Glyphosate (GLY) and glufosinate-ammonium (GLUA) are broad-spectrum, non-selective, contact herbicides that are commonly used in fruit farms Achieving the separation and detection of glyphosate and glufosinate from soil samples by chromatography is a challenging task as they are ionic and highly water-soluble compounds. The aim of this study is conducted to determine the dissipation of GLY and GLUA applied at two dose levels in three-depth soils of orange orchards. The residues of GLY and GLUA were determined by the HPLC-UV detector. The residual detection limits of GLY and GLUA of the method were 0.03 and 0.05 ng/g in soil respectively. The obtained data indicated that GLY persistent in the soil is very short, only for 7 days, following applications of 1 to 2 kg/fed in the orange crop. GLUA dissipated in soil within 14 days of application, regardless of dose. The half-life (T/2) of GLY and GLUA were 1.68 and 1.42 days at 0 cm depth, respectively. There was no significant difference between the half-life of the two herbicides in soil at three depths. These results showed that GLY dissipation occurs rapidly in soil. However, GLUA was moderately persistent in soil. The two compounds tested showed a reduction of dry weight for four types of weeds after 14 days of recommended and double-rate application.

This study was conducted to reduce the volume of solid wastes by using unmarketable potato tubers for producing biodegradable plastic films to substitute oil-based plastics “OBP” which is often not biodegradable. Starch-based plastic films “SBP” were produced with different concentrations of glycerol (5, 10,15, 20,25, 30, 99.5%v/v) as a plasticizer. The physical properties of SBP including thickness, density, water absorption, and biodegradability, were studied, as well as mechanical properties including tensile strength, modulus of elasticity, elongation % and the required energy for the firm were also investigated compared with OBP samples. The results showed that the maximum value of extracted starch was 13.5% obtained by blending potato tubers. SBP films with elevated glycerol concentration in-creased the sample thickness but decreased its density. Glycerol 20% gave the best flexible compact structure SBP films. The average thickness and density of SBP film (20% glycerol) were 0.25 mm and 80.11 Kg/m3 respectively. Meanwhile, the average thickness and density for OBP films were 0.41 mm and 24.39 Kg/m3 respectively. The rate of mass loss of SBP films with 20% glycerol concentration was 72% after 96 days while the rate of mass loss for OBP films is neglectable. Consumed energy for the firm was 44.05 and 31.06 N. mm.

In total, 50 Rhizobium isolates were isolated from the mature root nodules of common beans plants (Phaseolus vulgaris) grown in different nine governorates of Egypt. PHB was optimized by the identified strain using response surface methodology. A total of 11 parameters (pH, incubation period, inoculum size, temperature, agitation speed, mannitol, sucrose, yeast extract, glycine, K2HPO4, and MgSO4) were analyzed for their significant effects on PHB production by the Plackett–Burman design (PBD). Sucrose, yeast extract, glycine, and MgSO4 were the main significant factors affecting PHB accumulation. Central composite design (CCD) of the response surface methodology was used to determine the optimum levels of the selected factors. Rhizobium phaseoli reached the maximum production (4.997 g/L) at run 36 in the presence of 25 g/L of sucrose, 0.0 g/L of yeast extract, 0.87 g/L of glycine, 0.3 g/L of MgSO4, and 5% of inoculation size. In vitro experiments were carried out to test the effect of different stress conditions (pH: 6–11, temperature: 5°C–50°C, salinity: 0.01%–7%, and drought: 0%–5% w/v) on the growth of Rhizobium phaseoli. The results showed that Rhizobium phaseoli can withstand 3% –5% NaCl, high temperature of 30°C– 45°C, alkalinity at pH value of 8 – 10, and drought stress at 3% – 5% w/v polyethylene glycol with growth loss of 50% when grown on modified medium and 75% when grown on the basal one. In vivo experiments were done to study the effect of drought stress levels on the growth parameters of common bean plants. In general, all the treatments with Rhizobium phaseoli grown on the modified medium were superior to Rhizobium phaseoli grown on the basal medium. Also, they showed high tolerance of drought conditions.

Egyptian medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs) sector suffers from poor drying conditions of the product in terms of quality and safety standards, lack of professional advisory services, in addition to a high undeveloped value chain. Four designs were established in this study and focused on different methods for chamomile drying, the results of the 8/9/2 (B) design of the solar-assisted stack dryer were a masterpiece and promising for drying chamomile plant. The results of volatile oil extraction showed that an increased yield of volatile oil extraction by 30 % compared with traditional drying methods (control). GC-MS analysis indicated the essential oil chemical composition for the new drying method, were found to be the main active compound Bisabolol oxide A which were 54% in 8/9/2 (B) design of the solar- assisted stack dryer compared with the control which was 38.36% in control. The study method was promising and distinctive because it increases the yield of volatile oil extraction, maintains chemical structure compared with the control.

Various fungal genotypes (Aspergillus niger NRRL 3135 (AN1), Aspergillus niger NRRL 326 (AN26), Aspergillus terrus F2-Kh (AT) and Mucor racemosus NRRL 3639 (MI)) were studied for their ability to produce phytase and improve the produced enzyme by ethyl-methane sulfonate (EMS) mutagenesis. AN1 showed the highest phytase activity on phytase screening medium supplemented with glucose (PSMG) after 8 days of incubation (reached 1875.40 IU/mL). The phytase activity of AN1 increased with increasing incubation time and the highest value was achieved at 12 days of incubation (2859.33 IU/mL). The exposure of AN1 spore suspension to 200 mM of EMS for different times enhanced the phytase activity and that mutant 20 Mn exhibited the highest phytase activity (reached 4520.5 IU/mL) therefore it was chosen for the next experiment. An in-vitro gas production procedure was carried out to evaluate the impact of using various amounts of laboratory produced phytase (PE) compared with commercial phytase (Axtra® PHY) on nutrients availability of ruminant's ration. Six levels (0, 400, 800, 1200, 1600 and 2000 IU phytase-1Kg dry matter) of phytase enzyme were evaluated with tested ration consisted of 40% berseem hay (BH) and 60% concentrate feed mixture (CFM). In-vitro dry and organic matter degradability (IVDMD and IVOMD), total gas production (GP), short chain fatty acids (SCFA’s) and inorganic phosphorus (Pi) concentration were improved significantly (P<0.05) by phytase addition from the two sources of phytase and the highest significant (P<0.05) values achieved at the level of 1200 IU. Results suggest that phytase activity was influenced by exposure to EMS mutagen compared to the wild type. Also, the produced enzyme source has the ability to improve the utilization efficiency of phytate diets as evidenced by the significant (P<0.05) increase in all tested parameters compared to the commercial source.

The main objective of this research is to promote the reuse of wastes resulting from different manufacturing processes such as fruit peels (e.g. banana and orange peels) as substitutes (at least partially) of mineral fertilizers. This might have positive effects in maintaining human health and reducing environmental pollution. Moreover, to compare the use of these wastes with commercial organic fertilizer i.e., compost made by Nile Company to meet the needs of tomato plants from nitrogen (N) and potassium (K) elements. To achieve the goal, two experiments were conducted. The first was an incubation experiment, which was designed to compare the organic fertilizer compost of Nile Company and the powdered banana and orange peels. The second was a field experiment achieved at the Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University. Obtained results of the incubation experiment showed increases in nitrogen content by 16 to 31% and potassium by 12 to 24% due to using grinded banana and orange peels as compared to the compost treatment. Moreover, in the field experiment the concentration of nitrogen (N) and potassium (K) at different plant growth stages whether in soil or plant did not differ significantly between soil plots fertilized with mineral fertilization and those fertilized with banana and orange ones. On contrary, potassium concentration was found higher in the soil fertilized with organic fertilization than that fertilized with mineral fertilization. It has also been found to us that there are no clear significant differences between tomato fruits resulting from mineral fertilization of the ground and those that were fertilized by the mixture of banana and orange peels in terms of the ratio of nitrogen and potassium, weight, size and density of the fruit and other characteristics except for the total salts percentage, which was less Fruits fertilized with a mixture of banana and orange peels

A cross sectional study was conducted to evaluate obesity of housewives. The Sample that comprised of 200 females was selected from different regions of great Cairo, Egypt. Age was affected the BMI of various investigated obesity classes with a high correlation. A similar finding was also detected in case of education status where such parameter was also greatly affected the BMI status. The occupation, marital status and family size did not show any significant effect in BMI. The Income parameter didn't show any significant with the BMI. So, it could be concluded that only age and education status are greatly affected the housewives obesity in the investigated sample. Life style, i.e the sports practice. The type of sport, the time spent for sport practice, the place sports practice, household works making by herself, the number of times household works practice/week, the time of sleep in day and the time of last meal before sleeping were statistically significant with the BMI. Anthropometric measurements (waist circumference, waist-to-height ratio and central obesity) are greatly affecting the BMI meaning that there is a significant difference among various investigated obesity classes owing to such anthropometric factors. Regarding to the height parameter, no significant difference was found between overweight as well as obesity class I each other, and similar finding was also found between obesity class 11as well as obesity class III. The second variable (i.e., IBW%) had no significant effect among the three obesity classes (I, II and III), while the overweight group was significantly differed rather than that of others. Considering the Central obesity variable, statistical analyses proved that no significance was detected with overweight or obesity class II. group. Similar trend was also, noticed in case of (hip circumference) in relative to obesity class I and obesity class II.

The quality of agricultural exports is one of the most important foundations on which to develop and improve these exports to global markets. Therefore, studying the effect of applying quality standards on increasing agricultural exports is one of the most important determinants for improving the system of those exports. By studying the relative importance of agricultural crops in the research sample, which is represented by potatoes and onions from vegetable crops, oranges and grapes from fruit crops, it was found that exports of potatoes and onions represent about 25%, 21% of total vegetable exports as an average for the period (2014-2018), while orange exports represent About 53% of fruit exports are about 24% of the average fruit exports for the aforementioned period. By studying the effect of applying quality standards on agricultural crops from the beginning of production for export, it was found that applying these standards leads to a reduction in agricultural losses from the crop by a rate ranging between (20-15) %. Also, the application of quality standards leads to an increase in the costs of production and marketing of the crop, but in return, the increase in costs can be compensated for by the increase in profit through higher prices at home and abroad, in addition to benefiting from the percentage of losses that are saved. With regard to the actual effect of implementing quality, the results concluded that the rate of change before the application of quality and after the application in relation to an increase in the production of the best crop is orange by 50%. The potato crop came with a 500% increase in profits, and about 355% of the return on the pound per ton.

Total number of forty testes from twenty Sudani camels (Camelus dromedarius) were used in the present study (>5-10 years old and 500-600 kg body weight). The experimental work was executed to define the effect of green laser irradiation with short-wavelength 532 nm and continuous wave from a diode laser light with a total output power of 3 mW on epididymal camel spermatozoa quality at different exposure times of 0 (control, non-irradiated), 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 min. Following irradiation, the percentages of motile spermatozoa, storagability, viability, and acrosomal damage were assessed of the epididymal camel spermatozoa stored at 5°C for 4 days. Epididymal spermatozoa was diluted with lactose-yolk-citrate (LYC) extender. The obtained results showed that the highest (P<0.05) value of the percentages of motile and storagability of spermatozoa was recorded with spermatozoa exposed to 6 min of laser irradiation and the lowest (P<0.05) value was recorded with the control group. Otherwise, the highest (P<0.05) value of the percentages of dead and acrosomal damage of spermatozoa was recorded with spermatozoa exposed to 10 min and the lowest (P<0.05) value was recorded with 2 min. The advancement of storage time at 5°C decreased (P<0.05) the percentages of motile and storagability of spermatozoa, while increased (P<0.05) the percentages of dead and acrosomal damage of spermatozoa during storage at 5°C for 4 days. Consequently, enhancing the artificial insemination program can be achieved using the laser irradiation which is considered a cost-effective technique for improving semen quality. The profitable effects of laser irradiation on epididymal camel spermatozoa quality raised the motile spermatozoa, storagability, livability, acrosomal integrity which consider an indicator to improve mitochondrial function which extends the survival of spermatozoa

Six bread wheat genotypes and their 15 F1 crosses were evaluated under two nitrogen fertilization levels (40 and 80 kg N/fed) to estimate combining ability for days to heading, plant height, spike length, number of spikes/plant, kernels number/spike, weight of 100-kernels and grain yield/plant during 2018/19 season. Results revealed that significant nitrogen levels (N) mean squares were detected for all studied characters. Mean squares due to genotypes (G), parents and crosses for the studied characters were significant at both nitrogen levels and their combined analyses. Also, G x N interaction was highly significant for the studied characters. The general and specific combining ability variances were found to be significant for all studied characters at both-N-levels and their combined analyses. GCA/SCA ratios were less than unity for all studied characters at both N-levels and their combined data. The behavior of gene action varied from nitrogen level to another where the interactions of GCA and SCA with nitrogen levels were significant for most studied characters. Sakha 93 was identified as the most useful source for increasing favorable alleles for grain yield/plant, kernels number/spike and weight of 100-kernels under N-stress conditions, while Giza 168 was the best combiner for earliness at the two N levels. Cross combinations; Sakha 93 x Sids 12 and Sakha 93 x Misr 1 gave the best SCA effects for grain yield/plant under N-stress conditions. Significant positive correlations were detected between means of parents and F1 crosses with their GCA and SCA effects for most studied characters under the two nitrogen levels, respectively