Morphological structure and different characters of achene is most important from the taxonomic point of view. In present study achene shape, colour, size, texture and pappus type were recorded for 20 taxa of Asteraceae by using light microscope (LM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Examination of pappus by SEM recorded 6 groups; (1- Scarbous barbellate fine bristles and scarbous barbellate bristles, 2- Scarbous subulate scales free, 3- Scarious scales, 4- Paleaceous scales corona, 5- Plumose bristles and 6- Capillary barbellate). Also eight patterns were recognized based on surface sculpturing pattern: reticulate, with two subtypes, tuberculate, sulcate, puncticulate, colliculate, aculeate, lineate and striate. The data proved useful in the construction of a dichotomous indented key to the studied taxa. Twenty-two characters with 85 characters stats were used to generate anatomical key using the DELTA key-generating programs.

Sixteen flax genotypes {13 promising lines and 3 check varieties viz., Giza 8 (oil type), Sakha 1 (dual purpose type) and Sakha 3 (fiber type)} were evaluated for straw, seed, oil yields and their related traits under twelve different environments; four locations (Sakha, Etay El-Baroud, Ismailia and Giza Exp. Stations through three successive seasons (2011/12, 2012/13 and 2013/14). These materials were evaluated in a randomized complete blocks design with three replications at the twelve above-mentioned environments. The analysis of variance revealed highly significant differences among genotypes (G), environments (E) and G x E interaction for all studied traits except straw weight per plant, indicating a wide range of variation among genotypes, environments and these genotypes exhibited differential response to environmental conditions. The significant variance due to residual for all characters except both straw weight per plant and oil yield per fad indicated that genotypes differed with respect to their stability suggesting that prediction would be difficult, which means that mean performance alone would not be appropriate. Interaction component of variance (σ2ge) was less than the genotypic variance (σ2g) for all characters, indicating that genotypes differ in their genetic potential for these traits. This was reflected in high heritability and low discrepancy between phenotypic (PCV) and genotypic (GCV) coefficients of variability values for these traits indicating the possibility of using each of long fiber percentage, plant height and technical stem length as selection indices for improving straw weight per plant, as well as, using 1000-seed weight and capsules number per plant as selection indices for improving seed weight per plant. Yield stability (YSi) statistic indicated that S.541-C/3 and S.541-D/10 gave high mean performance and stability for straw, fiber, seed and oil yields per fad in addition to oil percentage, capsules number per plant and 1000-seed weight. Therefore, the two genotypes well be released under the name Giza 11 and Giza 12, respectively. These newly released varieties are of dual purpose type for straw, fiber, seed and oil yield. They may replace the low yielding cultivars Giza 8, Sakha 1 and Sakha 3.

Susceptibility of the tomato leaf miner, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera : Gelechiidae) larvae, pupae and adults to entomopathogenic nematode, Steirnernema carpocapsae and two fungal species; Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae was investigated under laboratory conditions. Applied concentrations against the last instar larvae and different ages of the pupae, using leaf and soil treatments, were 250, 500,1000 IJs/ml for the nematode and 108, 109,1010 spores/ml for the fungi. Soil applications of the nematode and fungi resulted to high mortality (100, 100 and 93.3%) of4thinstar larvae while low pupal mortality (46.7,30and 23.3% ),respectively. In leaf treatment a high level of larval mortality (93.3, 90 and 80%) was recorded revealing S. carpocapsae, B. bassiana and M. anisopliae, respectively. The present study also showed also susceptibility of Tuta absoluta adults to the three pathoens. The results demonstrated suitability of entomopathogenic nematode and fungi for controlling T. absoluta.

Two field experiments were conducted at the Experimental Research Farm, Faculty of Agriculture, Suez Canal University, Egypt during spring 2013 and 2014 using summer squash (Cucurbita pepo cv. Eskandarani) for studying the effects of PGPR strains. The objective of the first experiment was to study the efficiency of single, double and triple inoculations of Azospirillum brasilense (AC1), Bacillus subtilis (AC2) and Serratia marcescens (BM1) on summer squash fruit characters. Results showed that the double inoculations of tested PGPR strains in addition to single inoculation with Serratia marcescens produced non-significant higher fruit yield and average fruit weight compared to triple inoculation (AC1+AC2+BM1) and single inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense. However, non-inoculated control plants and plants inoculated with Bacillus subtilis showed lower fruit yield and average fruit weight. From the previous results, it concluded that the double inoculation were better than single and triple inoculations. However, the aim of the second experiment was to evaluate the efficiency of PGPR under N and P fertilization levels on plant growth, yield and nutrients uptake of summer squash as well as soil nutrient availability (available N and P). As per main effects, generally, plant growth, fruit yield, nutrients uptake and availability enhanced significantly by increasing N and P levels, except half dose of P which gave statistically equivalent values of plant fresh and dry weight as well as nitrogen uptake in shoots and fruits in addition to P in shoots compared to full dose. Also, main effect of PGPR showed that the inoculated plants gave significantly higher plant growth, fruit yield, nutrient uptake and availability compared to un-inoculated control plants. Inoculated plants with PGPR strains under full dose of N and P gave mostly highest plant growth, fruit yield, nutrients uptake and availability. This effect was at significant level in terms of fruit yield, soil nutrient availability and some nutrients uptake such as K in the shoots and N the fruits. Furthermore, PGPR significantly reduced P fertilizer application without any reduction in squash yield, especially under no and half dose of N fertilizer. Results revealed that the efficiency of PGPR strains increased by P increasing and decreased by N increasing.

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of partial substitution (10 and 15%) of wheat flour by sorghum or chickpea flour on quality parameters of sponge cake and biscuit. Chickpea flour contained the highest percentage of protein, lipids, ash and crude fiber. Water absorption was increased by replacement of wheat flour with sorghum or chickpea flour. From the obtained data, it could be seen that the deleterious effect of adding sorghum flour to wheat flour on the rheological properties was more pronounced than that happened when chickpea flour was added. Cake prepared with sorghum flour had less pronounced improvements in its chemical composition rather than those of chickpea. With regard to volume and specific volume, cake prepared with 10% chickpea flour with or without cake improver recorded the highest values. Cake prepared by chickpea flour had no any unfavorable sensory change especially for the cake produced by cake improver.  Crude protein, lipids, ash and crude fiber contents were increased progressively in all biscuit samples with increasing of either the sorghum or chickpea flour levels. Also, there were no significant differences (P>0.05) between the thickness and spread ratio of control biscuit compared to that of sorghum or chickpea- wheat composite flour.  It is worth mentioning that the substitution of wheat flour with chickpea flour gave biscuit more sensory acceptable.

The research to identify the impact of the training program held at the Desert Research Center en titled" hydroponics" ((Agriculture roofs) to change the level of knowledge of the trainees related to agriculture, water (Agriculture roofs), and to identify trainees in the program, and the most important problems faced by the trainees during the training , in addition compare what was actually gained and what to is expected , therefore  it may be able to develop a proposal for a training program for the Agriculture roofs a questionnaire is made before and after the participants attending program held by the Desert Research Center among a large number of projects implemented by different bodies totally training programs thirty two  trainees  attending training it for four hours a day over consecutive days two (19 - 20) in January 2014.   Frequencies, Proportion, will cocoons test,   used to data analysis. The results of the analysis show that there is a change in the level of knowledge of the trainees with regard to agriculture, (the Agriculture roofs) compare with then prior the number of trainees knowledge has increased from 18%to 59.3% after attending the program. In general the notice of trainees attending to the program has in creased to almost 53%.  Problems faced the trainees were that they were not able to visits agriculture roofs models and training on such system. This my help to comp air then knowledge before on often attending the program , the program used depends on theoretical, CDs and not used posters, demonstration of practical viewing and , posters or clarify the practical displays the results, clarification of practical experience , participation of trainees,  thus other important issue uses such as cultivation methods, diseases and actual costs wear not available  to trainees finally the program has evaluated the knowledge of trainees at the end of program whit out refining to then knowledge at the beginning the program.

The present investigation was carried out at the Experimental Farm of the Faculty of Agriculture at Fayoum, Cario University at Dalla, Fayoum Governorate during the two seasons 2000/2001 and 2001/2002. The aim of this investigation was to study the effect of organic manure and number of berseem cuts on cotton yield and its components and fiber traits. The obtained results indicate that only plant height at harvest, number of fruiting branches / plant and the height of the 1st fruiting branch were significantly affected by organic manure (O.M.) application. On the other hand, organic manure did not affect significantly the seed cotton yield, yield components and fiber quality traits. Cotton planting dates affected significantly all studied vegetative growth, seed cotton yield, yield components and fiber quality traits. Early planting date (1st week of March) showed significant superiority over the other two planting dates (1st week of April & May) in number of fruiting branches/ plant, number of days to 1st flower appearance and 1st boll opening, number and weight of open bolls/ plant in the 1st& 2nd pickings, seed cotton yield, lint percentages and studied fiber quality traits. The decreases in the total seed cotton yield attributed to the late planting dates (1st week of April & May) amounted 26.4 and 84.8% and 30.6 and 84.1% of  March planting with the treatments of 10 and 20 m3/ fad organic manure, respectively.

Two field experiments were carried out during two summer seasons of 2013 and 2014 years at the Experimental Farm of Kaha Station, Qalubia Governorate to study the effect of using three irrigation intervals (7, 15 or 21 day) and five treatments of water absorbent substrates as adding to soil before transplanting ,i.e. (without substrates (control), SAP at 15 kg/fed., SAP at 20 kg/fed., compost at 5 t/fed. and compost at 10t/fed.) on sweet  pepper plants c.v. Mohanad and the effect of that on growth, yield, physical and chemical characters of sweet  pepper fruits. The results indicated that, the highest values of all vegetative growth parameters, yield and yield components were registered by the treatment of 7 days or 15 day irrigation intervals. Concerning of using water absorbent substrates, it was found that, pepper plants grown in the soil fertilized at 10 t/fed. or treated with super absorbent polymer (SAP) 20 kg/fed., respectively gave the highest values of vegetative growth parameters, yield and yield components.It is obvious that the plants fertilized at 10 t/fed. and irrigated every 7 days gave the highest values of fruit length, fruit diameter, fresh fruit weight and total yield. While, plants treated with SAP at 20 kg/fed. and irrigated every 15 day gave the highest values of fruit diameter and fresh fruit weight, but the differences did not reach to significance level for fruit length and early yield in both growing seasons. On the other hand, compost at 10 t/fed., compost at 5 t/fed. and SAP at 20 kg/fed. with irrigation every 21 day were the best treatments for yield and yield components of pepper plants. Generally, it can recommend by using compost at 5 t/fed., or super absorbent polymer (SAP) at 20 kg/fed. with irrigation every 15 days and this mean that increased the irrigation period without any injury or statistical effect on the fruit crop to obtain high pepper fruit yield  with height quality and height net income to the growers.

The recent study aims to: identify the degree of knowledge of farmers using pesticides and chemical fertilizers, in addition, identifying the sources of knowledge of the farmers on the use of pesticides and chemical fertilizers, and determine the relationship between the independent variables studied and knowledge of farmers using pesticides and chemical fertilizers degree and to identify the most important problems facing the respondents in study area.           The study was conducted in Qalioubia governorate.                                                                       Data were collected through the personal interview with asystemtic random sample of 350 far- mers in Qalioubia governorate using aquestionnaire. Frequencies, percentages and simple correlation coefficient (Pearson) were utilized to present and analyze data.                 The most important findings were: 50.6% of the respondents had alow level knowledge. The fending also indicated significant correlation at 0.01% level between the area of agricultural holdings, and the degree of attiude towerds agricultural extension, and the degree of attiude towerds inovations. There were significant correlations at 0.05% level between the degree of leader ship and the degree of awareness of demage excessive use of pesticides, and the knowledge of the respondents level using pesticides and chemical fertilizers. There were non significant correlations between dependent variable and: age and the respondent's education level and the degree of social participation.

This research amid at studying the most important productivity and economic indicators for maize crop in the reclaimed during the period (2001- 2012), the geographical distribution of areas, productivity and production of maize in the reclaimed, the most important production problems facing farmers of maize in the reclaimed and suggestions of producers to solve them, identify the most important factors affecting maize production crop and estimate the cost function with determining the minimization of costs that achieve the highest productivity of maize crop were also made the study is based on random field sample with a size of 110 farmers from county of Al-Dakhla, Al-khrga, Farafra, Paris, Balat of New Valley Governorate during 2014 year . When estimating size of productivity per feddan for maize crop which may minimizes   productivity costs to the lowest level in the New Valley Governorate, it was showed    that this size is estimated at 2.04 tons/feddan in the season of  2014. The number of farmers who have reached this volume of production amounted to 20 farmers of the total sample size of 110 farmers with ratio of 18.18%. The study showed that most important quantitative variables affecting average production per feddan of maize crop in the New Valley Governorate using stepwise multiple regression procedure were the amount of nitrogen fertilizer, amount of phosphate fertilizers, number of workers as there was significant correlation between independent variables and the dependent variable. These three factors explain about 82 % of the total influencing factors affecting the production of the crop. So, the study recommends focusing on nitrogen and phosphate fertilizers due to the nature of the soil. The study recommends that price fertilizer may be decreased, provision of fertilizers in cultivating areas to avoid transportation costs, The need to provide specialized technical labor by the State and public agencies on training skilled technical labor, and support agricultural production and reduce agricultural machinery prices all these chains shall lead to reduce Egypt's imports of maize needed to develop   livestock sector and to reduce the burden of foreign currencies.