The present study was carried out during 2015 and 2016 seasons on Kitt mongo  trees to evaluate the effect of three irrigation water management (4000  m3 of irrigation water were applied to the four physiological stages of mango tree growth as 15 & 20 & 40 & 25 % ,  30 & 15 & 35& 20 % and  35 & 20 & 30& 15 % m3 / tree/ year,  respectively) as well as  four concentrations  of potassium silicate on avoiding cold injury and  improvement yield of kitt mango .                 Irrigation Mango tree by  the second program water management (30, 15, 35 , 20) recorded The highest values of vegetative growth in terms of number of shoot /tree  and lower values of leaves percentage   affected with cold injury, Also, an evident increase in the content leaves of N  & K elements , C/N ratio  and final fruit set % total yield by divided  irrigation water at the four physiological stages of mango  trees  (30, 15, 35, 20) was recorded compared with  the other two water managements. No significant differences between the second and third irrigation water management programs (30%,  15%, 35%, 20% and  35%,  20%,  30%, 15%) on values of  leaf area, P% and  total carbohydrates as well as on TSS,  acidity and L-ascorbic acid content  of fruits .                 Spraying trees with potassium silicate in three times during the period from October to January at the rate of 1000 ppm  give the highest values of quality characteristics at mango trees and their fruits. While sprayed with potassium silicate at 2000 ppm achieve moderate values of the mentioned characteristics                 It could be recommended from the obtained data that irrigation water management at the four physiological stages (30, 15, 35, 20) of Kitt mango  trees and spraying 1000 ppm potassium silicate in dormancy period is considered  a good treatment to avoid cold damage on leaves and fruits as well as in giving the highest yield and quality of kitt fruit.

calorie crop and commercially used as a non-caloric sweetener for diabetic patients. It is also used as cosmetic ingredient, pickling agent, and dentifrice. Four cultivars (Spantia, Shou2A3, China, and High Sugar) of stevia were included to optimize in vitro micropropagation. Four different combinations of hormonal treatments were investigated [6-benzylamino purine (BAP) + Kinetin (Kin) (0.25 + 0.25 mg/l); Forchloefenuron (Cppu) + Kin (0.25 + 0.25 mg/l); Cppu+ Kin (0.5+0.25 mg/l); and the control medium (hormone-free)]. Out of the different media components, the hormone-free medium produced the best performance of explants. The analysis of variance showed that the control treatment was the most significant for all traits except the number of branches per cutting. Hardening of rooted plants was performed in plastic pots with 70% survival percentage during acclimatization. Molecular characterization, of the four stevia cultivars, was conducted using 11 SCoT primers. The SCoT analysis resulted in 122 amplicons, of which, 62 amplicons (51%) were polymorphic. The range of polymorphism was between 6 % and 91 %. The range of polymorphic amplicons per primer was between one and 12 amplicons. The SCoT-16 produced the highest number of polymorphic bands (12). Meanwhile, the SCoT-24 produced the least polymorphism (6 %). The current study provides a new micropropagation system with low cost, high efficiency, and hormone-free application. Additionally, the study provides the first molecular characterization of stevia using SCoT marker system. Finally, SCoT markers associated with cultivars having high and low contents of stevioside can further be validated by marker-assisted breeding studies.

Raw milk Domiati cheese is the main soft white pickled cheese produced in Egypt. The objective of this study was to assess the microbiological hazards, physiochemical quality and safety of some raw Domiati cheese subtypes including Double Cream, Tallaga, Baramely and Istanbully. The cheese samples were randomly collected from different cheese retailers in Cairo. The results indicated that the protein content and fat content were high in Double cream cheese. The pH value was low in Baramely cheese. Total solid, ash, and EC were high in Istanbully cheese because it is high salt level. Also, results indicated high microbiological hazards. the cheese samples were highly contaminated, having microbial load exceeding the acceptable limits such as: Total bacterial count, Total coliform, Fecal E. coli and yeast & molds. Pathogenic bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli O157:H7, Salmonella sp., Shigella sp., Listeria monocytogenes, Bacillus cereus and Campylobacter jejuni) were detected in three cheese samples.  Except Istanbully cheese sample were found free of most pathogenic bacteria.  A high microbial load of the cheese samples present a public health hazard to the consumers and emphasize the need for improving hygienic standard. Microbiological hazards must be limited to the stander limit of food safety. Raw milk soft white cheese must be manufactured according to hygienic standard.

The aim of this study was biodiesel purification with different methods beyond water by using different materials was used for this purpose. A large amount of biodiesel was produced from canola oil as source of oil therefore methanol alcohol had been added with potassium hydroxide (KOH) as catalyst. After 8 hours, biodiesel was separated from glycerol where glycerol was under the biodiesel using gravity. To purify biodiesel from remains of glycerol, water and alcohol, some materials filled two filters. Materials were rice husk grind, bagasse grind, saw dust, magnesium silicate and water. The results showed that the water, methanol and glycerol contents were 0.04, 0.01 and 0.23% respectively with using grind bagasse, but they were 0.2, 0.03 and 0.24% respectively with using water in purification process. So the bagasse grind was better than other materials in purification process of canola biodiesel.

The heat shock protein (HSP) family is one of the proteins universally accumulated under heat stress condition. Four Egyptian maize inbred lines (Zea mays L.) were studied to identify heat shock proteins under heat stress at 45°C as protein markers for detecting the thermo-tolerance inbreds. The protein fingerprints of four inbred lines were performed by grain total-soluble protein electcophoretic analysis. The protein electrophoretic analysis showed 18 bands in a distinct pattern of K1 and K7 inbred lines, while 17 bands were present in G342 and Rg59 inbred lines as another distinct pattern indicating different genotypes. The high temperature effect on four maize inbred lines exposed to 45°C for 2 and 4 hours at 14-days old seedlings besides control (25°C) was studied. Several protein bands varied between low and intermediate molecular weights were induced after exposing to heat stress at 45°C. Four bands of heat shock proteins with molecular weights of 82, 22, 17 and 10 kDa appeared in the inbred line K1 after exposing to 45°C for 2 and 4 hours which may be indication of thermo-tolerance. Four and seven bands were enhanced after exposing to high temperature for 4 hours at 45°C which appeared more concentrated in the patterns of K7 and G342 inbred lines, respectively.

Field Experiments were conducted at the Experimental Farm, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Shoubra El-Kheima, Egypt during 2014 and 2015 seasons to evaluate the effect of foliar spray of putrescine (Put) at 0.1 and 0.2 mM on growth and some physio-biochemical compounds of drought stressed sunflower. Putrescine application could be mitigate the negative effect of drought by increasing leaf relative water content (LRWC), proline, total soluble sugars, K and Ca concentrations of sunflower leaves. Correlation coefficient revealed that LRWC was inversely proportional to proline concentration on the one hand and directly proportional to K+ and Ca++ concentrations on the other hand. The modification of physio-biochemical parameters by Put treatments led to increase plant growth and seed-oil yield of sunflower under drought stress.

The effect of salt stress on growth proximate analysis, amino acid profile, protein quality and fractionations in 3 days etiolated clover sprout samples was investigated. Sterilized and non-sterilized clover seeds were sprouting using tap water 1000 ppm and 2000 ppm NaCl solution. The results showed reduction effect of clover sprout characters with higher NaCl concentration. Clover seed sprouting increased the crude protein content using tap water or saline water for sprouting as compared with dry seeds. However using non-sterilized clover seeds for sprouting recorded the higher values of protein (44.73%), lipids (6.21%) and energy (318.51 kcal/g) in etiolated sprouts, while using sterilized seeds recorded higher carbohydrate (21.28%), fiber (14.57%) and  ash (4.46%). For amino acids, aspartic acid followed by glutamic acid were the most abundant, while Cysteine and methionine were the least in clover etiolated sprouts. Using saline water for clover seed sprouting caused increases in all amino acid compared with tap water except Methionine, aspartic acid and cysteine. For protein efficiency ratio (PER), essential amino acid index (EAAI%) and biological value (BV), from using saline water for sprouting had the higher values than sprouts from using tap water, but the values are less than dry seeds. On the other hand nutritional index (NI) recorded the higher values in salt stress compared with both using tap water and dry clover seeds. For protein fraction in etiolated clover sprouts albumin was the major protein fraction extracted from NaCl 2000ppm sprout fallowed by prolamin from tap water sprouts, glutelin from NaCl 1000 ppm sprout and globulin from tap water sprout. The clover sprout protein isolated and its fractions could have excellent applications for future product development by virtue of their nutritional and functional properties.

Food is a vital necessity for humans. Providing food in quantity and quality is not only necessary to meet biological needs or to achieve a decent standard of living, it is also an essential step for civilizational leapfrogging. The results indicate that the total Egyptian fish production increased at a statistically significant annual rate estimated at 57.2 thousand tons per year. The quantity of fish consumption in Egypt increases annually at a statistical average of 62 thousand tons per year. At a statistically significant annual rate of 0.44 kg per year, and the fish gap shows its fluctuation between the rise and fall during the period considered and the most important results of the consumer spending functions of the animal protein group in Egypt and the expenditure elasticities of these groups according to the economic and social factors that the expenditure on the animal protein group is generally higher. The results also showed the effect of both urban and rural on the consumption patterns of the animal protein group. The results indicate that the consumption expenditure patterns on the animal protein group in both rural and urban areas will be affected. In addition, the expenditure on urban animal protein will decrease in general from 2013 to 2015, countryside. The results showed that the household expenditure in Egypt has different and significant differences according to the annual expenditure categories of the private household, income, expenditure and consumption 2012-2013-2015-2016.

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of saline water irrigation at 2000, 4000, 6000, 8000 and 10000 ppm by using a mixture of two salts (sodium chloride: calcium chloride, 2:1, w/w)  in addition to tap water  as control and foliar sprayings of Salicylic acid (SA) at 100, 200 and 300 ppm in addition to tap water as control on growth, flowering and chemical composition of pot marigold plants in the two successive seasons of 2014/2015 and 2015/2016 in the Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Qalyubia Governorate, Egypt. Results revealed that all tested foliar applications of SA increased all vegetative growth characteristics (plant height, number of leaves /plant, leaf area, number of branches/plant, diameter of stem, fresh and dry weights of vegetative growth and roots, and roots volume), and flowering attributes (number of inflorescences/plant, diameter of inflorescence, fresh and dry weights of inflorescences). While, saline water irrigation decreased growth, flowering parameters, chlorophyll, carotene contents in flowers and some minerals contents of the vegetative growth, i.e. nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium percentages. However, saline water irrigation increased proline and some mineral contents, i.e. calcium, sodium and chloride percentages of the vegetative growth. In most cases, under the same saline water irrigation conditions spraying SA at 100 and 200 ppm concentrations alleviated the salinity effect on the plants, enhanced the plant growth and increased the flowering parameters. The most effective treatments which enhance growth, flowering parameters, chlorophyll content, carotene contents in flowers, proline and mineral contents were found to be 100 and 200 ppm SA spraying under nonsaline conditions.

The objective of the present study the effects of heat stress on the productive traits are Play an important role in the poultry industry. The experiment was carried out in the farm of the Faculty of Agriculture-Ain Shams University, reared 600 chick of three breeds (Sinai - Fayoumi - Dandrawi) were divided into equal two groups (the treatment was exposed to heat stress on different periods of 3 days - 8 weeks - 16 weeks on temperature of 400c for 4 hours / 3 days. While, the control under environmental conditions. Then, take the body weight in 8, 10,12,14,16 weeks of ages, and body measurements (shank length, tibia length, body depth, keel length, comb and wattle) in three local breeds. The most important results obtained that It could be observed that the effect was high significantly (p<0.0001) heavier in Fayoumi compared to Dandarawi and Sinai in weight body and The results in the body measurements of the parent stock showed The effect on the Fayoumi breed was higher followed by Dandarawi and Sinai, The effect of the rectal temperature and rate respiratory are significant on the breed and the treatment. Concluded that study the effect on productive traits for three local breeds.