8.293 million tons / year. Where United States of America, Uzbekistan and India in the front of those countries, were ranked Egypt in the ninth position. while the imports it may average annual rate during the same period was estimated at 7.76 million tons / year. Where China, Turkey and Indonesia in the front of those countries, The world Stock comes China United States of America and India in the front of those countries during the same period, while the consumption of cotton, it may average annual rate during the same period was estimated at 21.15 million tons / year. Where China, India and Pakistan in the front of those countries. There is also a decrease in the area of the Extra long staple cotton in Egypt by 6040 feddan per year during the period (1990-2008). The area of long-staple cotton, there is a decrease up to 18190 feddan annually during the same period, while the production of Extra long staple cotton there are decline 6620 tons annually, while the production of long staple cotton there is a decline of 13,250 tons annually during the same period. With regard to the evolution of the total production costs of cotton in Egypt, there are increasing by 113.14 pounds / feddan per year as well as prices of farm cotton in Egypt, there are increasing by 170.95 pounds / tc5ns every year either total return for Egyptian cotton, there is increased total 173.34 pounds / feddan per year during the same period, The net return of cotton feddan to the study, noted the relative stability, and that it ranges around the arithmetic mean during the study period. Looks at the future of cotton in the world by forecasting its progress during the period (2009-2018), the direction of the Beginning stock to decline during the same period, while that the harvested area and end stock consumption relatively stable during the same Period, while exports and imports tended to increase during the same period, As for the forecasting of the Egyptian market during the same period the harvested area has tended to decline while increasing domestic consumption and with the relative stability in the beginning stock, as well as exports, Comparing the results to predict the global and Egyptian variables is showed Egyptian market for cotton towards the import of foreign cotton.