Two field experiments were carried out during two summer seasons of 2013 and 2014 years at the Experimental Farm of Kaha Station, Qalubia Governorate to study the effect of using three irrigation intervals (7, 15 or 21 day) and five treatments of water absorbent substrates as adding to soil before transplanting ,i.e. (without substrates (control), SAP at 15 kg/fed., SAP at 20 kg/fed., compost at 5 t/fed. and compost at 10t/fed.) on sweet  pepper plants c.v. Mohanad and the effect of that on growth, yield, physical and chemical characters of sweet  pepper fruits. The results indicated that, the highest values of all vegetative growth parameters, yield and yield components were registered by the treatment of 7 days or 15 day irrigation intervals. Concerning of using water absorbent substrates, it was found that, pepper plants grown in the soil fertilized at 10 t/fed. or treated with super absorbent polymer (SAP) 20 kg/fed., respectively gave the highest values of vegetative growth parameters, yield and yield components.It is obvious that the plants fertilized at 10 t/fed. and irrigated every 7 days gave the highest values of fruit length, fruit diameter, fresh fruit weight and total yield. While, plants treated with SAP at 20 kg/fed. and irrigated every 15 day gave the highest values of fruit diameter and fresh fruit weight, but the differences did not reach to significance level for fruit length and early yield in both growing seasons. On the other hand, compost at 10 t/fed., compost at 5 t/fed. and SAP at 20 kg/fed. with irrigation every 21 day were the best treatments for yield and yield components of pepper plants. Generally, it can recommend by using compost at 5 t/fed., or super absorbent polymer (SAP) at 20 kg/fed. with irrigation every 15 days and this mean that increased the irrigation period without any injury or statistical effect on the fruit crop to obtain high pepper fruit yield  with height quality and height net income to the growers.

This study was conducted through the seasons of 2013 and 2014 to determine the optimum bud loads/ vine for Autumn Royal seedless "grapevines. Three years old uniform vines were uniform chosen and pruned to four levels of bud load, namely (32, 42, 52 and 60 buds/ vine). With fruiting spur at 2, 3 and 4 buds per spur The results showed that the percentage of bursted buds was decreased significantly by increasing bud load /vine in the two seasons of the study. Data also indicated that 42 buds/ vine were more suitable for Autumn Royal seedlessgrapevines to produce good yield and fruit quality. On the other hand, 32 buds/vine or 60 buds/vine were unfavorable science it produced rather clusters. In addition, pruning Autumn Royal seedless "grapevines to 42buds /vine by leaving 21 spur  with 2 eyes/spur or leaving 14 spur with 3 eyes per spur resulted a high yield and good quality, reduced cluster compactness and reduced shoot berries %,  gave the greatest cluster weight, berry firmness, adherence, T.S.S and anthocyanin content. Increasing bud load increased number of cluster/vine and yield but reduced cluster weight. Vines pruned to 32 buds / vine gave the greatest C/N ratio of the canes. Whereas vines pruned to 60 buds / vine showed higher percent of T.A than the other levels of bud load and cane length.

Agricultural foreign trade represents an important place in the total foreign trade for its contribution to the amount of change in the deficit in the trade of agricultural balance plus or minus, and thus change the extent of the deficit in the trade balance, and foreign trade which reflects the production, consumption and investment variables through the evolution of exports and imports. The problem with research in the State to take a lot of policies that help the development of exports and reduce imports of agricultural ones especially, but he agricultural exports did not achieve its objective which reflects the weak economic performance in the trade deficit, and the goals of research identify the evolution of exports and imports of the subject of the study crops, and the study of the economic efficiency of the Egyptian agricultural foreign trade through the relative importance of exports and imports of agricultural goods through the international exchange rate, and estimate the total agricultural foreign trade efficiency, which Based on appreciation to a number of indicators including coverage rate, dependency ratio, the degree of economic participation. According to the results obtained, the average coverage of trade overall rate was about 43.86%, while the counterpart of agricultural trade amounted to about 41.2%, indicating a lack of total agricultural exports to the requirements of the total and agricultural development cover, also results indicate that the average economic dependency of the trade rate total amounted to about 56.92%, while the counterpart of agricultural trade amounted to about 15.3%, which indicates a decline of agricultural dependence on counterpart rate at the national level, and reached the total average degree of economic participation of trade about 40.39%, while the counterpart of agricultural trade amounted to about 43.7% which refers to the coverage of agricultural trade to the proportion of 92.5% of total trade, also indicate a net food balance and the ratio of exports of food imports to the existence of permanent disability in food balance statistics, has been the exchange rate decreased commodity crops study namely rice, wheat, maize, dry beans and potatoes to less than one is true, which means that the exchange rate in an invalid state and this would lower real income and the low level of well-being as a result of lower exports of these crops and this is due to the obstacles facing agricultural exports, and recommended research need to take care of software development and support services for agricultural exports from the structure key export and activating the agreements, and the expansion of agricultural projects that produce for export.

In spite of the development observed in the area and production of potatoes crop in Yemen for the period of (1990-2010) to the level of self-sufficiency, the exported quantity, however, still very limited, It even decreased sharply in 2010 by 84.5%, compared to it's level exported in 2006. Stagnant productivity of potatoes in Yemen at around 13 ton only per-hectare, in front of (35- 45) ton/h globally, is believed to be the main obstacle standing behind the failure of exportation the Yemeni potatoes to the abroad. According to field study, several results have been obtained, the most important of which: The variables, such as, chemical fertilizer, equipment, manure and seeds are found to be the most effective factors on the output of potatoes. It is proved statistically significant at (0.01) level and responsible for the change occurred in the production of sampled individuals by 77% (R2), however, the result show that the quantity used in the production process of potatoes by mentioned above factors fill short to meat the level of optimal quantity required to maximize the profit.  The size of optimal level of production was estimated at (19.9) ton and the price of potatoes accepted by producers was estimated at 121390 YR/Ton. According to percentage of importance, seeds came first at the total variable cost by 31%, then, irrigation by 17.6%, fertilizers and pesticides 14.6%. Net revenue was estimated at (493640) YR, and the benefit /cost ratio was estimated at 1.40. The most important recommendation reached by this study is directed toward more using inputs in process of production by producers of potatoes, to maximize profit and increase productivity of area cultivated.

The effect of various thermal treatments (electric oven, microwave) and g-irradiation at three doses (6, 8 and 10 KGy) on the composition of volatile and non-volatile of anise essential oil and also their antioxidant properties were considered. The hydrodistilled oil (HD) of control and treated samples were subjected to gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis. The volatile profile of raw HD oil of anise consisted mainly of transe-anethole (79.68%) followed by hexahydrofarnesyl acetone (6.95%), para-anisaldehyde (5.49%); g-himachalene (2.53%) and estragole (0.76%). Although the effect of roasting didn’t cause significant changes in the total yield  of major compounds of HD anise oil which are phenylpropanoid derivative (transe anethole , para-anisaldehyde, cis-anethole and estragole (=methylchavicol), it is found that gamma irradiation revealed the same behavior at the 10 KGy irradiated sample but decrease the total yield of these compounds in 6.8 KGy irradiated sample compared to control one. also the thermal and g- irradiation caused drastic increase in the total yield of sesquiterpenes whereas decreased oxygenated compounds  in all samples under investigation compared to control one. Such changes affected the antioxidant activity of the treated samples 1.1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging as well as β-carotene bleaching test against butylated hydroxy toluene (BHT). The strongest effect of reduction of DPPH radical as well as the highest inhibiting effect of the oxidation of linoleic acid and the subsequent bleaching of β-carotene was by 8 KGy irradiated sample which comprised (84.57%±1.43); (85.21% ± 0.12) respectively, in comparison to BHT (98% ± 0.0) at the same concentration 30 µg/mL besides all samples under investigation revealed high antioxidant activities due to their high content of phenylpropanoid and oxygenated compounds. These confirmed by total phenolic content.  High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was used for the analysis of phenolic compounds in the selected sample. Polyphenolic compounds were analysed on C18 Reversed Phase (RP) HPLC. A total of 9 phenolic compounds were identified, the obtained results showed that the predominant compound was P-qumaric acid (43.36%) followed by ferulic acid (21.06%).

Seventeen genotypes (G) of bread wheat (14 promising lines and 3 commercial cultivars) were evaluated for mean performance and stability of grain yield/plant, grain protein content and dry gluten percentage under 16 environments (two locations (L), two sowing dates(D) and four fertilization treatments (F)). The resultsconfirmed the existence of considerable genetic variation among genotypes and their performance was significantly affected by different environments for the studied traits. Kalubia locations recorded the highest mean values for grain yield/plant while; Fayoum location recorded the highest mean values for the two quality traits. Yield and quality traits were significantly increased on early (recommended) sowing dates at Kalubia and Fayoum locations than on late sowing dates. Applying biofertilizer only gave the lowest mean performance in all traits, but adding mineral N besides biofertilizer markedly increased grain yield/plant and the two quality traits. However, insignificant differences existed between the rate of nitrogen recommended (80kg N/fed.) and the rate of (biofertilizer + 60kgN/fed.), indicating that biofertilizer could be efficient in reducing costs of the expensive mineral N and reducing environmental pollution. On an average highest values of grain yield/plant were recorded by the promising wheat lines no. 10 (24.57 g), no. 9 (22.50 g), and no. 11 (21.64 g) as compared to the best check cultivar Giza 168. Meantime, this cultivar surpassed the other genotypes in protein and dry gluten percentages. Concerning phenotypic stability, the three superior lines no. 10, 9 and 11 gave the highest mean values (x¯) of grain/plant coupled with significant regression coefficient (bi) values higher than unity and significant deviation from regression (S2di), thus they considered specifically adapted to favourable environments.

Agriculture Investments play important role in agriculture sector, It contributes about 15.4 of total GDP for the period (1995 / 1996 - 2013 / 2014).  The research problem was the decrease in the contribution of the agricultural investment in the total investment and this has lead to a decrease in the contribution of the agriculture sector in the Egyptian Gross demostic products (GDP).  The results showed that agricultural sector contributes with about 5.6% of the total investments between different economic sectors. The study showed that there was an efficiency in the agricultural private investment and in total agricultural investment while there was unefficiency in the agricultural public investment. The study showed that the most important determinants of agricultural investment in Egypt were agricultural gross domestic product, GDP, the agricultural income, reclaimed area, interest rate of agricultural loans and agricultural labor. The agricultural investment value is inversely proportional to both of the interest rates of agricultural loans and the volume of agricultural labor, where by decreasing both of the interest rates of agricultural loans and size of agricultural labor by about 1% leads to an increase in agricultural investments with about 0.17, 1.88 billion pounds respectively, the reason of decline in the agricultural employment size was to expand in using the technology in the agricultural sector. From the estimated model indicators that increasing both of the agricultural gross domestic product and GDP and agricultural income with about 1% leads to increase agricultural investments with about 0.413 , 40, 30 million pounds, respectively, and by increasing the reclaimed area with about 1% the investment increased with about 3.2 million pounds. The study showed that ARIMA model was the most suitable model for forecasting public, private and total agricultural investment. The forecasted figures for public investment were about 3.4, 3.01, 3.04 billion pounds for the years 2014/2015, 2015/2016, 2016/2017, respectively while forecasting for the private agricultural investment were about 6.14, 3.99, 2.65 billion pounds, respectively for the same years. While forecasting for total agricultural investment will be about 10.04, 7.64, and 5.79 billion pounds during the forecasted years. Finally the study recommended some important and topical recommendations for raising the agricultural investment such as: 1. Unify the agencies responsible for data source of investments to design a correct and clear investment map. 2. Stimulate agricultural investment projects by reducing the taxes through designing good tax and investment policies. 3. To Integrate the young graduates and small farmers in great cooperation for land reclamation and other agricultural projects by the help and stimulation of Agricultural Development And Credit Bank.

The main objectives of the research were to identify the size of wheat gap and find the appropriate solutions to apply  wheat self-sufficiency in the near future through  designing micro economic equilibrium model for wheat during the period (1995-2013) the model may identify the change in government revenues, the change in foreign exchange earnings and the rate of tariff,  the coefficient of the tariff and the change in surplus producers, the change in the surplus of consumers, efficiency indicators of a return or social loss in production and yield,  and social loss in consumption and total return.   The study predicted increasing in government loss about LE 13.287 billion in 2014 to about LE 20.11 billion, increasing in foreign exchange earnings of about LE 11.64 billion in 2014 to about 18.07 billion pounds, and it also expected to increase in the implicit tax (of the tariff rate) by the domestic producer of about 0.17 in 2014 to about 0.25. The study also predicted continuing socio loss in production to reach about LE 1.92 billion in 2020 because of continued rising in production costs, which is expected to reach about LE 5707 per acre in 2020 with increase ratio about 18.32% compared to 2013. It was also expected to continue growing consumer surplus to reach around LE 10.7 billion in 2020 and because of the government's continued support in the bread system.

The main research objective was: to identify Knowledge and practice Gaps of fishermen in Lake Burullus regarding fishing Law Number (124) of 1983 through achieving objectives: idintifing the level of Knowledge and practice Gaps of fishermen, Identifying the relationship between Knowledge gaps and independent variables, Identifying the relationship between practice gaps and independent variables, Identifying the contact degree between fishermen and extension sources. To achieve the goals of research was selected a sample of 110 fishermen from a central Balteem and Sidi Salem at random from among fishermen obtaining fishermen card, data has been through a questionnaire to collect personal interview during the month of March 2013, and was used the following statistical methods: frequencies, percentages, and the coefficient of the simple Pearson correlation were used to analyze data.   The main results of the research were: medium  level of  Knowledge gaps  of all items (50 item)  studied law for (53.6%) respondents, while the  practice gaps were a medium for more than half of the respondents about (62.7%) respondents. There was a significant relationship between the Knowledge gaps and the following dependent variables: education, experiance, membership in organizations, frequencies on Urban centers, degree of exposure to media, degree of social participation and Knowledge sources. There was a significant relationship between the paractice gaps and the following dependent variables: Training, frequencies of Urban centers, membership in organizations, social participation, exposure to media, and Knowledge sources. There was low contact degree between fishermen and extension source (Extension Center, symposium, meetings and guidance on the Law No. 124 fishing, research institute, authority General wealth Fisheries Development and Cooperative Union of wealth water sources.

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of partial substitution (10 and 15%) of wheat flour by sorghum or chickpea flour on quality parameters of sponge cake and biscuit. Chickpea flour contained the highest percentage of protein, lipids, ash and crude fiber. Water absorption was increased by replacement of wheat flour with sorghum or chickpea flour. From the obtained data, it could be seen that the deleterious effect of adding sorghum flour to wheat flour on the rheological properties was more pronounced than that happened when chickpea flour was added. Cake prepared with sorghum flour had less pronounced improvements in its chemical composition rather than those of chickpea. With regard to volume and specific volume, cake prepared with 10% chickpea flour with or without cake improver recorded the highest values. Cake prepared by chickpea flour had no any unfavorable sensory change especially for the cake produced by cake improver.  Crude protein, lipids, ash and crude fiber contents were increased progressively in all biscuit samples with increasing of either the sorghum or chickpea flour levels. Also, there were no significant differences (P>0.05) between the thickness and spread ratio of control biscuit compared to that of sorghum or chickpea- wheat composite flour.  It is worth mentioning that the substitution of wheat flour with chickpea flour gave biscuit more sensory acceptable.