The present work aimed to establish a protocol to minimize the potential effect of in-vitro preservation for 8 months of the two olive cultivars i.e Koronaiki and Kalamata. Three culture conditions (treatments) were chosen to investigate the most suitable one for minimizing somaclonal variations after the process of in vitro preservation. The conditions include MS medium plus mannitol, MS medium plus low temperature and MS medium plus naphthaline acetic acid. RAPD-based finger-printing was employed to determine the effects of the different chemical constituents and other culture conditions on the extent of somaclonal variations after 8 months of in vitro preservation at the DNA level. Four arbitrary primers (OPA-04, -07, -14 and -16) were successfully utilized to achieve such goal. The obtained results showed that Mannitol has more pronounced effect than the other investigated preservation culture and conditions for decreasing DNA alterations.

Comparative detailed vegetative anatomical investigation for stems, leaves and foliar details of the 7 studied taxa of the genus Tribulus in Egypt has been carried out in order to its reclassification based on internal structures. Accurate drawings for each of the studied organs are outlined into cumulative plates. Also an artificial in-dented dichotomous key has been constructed. Variation in number of basal vascular bundles (2 or 1) into the small leaflet-blade within the large leaf is utilized in classi-fying the studied taxa into two Groups. The 1st contained 5 taxa with 2 main bundles while the 2nd included 2 taxa each with single and unique basal bundle/small leaflet. Members of Gp.I are distinguished according to differences in : phloem & cambium characters, presence of 2 distinct glandular trichome types, stem outline & vascular cylinder contents, no. of petiolar vascular strands from base to apex, type of cuticle, type of pericyclic sclerenchymatous patches and others. On the other hand, variation in nature of starch sheath cells (from storing crystals to empty) and presence or ab-sence of schizogenous carnals in pith are found diagnostic in separating both mem-bers in Gp. II.

Solid-phase extraction (SPE), gas chromatography electron capture detector (GC-ECD) and gas chromatography nitrogen-phosphorous detector (GC-NPD) and gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) were applied for trace-level de-termination of 20 pesticides in river nile water. Samples were collected from March to October 2003 from different sites located in Greater Cairo, Egypt. First, extrac-tion by on-site solid-phase extraction of 1 liter from field and laboratory spiked and unspiked (raw river water) samples using poly-divinyl benzene-N-vinyl pyrolidine cartridge based sorbent. Next, water extracts were subject of analysis by GC-ECD and GC-NPD. Next, selected samples that were positive to GC-ECD or GC-NPD were analyzed by GC-MS in order to improve the determination of detected pesti-cides. Recoveries from laboratoy spiked samples were > 85% for 16 of the 20 com-pounds with % relative standard deviation (% RSD) in the 5 to 10 % range. The lowest recoveries were for aldrin, 52 % and prothiofos, 48 %. A similar trend was observed with p,p-DDE and p,p-DDT values. Field spike results also indicated high % recovery for most of the target compounds. Values were > 85% for 12 of the 20 analytes, as was the case in laboratory spikes, Aldrin, 54 % and prothiofos, 55 % yielded the lowest values. Overall field spike recovery reproducibility was lower since % RSDs were higher, 15-40 %. Overall results indicated a relatively high de-gree of accuracy and precision could be achieved for most of the target compounds by methods applied in present study.

The present work was carried out to study the population dynamics of the mealy plum aphid Hyalopterus pruni (Geoff.) and related parasitoids and predators on apricot trees, during the two successive seasons, 2003 and 2004, at Qalubia Gover-norate. The obtained data revealed that, the occurrence of H. pruni on apricot trees covered 5 months (from February to June). The mean total numbers of this aphid species per season were 1.78 (0.01-6.37) and 2.83 (0.00-10.01) individuals./leaf. The maximum numbers of H. pruni were recorded during the 2nd weeks of April, 2003 and 2004. No aphid individuals were observed during the period extended from July to September, in the two studied seasons. Four species of parasitoids; namely Aphidius matricariae Hal., Lysiphylbus sp. (1ry parasitoids) and 2 species of Alloxysta spp. (2ry parasitoids) were recorded during this study, attacking H. pruni. These parasitoid species were found during nearly three months of each season, in connection with the population density of the previous aphid species. The first para-sitoid was the highest in its numbers. The total numbers of predatory species per season were 407 and 1082 individuals, in the two studied seasons, 2003 and 2004, respectively. The maximum monthly occurrence of these predatory species was dur-ing April, 2003 (146 individuals) and April, 2004 (581 individuals), respectively. The predator Chrysoperla septempunctata L. had the highest percentages of occur-rence among other recorded predatory species (52.83 and 73.01%, respectively). In general, the parasitoid A. matricariae and the predator C. septempunctata, could be mass reared and released for controlling H. pruni on apricot trees with other availa-ble safe control methods developed in Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programs against this pest.

Various percentages of citric acid [0.05, 0.1, 0.15 and 0.2%] were blended with the oil (w/v) before the bleaching of either soybean oil (SOO) or sunflower oil (SUO) to rise the performance efficiency of bleaching earth. Afterwards, activated bleaching earth was added to these oils for bleaching them at 1% level. Also, the same clay was used at 2% level for bleaching the above mentioned oils without us-ing citric acid as a reference. The study revealed that better result for raising the bleaching efficiency of SOO was obtained with 0.15% citric acid. Whilst, 0.1% cit-ric acid gave the best result pertaining the bleaching efficiency of SUO. Also, the data showed high reductions in the values of peroxide number, soap, conjugated dienes and trienes for the bleached oils with the increasing percent content of citric acid. While, the acidity values of the bleached oils (SOO and SUO) slightly in-creased with increasing citric acid percentages. On the other hand, using of citric ac-id at the ratios of 0.15 and 0.2% gave almost the same values in the bleaching effi-ciency of SOO. While, using of citric acid at the ratios of 0.1 and 0.15% gave nearly the same results of bleaching efficiency of SUO. Also, the data indicated that using of citric acid caused somewhat no changes in the fatty acid composition or their oxi-dative stabilities in the bleached oils. Therefore, it can be concluded that the reduc-tion in the color of sunflower and / or soybean oils up to a levels of 33.3 and 36.7% is attainable by using either 0.1 or 0.15% citric acid prior to the bleaching step to de-crease the imported content from bleaching earth to Egypt

This study has been conducted to investigate the possibility of using flour of wheat grain var. Research-32, cultivated locally in the Republic of Yemen, in making high quality bread.  Moisture content, specific weigh and weight of 1000 grains were determined.  Wheat grains of the new cultivars were treated and milled into flour of 72% extraction.  Chemical and Rheological characteristics of the extracted flour were tested against those of SNABLE wheat flour (a mixture of wheat grains of different varieties).  Physical and organoleptic characteristics of loaf made of wheat flours were also evaluated.  Results indicated that wheat grains of Research-32 were characterized by its high specific weight, weight of 1000 grains and extraction rate.  Percentages of total protein, wet gluten and water absorption capacity. Research-32 wheat flour was found to be significantly higher (α 0.05) than that of SNABLE wheat flour.  Results of sensory evaluation of loaf showed that Bread made of Research-32 wheat flour treated with 0.0% and 0.3% lecithin were higher in organoleptic characteristics than those made of SNABLE wheat flour.

The recent study aims to identify the Impact of Domestique culture variations on the degree of political participation for rural women at two different sub-cultures in rural Egypt. In addition identify factors affecting the degree of rural women participation in political issues. In order to accomplish the study objectives, Qalubiya Governorate was selected to represent the culture of Lower-Egypt Governorates, and Minia Governorate was selected to represent the culture of Upper-Egypt Governorates. Each Governorate,s administrative districts were divided into three categories (High, Medium, Low) based upon their human development indices, related to status of woman at those communities. Two districts were selected randomly from the medium category of the common human development index, Banha district from Qalubiya Governorate, and Maghagha district from Minia Governorate. From each of those districts two local village units were randomly selected. Within each of those previously mentioned villages, a random sample of 160 rural women was selected, and the total sample was 640 rural women. A questionnaire was designed and collected using the personal interview (after it was pre-tested) during August, September, and October 2003, then the data were tabulated and analyzed by using X2 coefficient. The study findings showed that about 43% of the total sample have low level of political participation, medium category represents about 28%, and high category of the political participation

Cotton in Egypt has an important economic situation. Thus the study aimed to evaluate the expected economic effects and productivity of environmental factors on Egyptian cotton production. This comes by predicting production yield value and evaluating its return due to cultural and environmental desired and undesired variables. So, convenient production pattern could be determined to obtain maximum yield under these variables effect. The study clarified that expected cotton yield under desired environmental variables will be ranges between 4169-4336 thousand quintar, with an average equal 4253 thousand quintar. This production will realize national net income ranges between 429.37- 474.68 million L.E., with an average equal 452.03 million L. E. Meanwhile, the expected cotton yield under undesired environmental variables ranges between 3171- 3338 thousand quintar with an average equals 3255 thousand quintar. This yield will realize national net income ranges between 33.37- 78.60 million L. E. with an average equals 55.99 million L.E. The study also indicated that cotton crop is one of the extremely affected crops by the environmental and cultural variables extended in its production zones due its long life period. This is detected by its decrease in the production value undesired environmental factors, where this decrease ranges between 23.02% to 23.94% of the

Four olive cultivars namely Manzanello, Picual, Coratina and Arbicon grown at Wadi El-Natroon area, Egypt under drip irrigation system in sandy soil were compared for optimizing their own yield as well as fruit quality parameters during 2001 (off-year) and 2002 (on-year), by application of an integrated and balanced fertigaion program including macro and micro-nutrients. Results showed that remarkable and significant differences in leaf mineral contents, yield and yield quality parameters were detected by using well distributed fertilizer program during the growing season of olive trees. The treated four cultivars attained higher yield in the “on” and “off” year than the control. The most outstanding olive cultivars having greater yield were Picual, Manzanello, Coratina and Arbicon in a descending order. Oil percentage was maximized with Picual olive while, Arbicon olive had the lowest value. Free fatty acids (%), Iodine number as well as Acidity (%) were minimized in Coratina olive and the lowest peroxide number as was in Picual olive. It is apparent that for planting Picual olive variety proved to be the promising one due to its greatest yield and best fruit quality specially when the actual requirements of macro and micro nutrients were used through the drip irrigation system.

Two field trials were carried out at South Tahrir Research Station (Ali- Moubark). These trials were conducted in 2003 and 2004 to evaluate three planting dates of maize (the over story shade crop) intercropped with groundnut i.e, on 1st June, 10th June and 20th June, and four plant densities of maize intercropped with groundnut, i.e, maize was spaced at 50 and 100 cm apart leaving one or two plants/hill. Groundnut (the main crop) was grown on all rows. The data obtained indicate that ear length, ear diameter, number of rows/ear, number of kernels/row and the weight of 100grains increased with increasing maize spacing as well as with diminishing the number of plants remained per hill after thinning (to one plant/ hill). On other hand dense planting resulted in higher yield of maize whether by narrowing maize spacing or increasing the number of maize plants per hill after thinning. Yield and yield components of maize were significantly decreased by delaying planting date of maize up to the latest date. Yield /fed and yield components of groundnut were associated with maize density and distribution. The more the shade offered by maize the less the values of these traits were obtained. Highest values were obtained when maize was spaced at 100cm. and thinned to one plant/ hill. Increases in the values of yield and yield components of groundnut were associated with delaying the planting date of maize. Delaying the planting date of maize resulted in increases in the values of land equivalent ratio (LER) and the relative crowding coefficient. The treatment effect at any planting date of maize exerted very low competitive pressure when aggressivity was measured. With delaying seeding maize, competitive ratio (CR) diminished to the least. Spacing maize at 50cm. apart and leaving two plants / hill after thinning resulted in highest value of LER and relative crowding coefficient (RCC). Nor any maize density had any heavy competitive pressure on groundnut when aggressivity was measured