Agricultural waste is an unexploited economic value, which makes it an environmental burden. In recent years, the economic importance of some important strategic crops in Egypt has increased and the quantities of waste and secondary products have increased. Both the state and the farms, prompting many farmers to dispose of their agricultural waste in economically and environmentally unsafe ways.  Therefore, the present study aimed to study the economic effects of the recycling of agricultural waste on agricultural production, and the economic  return to reusing these wastes and recycling them for organic fertilizers and non-traditional feeds.  The problem of disposal of agricultural waste in itself is an economic problem for economic, health, social and environmental reasons. Therefore, maximizing the utilization of agricultural waste, either through its use as raw materials for many important industries, increases its economic value and opens up work areas for young graduates.  As a result of the high prices of animal and poultry feed because of the increasing demand for it, there has been increasing interest in trying to use agricultural waste in many different ways in an attempt to fill the deficit in animal feed and high prices. The same is true for fertilizer and agricultural fertilizers. And to know the role played by the state in solving such problems.

Despite of the fact that the Egyptian dairy animals and its production is huge but there is a gap between its production and the market needs. That gap can be estimated at 12.92 % on average for the period between 2000 and 2014, it is important therefore to reduce the gap between local production and required consumption.  This study aims to verify the element of milk production and the potentiality of each element to find the best way to reduce the gap in milk production. The study used some economic descriptive and quantitative statistical analysis to achieve its target. In this regard, general time trend models and analysis of regression depends on the kind of variables which were used in the study.   The results concluded that the average number of milking animals in Egypt during the period  (2000-2014) reached 4.08 million heads representing buffalos, cows and goats by 37%, 34% and 29%, respectively. Moreover, the study showed that the average annual milk production of cows represents 51% of the annual average of total milk production while productivity of head was 1.63 tons/head/year. The production of buffalo was 48% with productivity of 1.5 tons/head/year while production of goats represented 1% of the annual average of total milk production with a head productivity of 0.14 tons/head/year. It is there for importance to increase this production by building new dairy farms under aird conditions and available limited resources.  According to the feasibility study for dairy cow farm in arid or new land and after evaluating the farm economically and financially, The results shows that profit can be obtained but it need a large amount of investment which is around 12.19 million Egyptian pounds with operational cost of about 5.19 million Eg for the minimal economical capacity for dairy farm.

A field experiment was carried out to study the effect of drain depth on the drainage water quality and flax productivity. The flax crop was planted during winter season. The field experiment was conducted at the Bahteem Research Station, Qaliubiya Governorate, from November 2015 till April 2016. Two design systems were selected, the first was conventional drainage system (CDS), with drain depth 1.5 m, the second was modified drainage system (MDS), three lateral drain lines were installed to main drain directly. The depth of the lateral drain was (0.90 - 1.0) m.   The obtained results revealed that the salinity of the average soil profile decreased after the second irrigation onward. The soil salinity percentages of (MDS) decreased by (47, 30 and 9.5) for (2nd, 3rd and 4th) irrigation, respectively. On the other hand, soil salinity percentages of (CDS) decreased by (40, 32 and 9) for (2nd, 3rd and 4th) irrigation, respectively. The chloride percentages for average soil profile of (MDS) decreased by (77, 82 and 54) for (2nd, 3rd and 4th) irrigation, respectively. On the other hand, the chloride percentages of (CDS) decreased by (70, 75 and 35) for (2nd, 3rd and 4th) irrigation, respectively. The EC values of drainage water of (MDS) decreased from first irrigation onwards. The EC percentages of drainage water salinity of (MDS) decreased by (10.6, 18.2 and 22.7) for (2nd, 3rd and 4th) irrigation, respectively. On the other hand, the EC percentages of drainage water salinity of (CDS) decreased by (6.3, 5.6 and 24.6) for (2nd, 3rd and 4th) irrigation, respectively. The chloride percentages of drainage water  salinity of (MDS) decreased by (22.6, 43 and 14.2) for (2nd, 3rd and 4th) irrigation, respectively. On the other hand, the chloride percentages of (CDS) decreased by (14.7, 32 and 16.4) for (2nd, 3rd and 4th) irrigation, respectively. The piezometer reading showed that the water table levels reaching the soil surface upon irrigation reached low level before the next irrigation. The average values of water table after first irrigation were (14.5, 11 cm) for (MDS) and (29.5, 24 cm) for (CDS) for (L/4, L/2 distance from drain line), respectively. Also the results indicated that the water table level continue decreasing for both systems before 2nd and 3rd irrigation. The results recorded were (91, 82 cm), (140.5, 132 cm) before 2nd irrigation; (75.5, 60 cm), (133.5, 125 cm) before 3rd irrigation for (L/4, L/2 distance from drain line) for both systems (MDS) and (CDS), respectively. On the other hand data showed that the water table was higher after 2nd irrigation on ward. The results recorded were (16.5, 10 cm), (33.5, 25 cm) after 2nd irrigation; (7.5, 3 cm), (28, 21 cm) after 3rd irrigation for (L/4, L/2 distance from drain line) for both systems (MDS) and (CDS) respectively. So (MDS) produced drainage water with higher quality and lower salts concentration than the (CDS). At the end of the season the flax productivity was 3.5 ton/fed for both systems. It can be recommended to be used (MDS) with shallow drain depth.

This study depend on the results of the study prepared by the World Bank (WB), the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) in order to indicate and analyze the average individual cereal consumption in Egypt and some neighboring countries. The consumption of wheat is ranked first in all countries of the study sample. Consumption of maize comes in second place after consumption of wheat in the countries of the study sample in Africa continent. Consumption of rice is also comes second only to consumption of wheat in the sample countries in Asia continent.     The difference between the average cereal consumption in Egypt and the average cereal consumption in Algeria was about 35.2 kg. This difference is attributed to the total determinants studied as follows:  6.2% due to the percentage of average years of education, 87.3% 17.8% attributable to the percentage of average per capita consumption of maize, -27.5% attributable to the percentage of average per capita consumption of wheat, 11.2% attributed to the percentage of corn / rice import price. In general, it is found that the percentage of rural / urban population is primarily responsible for the difference between the average cereal consumption in Egypt and the average cereal consumption in Egypt's neighboring countries,  followed by average per capita consumption of wheat and average per capita consumption of maize.

The Research  aimed to identify the types of products marketed by the respondents electronically, to identify the marketing methods used by the respondents, and what is preferred, identify the contribution of e-marketing in establishing women's own project, to identify the advantages and disadvantages of e-marketing from the point of view of the respondents, to identify the level of economic empowerment of rural women who market their products electronically, to identify the effect of Independent variables on The dependent variable( economic empowerment), and  to identify the activities and extension efforts in the field of electronic marketing.  The research was based on the social survey approach by selecting a randomly sample of the respondents in Qalyubiya Governorate (90) respondents, (30) respondents with Qalyubiya Facebook groups and (60) respondents were selected through (Open Day) (is a day of rural women show electronic products through Facebook pages). Data were collected during June, July and August 2017 and using frequencies and percentages, Pearson's simple correlation coefficient, Step-Wise analysis to analyze research data.    The most important result are as the follows    1- Most of the products that are marketed electronically are clothing (40%), Beauty Products (26.7%), Household products (7.8%), household  food (7.8%), indicating Products not related to rural products and its products indicates a change in some purchasing habits in the countryside, which can be traced to electronic marketing. 2-(41.1%) of the respondents marketed their products through social networking sites, while (53.9%) of the sample used the usual marketing methods (such as selling in shops, markets) and the use of social networking sites in marketing. Half of the sample (45.6%) prefer marketing through social networking pages, (23.3%) prefer normal marketing, and (31.1%) prefer to use both methods. 3-The results showed that e-marketing contributed to the establishment of women in their own project. About (55.6%) of respondents said that emarketing was easy to market their products, and (51.1%) of respondents said that emarketing encouraged them to do their own project. 4-The most advantages of electronic marketing from the point of view of the respondents is to interact at any time, and get the largest number of customers, and marketing outside the village, and determine the opinion of the customer easily, easy to spread products and easy access to customers through social networking pages, and it has some disadvantages, the most important of which is the difficulty of inspecting the product to ensure the quality (14.3%). It requires follow-up and continuity to the personal page or the group on which the products are displayed (16.4%), the seasonality of the sale, the absence of a fixed salary (6.7%), and (8.4%) of the respondents mentioned that there are no disad vantages for electronic marketing from their point of view. 5- More than half of the sample (58.9%) is in the average empowerment category, while (37.8%) are in the low category, (3.3%) are in the high empowerment category. 6- The results of the study showed that there are four independent variables of the independent  variables, "e-marketing, training, family support, the judgment of the respondents on their project", all of which explain about 41.2% of the variation in the level of economic empowerment of the researchers. 7- All the participants were not exposed to any activities or extension efforts by the extension system.

Data on rabbits produced from a total number of 518 parities were analyzed to evaluate crossing effects among two breeds of rabbits. The breeds tested were Gabali (GAB) and Bouscat (B). sex effects on post weaning body weight were also studied. A total number of 80 rabbits at marketing age were slaughtered to evaluate effects of mating type and sex on some carcass traits. Mating type affected significantly (P ≤ 0.001) progeny weight from weaning up to marketing age and preslaughter, carcass, slaughter weight, hot carcass weight, fore legs weight and hind legs weight at marketing age. Meanwhile, the effects were not significant on loin weight and dressing percentages . Sex insignificantly affected body weight although body weights of female rabbits were slightly heavier than those of male rabbits. Effects of sex on carcass traits were not significant. Heterosis % and superiority % of body weight estimates were positive for all post weaning weights. Positive heterosis was shown for some carcass traits.

This investigation was carried out through two successive seasons (2014 and 2015) to investigate the effects of nano-carbon and nitrogen fertilization levels on growth, leaf mineral content, yield and fruit quality of 3 years old flame seedless grapevines, cultivated in a private orchard with loamy soil texture, at Gharbiya Governorate. Ten treatments were applied as a randomized complete block design with three replications. The result indicated that 80%N from recommended requirment+0.6% carbon nano tubes (CNTs) increased significantly leaf area, fresh and dry weight, total carbohydrate% and concentration of N, P, K, Mg, and Fe in leaves, weight of 100 berries,  and juice weight of 100 berries compared with control. Also results showed that yield of combined application of 80% conventional fertilizer of nitrogen and nano-carbon at 0.6%was equal to that with supplied 100% conventional fertilizer (control). This indicated that the utilization rate of nitrogen fertilizer was increased after combined application of nano-carbon, which can save the N fertilizer amounts in production practice.

The resent study aims to identify the role of Local Development Fund (LDF), affiliated to the Ministry of Local Development in economic empowerment of rural women, to determine most important factors affecting the level of economic empowerment. Furthermore to identify the economic, social and health obstacles facing rural women. A study was conducted in   "Tahla village", Banha district in Qalubia governorate. A random sample was selected including150 rural women from the beneficiaries’ of the Local Development Fund loans. A questionnaire was used during personal interviews with the rural women from July to August 2017.   The data was tabulated and analyzed by using several statistical methods such as: range, arithmetic mean, standard division, correlation coeffi cient, and stepwise regression model using SPSS program. The study results indicated that the economic empowerment indicator ranges between (43) - (29) with Arithmetic mean (36.8), standard deviation (3.36). The indicator range was divided into 3 equal categories. The results also showed that (44.7%) from the total population sample fell in the medium category of the indicator. The high category included (36.7%), and the lowest category included (18.7%) from the total sample population.  The data analysis using the Multi Regression coefficient was statistically significant at the forth step were the value of “F” calculated was (12.94) at the level of significance 0.01. The Determination coefficient was (0.284) which means that only four variables from the total of the independent variables explains (28.4%) of the total variance in the economic empowerment in the study sample which are as follows: household condition, husband age, respondent age, and woman social recognition in her society.

Mill. on lime flower buds showed six annual population peaks of 13.3, 1.2, 1.8, 6.2, 2.8 and 3.4 in mid-May, mid-Oct., mid-Nov., mid-Dec., midFeb. and mid-Mar., respectively during 2015/2016 season. Five peaks of 13.5, 14.5, 1.8, 5.8 and 5.0 immature stages were observed on flowers in midApr., mid-June, mid-Oct., mid-Dec. and mid-Mar., respectively. On newly formed fruits, five peaks of 7.3, 0.4, 2.2, 1.8 and 2.4 immature stages were also recorded in the middle of June, Oct., Dec., Feb. and Mar., respectively. The general mean was the highest (11.3 immature stages) in June, while it was the lowest (0.0 immature stage) in Sep. The highest population density of P. citri was recorded in spring, followed by summer then winter and autumn. The seasonal mean was 4.1 immature stages in 2015/2016 season.   The same trend could be applied during 2016/2017 season. Six peaks of 12.8, 2.5, 4.0, 5.8, 3.3 and 4.6 immature stages were estimated on lime flower buds in mid-May, mid-Oct., mid-Nov., mid-Dec., mid-Feb. and mid-Mar., respectively. Mean numbers of P. citri immature stages on flowers also exhibited six peaks of 14.5, 2.8, 5.3, 7.2, 4.3 and 5.6 in mid-Apr., mid-Oct., mid-Nov., midDec., mid-Feb. and mid-Mar., respectively.  Six peaks of 5.8, 1.0, 1.8, 3.0, 1.5 and 2.4 immature stages were also found on newly formed fruits in the middle of May, Oct., Nov., Dec., Feb. and Mar., respectively. The highest general mean was 10.8 immature stages in May, while the lowest was 0.0  immature stage in Sep. The highest population density of P. citri occurred in spring, followed by summer then winter and autumn. The seasonal mean was 4.6 immature stages in the second season.

Chemical composition, minerals content, amino acids, fiber fractions, fatty acids profile, total phenols, total flavonoids and antioxidant activity were determined in wheat flour (WF) 72%, moringa leaves powder (MLP), defatted moringa seeds powder (DMSP) and moringa seeds (MS). Pasting profile and rheological properties of blends supplemented with MLP at levels of 3, 6, 9 and 12% or DMSP at levels of 5, 10, 15 and 20% were also studied. The highest moisture and carbohydrate contents were found in WF (12.60 and 85.05%), respectively. MLP had higher ash and fiber contents (8.87 and 7.91%), respectively, while, protein and fat contents were higher in DMSP and in MS. Mineral content (Ca, K, Mg, P, Na and Fe) in MLP was the highest, while DMSP was higher in Zn content than that of other samples. Fiber fractions of WF were lower than that of both MLP and DMSP. Total essential amino acids of DMSP was higher (19.25%) than that of MLP and WF (12.45 and 4.16%), respectively. Oleic acid was the predominant fatty acid (66.85%) in moringa seeds oil. MLP had the highest value of total phenolic, total flavonoid and antioxidant activity (11.97, 8.02 and 15.87 mg/g), respectively. Color measurements showed that all of MLP, DMSP and WF blends decreased in L*, a*,however, they increased in b*, saturation, hue and ∆E values.    Supplementation with MLP and DMSP at all levels decreased the peak viscosity, trough, breakdown, final and setback viscosities. While, it increased water absorption, dough development time, mixing tolerance index and dough weakening. On contrary, arrival time and dough stability were decreased. Also, MLP and DMSP decreased the extensibility, resistance to extension, maximum resistance to extension energy of dough and the proportional number.