The aim of this research is to trace recent changes in family expenditures on food commodities between 2015 and 2017/18. The data is drawn from CAPMAS publications on family income, expenditure, and consumption for both years. Three food groups are explored in this paper: 1- The aggregate group of food and beverages; 2-The grains and bread group; and 3- The meat group. Two statistical models are utilized for the purposes of data analysis. The first model is known as Working's model and the second model is the well-Known double logarithmic model. The analysis shows that the expenditure elasticity of the aggregate group of food and beverages ranges between 0.423 for high-income urban families in 2017/18 to 0.763 for urban poor families in 2015. For rural families the same elasticity is about 0.313 for high-income families in 2017/18 and about 0.751 for poor families in 2015. These estimates are derived from the OLS estimates of Working's model. The double logarithmic model gives one single estimate for expenditure elasticity for the entire set of data. For example, the expenditure elasticity for all families in 2017/18 is 0.63 in urban areas and 0.59 in rural areas according to the double logarithmic model. The same estimates are 0.64 for urban areas and 0.56 for rural areas according to Working's model. The Working's model fits the family survey data quite well and gives multiple estimates of expenditure elasticity according to the level of family income. In contrast, the double logarithmic model gives one estimate of expenditure elasticity that does not change with the level of family income. That is Working's model would be more suitable for policy analysis purposes.

The agricultural sector is the main pillar of the Egyptian economic structure, as it represents main source of food and clothing. In addition, it contributes to of the national income and Egypt faces a deficit in agricultural production, on the other hand consumption exceeds local production, and food is considered a vital necessity for people that cannot be dispensed. This research includes the statistical assessment of the macroeconomic econometric model of the variables of demand and supply of maize during the period (2005-2019), and the problem has become one of the most important problems threatening development in Egypt It has dangerous dimensions for the agricultural sector in particular and for the Egyptian economy in general, and that Egypt is still suffering from a food gap in most food commodities in a way that threatens Egyptian food security, as the equation of imports of corn shows that the volume of imports decreases by about 0.31%, 0.70% each An increase in the import price in dollars per ton, the average per capita production of the current year by 1%, meaning that the most influential variable in the volume of imports of corn in a particular year was the import price in dollars per ton, the average per capita production. It was also found that about 65% of the changes in imports of corn are due to the change in the independent variables under study, and that the average imports, production, and consumption of maize during the same period is 10.39, 6.67, 17.60 million tons, respectively, 15 % increase in the import price causes decreased in the quantity imported by 0.31%, The average of imports, production, and consumption of maize during the same period was 10.66, 7.70 and 17.80 million tons, respectively.

The aim of this study was to optimize the production of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), using the response surface methodology (RSM), to use the produced PUFAs in kareish cheese processing. PlackettBurman design (PBD) was employed to screen media components that affect PUFAs development (glucose, olive cake, yeast extract, tryptone, MgSO4, KH2PO4, NH4Cl, agitation speed, incubation time, and pH), and results showed that olive cake and yeast extract, with confidence level > 98%, had a positive effect on PUFAs production. The central composite design (CCD) of the response surface methodology was used to optimize the selected parameters levels where maximum PUFAs production (1790 mg/l) was observed near the mid-point (0) values (concentrations) of olive cake (15 g/l), tryptone (7.5 g/L) and KH2PO4 (1.25 g/l). Polyunsaturated fatty acids account for 47.83 % of the total fatty acid profile, according to gas chromatography analysis of the collected PUFAs. The produced PUFAs was encapsulated using whey protein concentrate and maltodextrin, freeze dried, grinded and incorporated in Kareish cheese manufacture. The average particle size of a 0.005% suspension of oil microcapsules was 671.4 nm with a poly dispersity index of 0.611 indicating a moderate stability of the emulsion. The negative zeta potential of the microcapsules particles was -37.6 mv, which is identical to the -42 mv value recorded in the literature for oil emulsions stabilized by whey protein, maltodextrin, and K-carrageenan. The addition of 0.5 % PUFAs-containing microcapsules to Kareish cheese increased antioxidative activity to 38.13 % compared to 30.14 % for the control, as well as Texture profile analysis (TPA) parameters including hardness, cohesiveness, gumminess, and chewiness. The elasticity of the Kareish cheese sample increased slightly by the addition of 0.5% microcapsules, but higher concentration tended to change the elasticity to a brittleness of the cheese structure.

Since the mid-1950s, the volatile structure of butter oil and butter were researched, and an exhaustive list of elements has been collected. Diacetyl is an aromatic popular synthetic fragrance that gives food a buttery taste used in ice cream, snacks and potting with butter, strawberry, caramel, or cheese flavor. The chromosomal aberrations and micronuclei are commonly used biomarkers of chromosomal damage, genome stability, and cancer risk assessment.In vivo trials are still important to assess the genetic toxicology of chemical products such as industrial chemicals, pharmaceuticals, and food additives. This study aimed at assessing the potential genotoxic effect of diacetyl and butter flavors on swiss albino mice using alterations in liver function enzymes, micronucleus (MN), and chromosomal aberrations (CA) assays. The results showed that exposure of swiss albino mice malesto diacetyl and butter flavors induced (CA) and (MN) in a statistically highly significant manner compared to the control. Meanwhile, the biochemical analysis revealed that these substances caused an exceptional rise in liver function enzymes (AST, ALT, and ALP) activity in serum of treated experimental animals.In conclusion, both tested compounds have increased the chromosomal aberration, micronucleus test, and serum levels of liver function enzymes indicating their high potential of being cytotoxic and genotoxic materials.

The present study was carried out during 2019 and 2020 seasons on Alphonse mango trees to evaluate the effect of some growth reg-ulators and systemic copper complexes on flo-ral malformation, yield and quality. Vegetative growth characters were superior with 200 NAA ppm and 100 ppm cofret. However, total chlorophyll, total carbohydrates and C/N ratio recorded the highest values with 200 ppm NAA. Macro elements N, P, K and Mg % were higher with GA3 at 100 ppm, whereas the highest values of micro elements Fe, Zn, Mn and Cu (ppm) were obtained with perfecto-one at 100 ppm. The number of total panicles/tree was increased with NAA 200 ppm and per-fecto-one 100 ppm treatments than other treat-ments. The number and percent of malformed panicles/tree were significantly decreased with the applied treatments than in control.. An in-creasing in total indoles, total phenols and pol-yphenol oxidase activity were recorded with 200 ppm NAA and 100 ppm perfecto-one treatments than in others. Final fruit set% and the number of fruits /tree were increased with the treatments of 200 ppm NAA and 100 ppm perfecto-one. However, the highest values of fruit weight were recorded by GA3 and perfecto-one both at100 ppm treatments, whereas the highest yield/tree values were rec-orded by NAA 200 ppm and 100 ppm perfecto-one. Finally, fruit quality involved TSS, acid-ity, L-ascorbic acid, total sugars and total ca-rotenoids were greatly improved with the ap-plied treatments than in control.

Our study was carried out at the farm of Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Egypt. The average temperatures were 18.4°C and 23.9 °C from December 2017 - February 2018 to study the effects of Saccharomycescerevisiaeboulardii supplementation (as feed additives) on productive performance of growing rabbits. Sixty growing rabbits of the NZW (New Zealand White Rabbits), (4 weeks old) and weighted (603.62 gm mean body weight) were randomly distributed into 4 treated groups, n=15 rabbits per each group. Rabbits of supplemented groups were given 100 (R1), 200 (R2) and 400 (R3) gm/ton feed of Saccharomyces cerevisiaeboulardii mixed in the diet for 6 successive weeks. Individual live body weight was noted weekly from start till the end of the experiment. At the end of the experimental period, 10 rabbits (from each group) were fasting for 12 hrs, then slaughtered for carcass traits measure. Experimental lighting system was 16-hours photoperiod /day (16L: 8D) through both daily natural and the artificial fluorescent lighting. A pelleted ration of 17.3% crude protein, 13.37% crude fiber and 2510 kcal of digestible energy per kg feed was offered ad libitum all the time. Results revealed significant (P≤0.05) increases in the final body weight and daily weight gain with saccharomyces cerevisiae supplementation when compared with control group. Though, significantly (P≤0.05) improved feed conversion ratio in all treated groups compared with control one were noticed. Feed intake was the lower in treated groups than control group. There were significant (P≤0.05) increasing in hot carcass weight and carcass percentage with respect to the control group. Supplemented Saccharomycescerevisiae reduced (P≤0.05) the liver, heart, lungs and kidneys percentages compared the control group. Supplemented rabbit feeds with saccharomycescerevisiaeboulardii in their diets had highly increasing in relative economic efficiency and clear improvement of net revenue than control group.

In this work, electromagnetic field technol-ogy and electrolysis technology with alumi-num electrodes coated with titanate nano-coat-ing were combined in different investigated parameters: power types (Electrolysis pass (EP) and Electromagnetic pass (EMP)), volt-age (12v, 24v and 36v) and nano-coating pa-rameters (coated and uncoated). The designed water treatment unit was evaluated by record-ing the EC-meter readings for 60min (each 5min) at a flow rate of 5l/min. Results show that the best salt rejection rate was 3.4% when EMP was used before EP where four elec-trodes were coated. In contrast, the other pa-rameters (EP, EMP+EP and EMP+EP (2 coated electrodes and 2 uncoated)) recorded the salt rejection rates 1.13%, 1.57% and 2.4%, respectively. This study is promising and opens the way for integrating both electrolysis and electromagnetic field technologies with on-farm irrigation systems and enhancing their efficiency using nanotechnology.

Twelve local Zaraiby goats with average live body weight of 10.71±0.23 kg (5-6 months). Animals were divided into three comparable groups. Goats in first group were fed without supplement (control group) or sup-plemented with 25% ordinary cobalt and 25% nanocobalt from cobalt requirements (NRC, 1985). The results showed that no significant difference (P>0.05) among experimental groups for DMI and CPI values. However, there was a highest significant difference (P<0.05) in average daily gain, total gain, and feed efficiency (kg gain/ kg DMI) for nanoco-balt group. Nutrients digestibility values as DM, CP, CF, NFC, ADF, NDF, cellulose and hemicellulose in addition to percentage of TDN in nanocobalt treatment were higher sig-nificantly than those others groups. But the ra-tio of nitrogen balance in goats' diet with nano-cobalt group was less than that using ordinary cobalt and control group. While the DE (Mcal/Kg DMI) ratio was no significant differ-ences observed among groups. Rumen pH and TVFA’s values after 3 and 6 hours of feeding, the control and the ordinary cobalt groups in-creased (P<0.05) more than the nanocobalt group. After 3hrs, adding nanocobalt has lower significant values for NH3-N than those others. Where, the control group recorded the lowest value. No significant (P>0.05) differences were observed at 0, 3and 6 hrs. after feeding for all blood parameters. There was a slight in-crease for most of body measurements with nanocobalt supplement. It could be concluded that adding nanocobalt for goats' rations en-hanced growth performance, digestibility coef-ficients, rumen parameters and slightly body measurements without any diverse effect on animals' health.

The objectives of the current study were to investigate the opportunity of estimating soil salinity from hyperspectral data and identifying the most informative spectral zones for estimation. Electrical conductivity (EC) measurements of ninety topsoil samples (0–30 cm) collected from Toshka, Egypt, were used as data set. Analytical spectral device was employed to collect the reflectance spectral signatures of soil samples. Both linear regression and HSD Tukey’s analyses displayed that the SWIR1 and SWIR2 zones are the most suitable for soil salinity prediction while, blue, green and NIR were the wickedest. Moreover, EC estimation was better in case of lower soil salinity (0-2 dS m-1) than higher levels (8-1). Partial-least-squares-regression (ΡLSR) was employed to establish soil salinity prediction model using the training set of soil samples (n=75). The PLSR model was set up using the most informative wave bands (SWIR1 and SWIR2). The result showed that PLSR linear model gave a precise prediction of soil salinity (R2 = 0.93). The results revealed that employing reflectance values in SWIR in the model variables increases the precision of soil EC prediction.

A series of lab and field experiments were carried out to evaluate the possibility of using some substances as adjuvants added to the foliar fertilizer tank to improve fertilizer application and enhance use efficiency. Each of the suggested substances was prepared in 10 concentrations treatments, ranging between 0.05 and 2g/L. The effect of each concentration on static surface tension and static contact angle in liquid/air/glass and solid plant leaves/air interface were used to evaluate and find out the optimum concentration of each substance to be used as an adjuvant. An Adjmix-D1 was pre-pared using 0.6g/L Triethanolamine and 0.6g/L liquid soap as surfactants, 0.6g/L glycerin as a humectant, 0.6 g/L Arabic gum as a sticker and 0.6g/L urea as a penetrator. The obtained results showed that fruit yield as well as N, K, Fe, Zn and Mn contents in white eggplants and cucumber leaves are positively increased by the applications of improved foliar fertilizers (IFF). This increase can be arranged in the following descending order: Adjmix-D1 > Adjmix-D2 > Liquid soap > Rixi film > Triethanolamine. It could be concluded that the Adjmix-D1 can be used as an effective adjuvant for improving foliar fertilizer application efficiency.