Effect of using different concentration of acetic acid (5, 7.5, 10 and 12.5%) on microbiological quality, pH, lipid oxidation and sensory properties of beef shawarma during storage at 4°C for 16 days were examined in this study. The results  showed   that addition of acetic acid at 10% concentration reduced and retard the growth of total number of  microorganisms by one log cycle, prevented  the growth of  Enterobacteriaceae, Coliform, E. coli , Psychrotrophic bacteria, and Staphylococcus aureus . in beef Shawarma   during storage at 4°C for 16 days. Both pH (6.1 to 6.14) and TBA (0.056-0.97  malonaldhyde absorbance /kg oil) did not much affected with increasing the concentration of acetic acid added to beef Shawarma. Meanwhile the increasing of acetic acid concentration caused a noticeable reduction in redness, slight changes in wave length, purity, visual density and brightness of beef Shawarma colour. Panelists showed that the dark grayish colour, sourish aroma, sourness taste, toughness texture of cooked beef Shawarma increased with increasing acetic acid concentration added to this product. Storage at 4°C for 16 days caused slight changes in the above measured properties.

Sugar beet is an important crop that helps in establishing integrated agricultural-industrial societies, especially in the new reclaimed areas, it contributes in many industries such as sugar industry, and highly-value animal feed resulting from processing waste. Sahl El Tina had been chosen as it is one of the most important of the recent reclamation and aquaculture region depending on water of Al Salam Canal. To achieve the target of increasing Production of sugar beet it became necessary to increase the efficient use of economic resources ,and to achieve this objective study Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) Approach had been used in order to estimate the technical and economic efficiencies allowing to reduce production costs and increase revenue, and thus support the expansion in the cultivation of the crop. The sample have 3 categories according to the area of the farm, the first category consists of 3 feddans or less, second category is more than 3 feddans and less than 7 feddans, the third category is more than 7 feddans to 10 feddans. The goal of the sample was to compare the efficiency of these categories, and recommended the optimum size of the farm.

Sharkia Governorate characterized by environmental and agricultural characters suitable for the production of sugar beet crop that making it one of the most important production areas in Egypt. Despite the importance of sugar beet crop as an economic crop for production of sugar, it has not taken enough attention to address the technology gap prevailing between researchers and producers in the employment of agricultural productivity resources to achieve the economic efficiency and that reduces faddan productivity and its return. This requires evaluating package of current agricultural practices affecting the productivity of the crop. So, the study used some economic criteria and statistical methods that achieve the objectives of the study and enhance the results such as correlation and regression procedures, change partitioning method and crop budget. The study was based on a field random sample of thirty farms in the province of Awlad Saker .. The study showed that the most important quantitative variables affecting the average production per faddan of sugar beet are the amount of nitrogen fertilizer, phosphate fertilizer amount, seed amount, the amount of irrigation water where the combination of these factors contribute about 84% of the total quantitative factors affecting crop production. Also, the most important qualitative productive variables affecting the average productivity of the crop are number of hoeing times, the distance between hills and planning rate where these factors contribute about 64% of the total qualitative factors affecting the productivity of that crop. Then the most important quantitative and qualitative factors affecting average production per faddan of sugar beet are the amount of nitrogen fertilizer, phosphate fertilizer amount, amount of irrigation water, the distance between hills, number of thinning times, where these factors contribute by 83% of the total factors affecting the sugar beet crop production. The study shows lack of commitment by producers of sugar beet recommendations of the Ministry of Agriculture with respect to quantitative and qualitative technology practices where the amount of the technological gap between the recommendations of researchers and practices of farmers for the row width about 4.32 tons/ faddan,  number of times of thining 6.8 tons/ faddan,  number of times of hoeing 6.63 tons/ faddan, number of times irrigation 3.26 tons/ faddan, the distance between hills 5.5 tons/ faddan, planning rate of 1.5 tons/ faddan for farmer experience, 2.5 tons/ faddan, number of times of replanting 0.57 tons/ faddan. The total monetary value of these gaps is around 1501.65 pounds, 2414 pounds2353.65 pounds, 1157.3 pounds, 1952.5 pounds, 532.5 pounds, 887.5 pounds, 202.35 pounds, respectively. Therefore, the study recommends using the technological recommendations package of agricultural practices according to the research recommendations, with a focus on the most important factors affecting the productivity of the sugar beet crop, to reduce the gap between research recommendations and farmers' practices.

The research estimated the efficiency of resource use among north western coast farmers in Marsa matrouh governorate using a sample of 200 respondents that were randomly selected; Interview schedules and structured questionnaires were administered to elicit information from the farmers. Data were analyzed using gross margin analysis, production, costs functions and resource use efficiency. The results for Tomato showed that, the regression analysis indicated that, R2 was highly significant at 1% level with the value of 90%. This implied that 90% of the total variations in Tomato  yield is explained by combine influence of all the explanatory variables (farm inputs) in the regression equation analysis, Gross margin analysis showed that farmers made profit (gross margin=  11810 LE / feddan). The resource use efficiency result showed that, the farm resources (cultivated area, organic manure, machines and labour) were under-utilized for Tomato production in the study area, The results for Cantaloupe showed that, The regression analysis indicated that,R2 was highly significant at 1% level with the value of 91%. This implied that 91% of the total variations in Cantaloupe yield is explained by combine influence of all the explanatory variables (farm inputs) in the regression equation analysis, Gross margin analysis showed that farmers made profit (gross margin = 15870 LE/feddan), the resource use efficiency result showed that two farm resources (cultivated area and labour )were under –utilized and one farm resource(N fertilizer) was over- utilized for Cantaloupe production in the study area.

The response of “Canino” apricot trees to different soils were studied in three different regions, in El-Menoufia Governorate (as a sand and clay soil) & Alexandria Governorate (as a calcareous soil) during the two successive seasons of 2010 & 2011. Evaluation included vegetative growth, flowering, fruit set, tree productivity and fruit characteristics. Chilling units as well as growing –degree hours were also estimated through the two studied seasons. Results indicated that the vegetative growth was the best in clay soil for shoot length, leaf area and leaf chlorophyll content. Concerning periods of flowering, fruit set and harvesting dates there were variations among the three types of soils. Sand soil was the earliest followed by clay and calcareous soils. Percentages of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium were positively affected by soil type. Also, Fe, Mn and Zn were affected by soil type. “Canino” apricot trees produced earlier fruit yield with the better fruit quality in sandy soil, whereas clay soil type gave the greatest yield followed by sand and calcareous soils.

The potato plants (Solanum tuberosum L.) vs. valor were exposed to different levels of nitrogen fertilizer (60, 100, 140, 180 kg N/feddan (4200 m2)) and in-row plant spacing (12.5, 25 and 50 cm) for maximizing the yield production to match food security needs under climate change impacts on Delta region,  Egypt. The experiment was carried out during two growing seasons (2010/2011 and 2011/2012) in split plot design at El-Bossily Farm, Agricultural Research Center, El-Behira Governorate, Egypt. The vegetative growth characteristics and yield parameters were measured. The result of this study verified that increasing nitrogen level up to 180 kg N/feddan significantly increased the vegetative growth, total and marketable yields than the other N treatments. The in-row plant spacing 50 cm was significantly increased vegetative growth and yield (kg/plant), but the total yield (kg/m2) had different trend. The highest total yield /m2 was obtained by 12.5 cm treatment. The interaction effect of 180 kg/feddan of N and 12.5cm in-row plant spacing were increased the total tuber yield (kg/m2) significantly. In contrary, the best marketable yield (tubers > 35 mm) /m2 was obtained by 25 and 50 cm in-row plants.  This study was concluded that the best agronomic practices for potato production obtained by application 180 kg N/feddan of with in-row plant spacing 25 cm treatment. The economical consideration of the different treatments showed that the best total net income was obtained by 180 kg/feddan N with 50 cm in-row plant spacing.

Ninety nine yeast isolates were isolated from surface of mango fruits and were tested in vivo in preliminary study for biocontrol potential of Lasiodiplodia rot of mango fruits. According to primary screening, nine isolates were selected to continue the secondary screening using different concentrations of the washed yeast cells in water suspension to study their biocontrol efficacy at 16±1°C. It was found that using washed cells of yeast isolate Mg 147 (Candida multisgemmis) at 1x109, 5x108 and 2x108 CFU/ml produced complete protection for 14 days to wounds of mango fruit inoculated with spore suspension of the fungusLasiodiplodia theobromae 1x105 conidia/ml. Meantime, no lesion developed on the mango fruit treated with the isolates Mg 39 (Pichia guilliermondii strainA) at the highest tested colony forming unit (CFU) levels, i.e. 1x109 and 5x108 CFU/ml. Supernatant of the yeast cultures, tested in secondary screening, did not prevent spore germination of L. theobromae or decay of wounded mango fruit but had inhibitory effect. However, 1-Methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) treatment significantly reduced the infected area mm2 on mango fruit inoculated with L. theobromae (1x105 conidia/ml) during the 14 days of storage at 16±1°C and improved efficacy of isolates Mg147 and Mg39. When applied as combined treatments between 1-MCP and biocontrol agents, no lesion developed on the fruit treated with the isolate Mg 147 at 1x 108 CFU/ml or higher. Meanwhile, no lesion developed on the fruit treated with the isolate Mg 39 at 2x 108 CFU/ml or higher while, the percentages of rot reduction were ranged between 94.1% - 81.3% for  concentrations 1x108 and 6.6x107 CFU/ml respectively.

The Research aimed at measuring the impact of using different irrigations systems on the production and economic efficiency of the main summer crops cultivated in New Lands at Alexandria Governorate. In order to reach this objective, the research adopted the following: 1)  Presenting the benefits and costs of the main summer crops cultivated useing different irrigation systems. 2)  Measuring some of the economic efficiency indicators related to summer vegetables crops cultivated under some irrigation systems (3) Estimating the economic and production efficiency of the study crops cultivated under some irrigation systems (4) Presnting some possible economic recommendations which can improve and increase the production and productivity of the study summer vegetables crops. The research applied some descriptive analysis method on the economic variables associated with the study, in addition to quantitative economic analysis method to assess the economic efficiency standards for vegetable crops under study. The stochastic frontier analysis (SFA) has been applied to estimate production functions using the FRONTIER (Version 4.1c). The research also relied on field questionnaire data collected from 100 farms representing the most important cultivators of summer vegetable crops including squash, pepper, and eggplant cultivated during 2011/2012 in Alexandria Governorate's New Lands using traditional and modern irrigation systems. Analysis results showed the following results about the impact of applicating modern irrigation systems on the production and economic efficiency: (1) High indicators of economic efficiency of the vegetable crops cultivated using modern irrigation systems compared with those cultivated using traditional irrigation system, which means more efficient use of the economic resources used producing vegetable crops under modern irrigation compared with those under traditional irrigation, which calls agricultural economic policy makers to increase attention and spread the idea of using modern irrigation systems, especially in New Land, in order to increase agricultural production and reduce the deficit in the trade balance. (2) Production Efficiency Coeffecients for squash, pepper, and eggplant cultivated under modern irrigation system reachede about 75%, 80%, and 83%, while reached about 89%, 93%, and 91% for the same crops cultivated under traditional irrigation systems, which indicates that the chances of vegetable crops cultivated under modern irrigation system are larger than for those cultivated under traditional irrigation system due to more efficient use of production resources (3) The Economic Efficiency Coefficients of squash, pepper, and eggplant cultivated under modern irrigation systems reached about 73%, 77%, and 79%, while reached about 87%, 90%, and 88% for the same crops cultivated using traditional irrigation systems, which indicates that the chances of vegetable crops cultivated under modern irrigation systems are larger than for those cultivated under traditional irrigation system due to more efficient use of economic resources and economic gain. In order to expand the cultivation of vegetable crops under modern irrigation systems and raise the productivity rate, the research recommends the following: (1) Increasing the effectiveness of extension activities through agricultural extension officers to transfer the research recommendations to farmers, and train them in order to improve their experience, and enhance the trend towards adopting the use of modern irrigation methods to enhance agriculture advancement, (2) Encouraging the specialized scientific research centers to develop fertilization programs that match the needs of crop cultivated under modern irrigation methods and soil quality.

Aim of this study is to examine the substitution and complementary relationships of Egyptian exports from fresh and frozen potatoes in the global market. The study focused on investigating current situation of Egyptian exports from fresh and frozen potatoes at world market in comparison to its situation at Egyptian market. Hereby, demand on Egyptian fresh and frozen potatoes was assessed and time trends of price developments were statistically estimated and their relationship to global prices were analyzed.   Most important results of existing study are summarized in the following points   The analysis of Egyptian and global export prices for fresh and frozen potatoes during the time period 2000- 2012 showed increasing trends of both, which is statistically significant. The results showed increasing demand on frozen at the cost of fresh potatoes. This also matches with same development at global market. The development of export prices of Egyptian potatoes (fresh and frozen) matches with the development of prices at global market. The relationship between Egyptian and global export prices has shown linear and stable between 2000 and 2012. It seems also that export prices of frozen Egyptian potatoes much more stable than those of fresh potatoes. By studying for Stability Coefficient to export prices for fresh and frozen potatoes during the time period 2000- 2012 showed that export prices of frozen Egyptian potatoes much more stable than those of fresh potatoes. Canada, France, Germany, and Netherlands are the most export countries that competing with Egypt on world market of potatoes, particularly fresh. When computing the price competitiveness of Egyptian fresh potatoes, the result shows that Egyptian potatoes are highly competing with open-mentioned European export countries. The price competitiveness of Egyptian frozen potatoes is relatively higher when comparing to other competitive markets of Belgium, Canada, France, Germany, etc. This shows great opportunity for Egypt for expanding its exports from frozen potatoes in nearly future. Using regression analysis of time series data, the study of demand for Egyptian exports of fresh potatoes indicated that Egyptian potatoes is considered as necessary good for consumers of open-mentioned countries based on estimated price and cross elasticities. It has also proven that there is a substitutional relationship between Egyptian fresh and frozen potatoes. An important result that insure the importance of re-drawing export policies of potatoes exports in Egypt.

The study showed the the importance of the effect of seasonality in determining the amounts received for the transit market of vegetable crops in Egypt. As it turned out great linkage between the quantities and prices of vegetables in the transit market, which reflects the importance of reconsidering the random cropping and where there is no minimum or organizing thread. Where it should be to regulate the use of agricultural resources limited to Egypt and so achieve the maximum return for producers and consumers and the marketer and reduces wastage of resources in making a glitch between supply and demand, resulting in higher prices hurt consumer Login or drop in prices hurt farmers' incomes. It is worth noting that the changes in the agricultural sector, which is the main activity in the Egyptian countryside, especially in the light of economic liberalization policies such as the abolition of support for agricultural inputs, and the liberalization of prices of agricultural and left are determined by market forces, with the demolition of Tzawar marketing system for Khaddrady to irregular or balance of supply with the demand after the policy of economic liberalization in the agriculture sector, which increased from large fluctuations in prices as a result of increasing the gap between supply and  demand for agricultural commodities, and all of these reasons have led to an increase in poverty in the countryside and in Egypt in particular. This reflects the importance of Tzawar marketing system and return to the installation Almsola Central, which balances the needs of the consumer growing and limited agricultural resources by reducing the size of the gap between supply and demand, which reduces the price differences during the months of the year and which is reflected in the increase in income and welfare of the consumer and the producer together. The return of the agricultural cycle of the most important requirements for achieving balance in the prices of vegetables in Egypt and reduces loss in the limited agricultural resources and achieve the protection of soil fertility and reduces the need for fertilizers and pesticides. This regulation of the market productive agricultural reduce the imbalance between supply and demand, which increases the efficiency of the distribution of the use of agricultural resources among the wider use of alternative optimal resource allocation and reduce the waste of limited agricultural resources. Decreases as well as huge losses for producers and consumers at the micro level as well to reduce the negative effects on the macro level by reducing imports and increasing exports, where there is improved efficiency performance in the Egyptian agricultural sector at the micro level and kidneys.