The study aims basically at identifying some indicators of village local unitseffictiveness in Benisuef Governorate. Personal interviews were conducted with directors of all the thirty nine village local units of Benisuef Governorate, using questionnaire was made to obtain the required data. A number of complementary statistical measures and techniques were utilized in the analysis of the collected data including: frequencies, arithmetic mean, weighted arithmetic mean, standard deviation, and alpha coefficient. According to the description of organizational effectiveness level and its components, the findings showed that:   The first indicator: Goal attainment   The findings showed that about (25.6%) of the studied village local units had a low level of goal attainment, and about (46.2%) of them had a mod- erate level, and finally about (28.2%) had a high level of goal attainment.   The second indicator: Job satisfaction   Findings showed that about (2.6%) of the local units directors had a low level of job satisfaction, and about (33.4%) of them had a moderate level, and finally about (64.0%) had a high level of job satisfaction.   The third indicator: Organizational integration   The findings indicated that about (2.6%) of the studied village local units had a low level of organizational integration, (23.0%) had a moderate level, and about (74.4%) of them had a high level of organizational integration.   The fourth indicator: organizational productivity   About (48.7%) of the studied local units had a low level of organizational productivity, (33.4%) had a moderate level, and about (17.9%) of them had a high level of organizational productivity.

Gross national product (GNP) is considered as one of the important indicators that reflect the ability of national economy to achieve the main objectives of the state including creation of employment opportunities, development of export potentials, and positive contribution in reduction of the deficits in the balance of payments and the balance of trade. Analysis of the most important components of the gross national income is of considerable importance that enables the identification of changing values of individual components of the gross national product.  The study aimed at identifying causes of imbalance in the national economy through the following determination of the relative importance of Egyptian GNP and development of important economic indicators in the Egyptian national economy. Analysis and identification of the most important economic factors affecting expenditure on consumption, investment, exports and imports are mode through building single and multiple equation models aiming at identifying the most important economic factors affecting variables of the study. Moreover, forecasting the most are also mode important variables until.2020. Results obtained indicated that  the household consumer expenditure in 2012 was equal to 158.5 billion Dollars  representing  58% of the GNP, followed by Investment expenditure, representing 18% of GNP, followed by government expenditure, total exports and  total imports representing 9%, 8% and 7%, respectively. Results obtained proved that the most important economic indicators increased annually with different rates during the study period. Studying of the mutual impact between GNP and the study variables through building an econometric model and applying two stage least square method. The model contains six equations for GNP, total investments, total imports, total exports, government expenditure, and household expenditure. In addition, an identification equation for the (GNP= household expenditure + Investment expenditure + Government expenditure + net international trade). The study proved that while the most important determinants of the Egyptian GNPare total investments, total exports and imports factors, mostly affect total investment are total GNP, total Egyptian exports and exchange rate Egyptian Pound. In addition, factors determining total Egyptian Imports are total exports and the exchange rate of the Egyptian Pound. Moreover, factors determining government expenditure are total exports and households consumption. Furthermore, the household consumption is highly affected by GNP and total indirect taxes. Forecasted values of the study variables are obtained by estimating single equation trend model and simultaneous equation model.  Results obtained indicated that the forecasted value of the Egyptian GNP in 2020 will be equal to 334$ and 335 billion Dollars using single trend equation and simultaneous equation models, respectively. The forecasted total investment in 2020 is expected to be equal 64 billion dollars. The forecasted Total Egyptian imports and exports using single trend equation are 33.2, and 29.2, billion dollars, respectively. The forecasted values of total exports and imports in 2020 using simultaneous equation model are 32.8, and 830.1, respectively. Regarding Government expenditure results obtained indicated that the forecasted government expenditure is expected to take values of 31.9 and 51.4 billion dollars using single equation trend model and simultaneous equation model, respectively. Results related to the forecasted household expenditure in 2020 is expected to take values of $206.5 billion and $334 billion using single equation trend model and simultaneous equation model, respectively. Based on the research results, best forecasted values the study variables are obtained by using simultaneous equation models. This may be attributed to the fact that simultaneous equation mod- els takes into account all variables as well as the interactions between variables. Based on results the study recommend that the state would give the highest priority to economic policy that would lead to rationalization of household expenditure. In addition, aiming at reducing the Egyptian trade balance, policies that would lead to reduction of the gap between imports and exports by limiting imports and encouraging exports are highly recommended. Moreover, policies that increase and encourage investment, limit inflation, and control of prices of goods and services are expected to have positive impact on the Egyptian economy.

The study showed the the importance of the effect of seasonality in determining the amounts received for the transit market of vegetable crops in Egypt. As it turned out great linkage between the quantities and prices of vegetables in the transit market, which reflects the importance of reconsidering the random cropping and where there is no minimum or organizing thread. Where it should be to regulate the use of agricultural resources limited to Egypt and so achieve the maximum return for producers and consumers and the marketer and reduces wastage of resources in making a glitch between supply and demand, resulting in higher prices hurt consumer Login or drop in prices hurt farmers' incomes. It is worth noting that the changes in the agricultural sector, which is the main activity in the Egyptian countryside, especially in the light of economic liberalization policies such as the abolition of support for agricultural inputs, and the liberalization of prices of agricultural and left are determined by market forces, with the demolition of Tzawar marketing system for Khaddrady to irregular or balance of supply with the demand after the policy of economic liberalization in the agriculture sector, which increased from large fluctuations in prices as a result of increasing the gap between supply and  demand for agricultural commodities, and all of these reasons have led to an increase in poverty in the countryside and in Egypt in particular. This reflects the importance of Tzawar marketing system and return to the installation Almsola Central, which balances the needs of the consumer growing and limited agricultural resources by reducing the size of the gap between supply and demand, which reduces the price differences during the months of the year and which is reflected in the increase in income and welfare of the consumer and the producer together. The return of the agricultural cycle of the most important requirements for achieving balance in the prices of vegetables in Egypt and reduces loss in the limited agricultural resources and achieve the protection of soil fertility and reduces the need for fertilizers and pesticides. This regulation of the market productive agricultural reduce the imbalance between supply and demand, which increases the efficiency of the distribution of the use of agricultural resources among the wider use of alternative optimal resource allocation and reduce the waste of limited agricultural resources. Decreases as well as huge losses for producers and consumers at the micro level as well to reduce the negative effects on the macro level by reducing imports and increasing exports, where there is improved efficiency performance in the Egyptian agricultural sector at the micro level and kidneys.

A laboratory experiment was carried out to study the early growth response of 22 sugar beet (Beta vulgaris, L.) varieties to four salt concentrations of seawater i.e. 2000, 4000, 8000 and 16000 ppm. Germination and seedling growth traits (germination percentage (%), germination rate, seedling length (cm), seedling fresh weight (mg) and seedling vigor) were determined at the end of the experiment after 30 days from planting. The results showed that increasing the salinity level decreased the germination %, germination rate, seedling length, seedling fresh weight and seedling vigor of all sugar beet varieties under investigation to different extents. The results also clearly revealed that the response of the investigated varieties to salt concentrations was not the same, some varieties approved to be highly salt tolerant i.e. Soultan, Kawmira and Desprez; others were very sensitivity tolerant i.e. Helsiniki and LP16. However most of the investigated varieties were moderately salt tolerant. Results revealed clearly that the interaction effect between sugar beet varieties and salt concentrations was significant. This significant effect means that the tested varieties do not behave the same under the different levels of salinity stress.

This research aimed to study the economical impacts of using different types of irrigation water to produce wheat crop, through economic analysis of crop production and its costs, in order to maximize the income of each unit of water. The sample of study was choosed from wheat farmers in El.Sharkia Governorate. The results indicated that the productivity of one feddan irrigated with fresh water and groundwater was 18.09 and 18.08 ardab/fed respectively. It was 17.72 and 17.11 ardab/fed. for land irrigated with mixed water and drainage water respectively. The feddan irrigated with fresh water consumed 2672 m3 compared with 2922, 2841 and 3263 m3 for groundwater, mixed water and drainage water respectively. The feddan of wheat irrigated with groundwater gave the high- est return of income changed costs that was 1.233 pounds. The farmers in the study sample used quantities of irrigation water greater than the amount that achieve efficiency in the case of irrigation with groundwater rate of 6.23%, while the farmers in the stud[1]y sample used quantities less than the amounts that achieve efficiency by 1.27%, 10.9%, 7.9% for wheat irrigated with fresh water, mixed water and drainage water, respectively. The research recommended using these different qualities of water in irrigation, but in the context of a set of parameters with not of focusing on the use of agricultural drainage water directly due to the Low productivity per feddan and the low average of water unit production and the share of water unit of the net return, certain attention should be paid to mixing drainage water with Nile water, and also to treating drainage water before mixing with fresh water of River Nile.

Two field experiments were carried out in Agric. Expt. Farm at Shalakan, Kaleobia Governorate, Cairo, Egypt during 2010/2011 and 2011/2012 growing seasons to study the response of some bread wheat cultivars to sowing dates. Each experiment included 15 treatments which were the combination between three wheat cultivars (Giza 168, Sakha 93 and Gemmiza 9) and five sowing dates (1st October, 16th October, 1st November, 16th November and 1st December). The experimental design used was split plot design in 6 replications. The data revealed that sowing dates and cultivars both significantly affected wheat yield and its components. Sowing on 1st November exhibited significant maximum plant height, number of spike/m2, main spike length and weight, grains number of main spike as well as grain, straw and biological yields as compared to early or late sowing in the season. Concerning wheat cultivars, Gemmiza 9 gave significantly highest yield and its components in comparison to Sakha 93 and Giza 168. The effect of the interaction between wheat cultivars and sowing dates were significantly differed in plant height, main spike length and weight, grain weight/spike as well as grain, straw and biological yields as well as GCPY. Gemmiza 9 exhibited the significant highest parameters when sown on 1st November as compared to the other studied two cultivars. The data revealed that sowing Gemmiza 9 wheat cultivar on 1st November was the most suitable environmental conditions for growing wheat in Kaluobia Governorate.

This study was carried out to produce milk permeate beverage fortified with dried leaves of Moringa oleifera (DLMO) as innovative beverage. DLMO was added to permeate at concentrations of 0.5, 1 or 2%. Subsequently, the physiochemical, microbiological and organoleeptic properties of freshly innovative beverage and after 3, 7 and 10 days of storage at 5 ±25C were examined.  Addition of DLMO had significantly increased the total solids, protein, carbohydrate and ash contents of beverage. Acidity values increased gradually in all treatments during storage period. Bifidobacteria counts were higher in innovative beverages fortified with DLMO compared to control during storage period (10 days). Mould&yeast and coliform bacteria were not detected in innovative beverage when fresh and till the end of storage. Innovative beverage fortified with DLMO can be considered a good source of minerals (K, Ca, Mg and Fe) for human nutrition. The results indicated that innovative beverage fortified with DLMO contained higher essential and non essential amino acids compared to control. Organoleptic properties of innovative beverage fortified with DLMO were highly acceptable during storage period.

The study aimed at studying economic effects of global energy and food on the most important Egyptian imports. Descriptive and analytical statistical methods were used to achieve study objectives. Mathematical averages percentages and annual growth rates of variables under study were estimated. Expected values of imported food commodities using double exponential smoothing method was used. The study reached to some important conclusions, namely Global price and production of oil, coal, natural gas, ethanol and biodiesel have risen during the period 1996-2011. There were also a significant relationship between world prices and production of the above products. The price elasticities were about 0.089, 0.32, 0.174, 0.062, and 2.5 for these products respectively. The increase of oil price has an impact on food imports showing an increase of about 3.46% as a result of 10%of oil price increase. The study revealed that world oil price will be about $133.2/ a barrel in the year 2015 compared with $112.9/ barrel in the year 2011. It is therefore expected that value of food imports will increase to about $ 12.9 billion in the year 2015 compared to $ 10.6 billion in 2011.

Effect of using different concentration of acetic acid (5, 7.5, 10 and 12.5%) on microbiological quality, pH, lipid oxidation and sensory properties of beef shawarma during storage at 4°C for 16 days were examined in this study. The results  showed   that addition of acetic acid at 10% concentration reduced and retard the growth of total number of  microorganisms by one log cycle, prevented  the growth of  Enterobacteriaceae, Coliform, E. coli , Psychrotrophic bacteria, and Staphylococcus aureus . in beef Shawarma   during storage at 4°C for 16 days. Both pH (6.1 to 6.14) and TBA (0.056-0.97  malonaldhyde absorbance /kg oil) did not much affected with increasing the concentration of acetic acid added to beef Shawarma. Meanwhile the increasing of acetic acid concentration caused a noticeable reduction in redness, slight changes in wave length, purity, visual density and brightness of beef Shawarma colour. Panelists showed that the dark grayish colour, sourish aroma, sourness taste, toughness texture of cooked beef Shawarma increased with increasing acetic acid concentration added to this product. Storage at 4°C for 16 days caused slight changes in the above measured properties.

The potato plants (Solanum tuberosum L.) vs. valor were exposed to different levels of nitrogen fertilizer (60, 100, 140, 180 kg N/feddan (4200 m2)) and in-row plant spacing (12.5, 25 and 50 cm) for maximizing the yield production to match food security needs under climate change impacts on Delta region,  Egypt. The experiment was carried out during two growing seasons (2010/2011 and 2011/2012) in split plot design at El-Bossily Farm, Agricultural Research Center, El-Behira Governorate, Egypt. The vegetative growth characteristics and yield parameters were measured. The result of this study verified that increasing nitrogen level up to 180 kg N/feddan significantly increased the vegetative growth, total and marketable yields than the other N treatments. The in-row plant spacing 50 cm was significantly increased vegetative growth and yield (kg/plant), but the total yield (kg/m2) had different trend. The highest total yield /m2 was obtained by 12.5 cm treatment. The interaction effect of 180 kg/feddan of N and 12.5cm in-row plant spacing were increased the total tuber yield (kg/m2) significantly. In contrary, the best marketable yield (tubers > 35 mm) /m2 was obtained by 25 and 50 cm in-row plants.  This study was concluded that the best agronomic practices for potato production obtained by application 180 kg N/feddan of with in-row plant spacing 25 cm treatment. The economical consideration of the different treatments showed that the best total net income was obtained by 180 kg/feddan N with 50 cm in-row plant spacing.