Superior grapevines fertilized with compost, biofertilizers namely (Bacillus megatherium, Bacillus curculanse and Azotoacter Chroococcum), humic acid and two slow release fertilizers namely ( rock phosphate and feldspar ) as a partial replacement of mineral N fertilizers during 2013 and 2014 seasons. Using all substitutes of mineral N fertilizers was favourable than using mineral N alone in enhancing all growth characters, total chlorophylls, nutrients, yield and berries characteristics. Both nitrite and nitrate in the juice were greatly declined in all N management treatments that included the application of all N sources. The best results with regards to yield and berries characteristics of Superior seedless grapevines were recorded on  vines that received 60g N, 60g P and 120g K/ vine/ year ( mineral sources) plus compost II ( 40% cattle manure + 60% rice straw ) at 16 kg./ vine+ the three biofertilizers namely Bacillus megatheium, Bacillus circulanse and Azotobacter chroococcum  + humic acid each at 10ml./ vine/ year.

This study was carried out during 2013-2014 and 2014-2015 seasons at a private farm located at Tokh district, Qalubia Governorate. Strawberry fruits ˝festival cultivar˝ to study the effect of active (7.5% O2 +15% CO2 or 10% O2 +10% CO2) and passive modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) on preserving the quality parameters and extend the shelf life of fruits during storage at 0˚C plus shelf life at 10˚C.The results showed that active MAP inhibit the weight loss and decay percentage, maintained fruit texture, ascorbic acid, titratable acidity (TA) and decrease in color development during storage and shelf life. Passive MAP was less effective in reducing the loss of fruits texture, TA and ascorbic acid content. Untreated MAP (control) gave the highest values of weight loss and decay percentage and lowest values of texture, becoming more red and poor appearance after 15 days of storage at 0˚C + 2 days at 10˚C. The results showed also that the optimum gas composition of MAP tests for strawberry was 7.5% O2 +15% CO2. No decay was observed in active MAP at 7.5% O2 +15% CO2 during the storage period plus shelf life. Furthermore, it also retarded texture, color, titratable acidity and ascorbic acid content. Finally, the study concluded that storage of strawberry fruits at active MAP of 7.5% O2+ 15% CO2 improved storability of fruits, and maintained fruit quality and gave fruits with good appearance till of 15 days at 0˚C + 2 days at 10˚C without decay. The shelf life of strawberry after harvest can be extended to 3 days at 0˚C + 2 days at 10˚C by this treatment.

Identifying the development relation between different sectors in the entire Egyptian economy (2006/2013) through using of social accounting matrix , containing in addition to data on the inputs and outputs of the productive branches in the economy, but among other things also data concerning the distribution of the various kinds of factor incomes over institutional groups and classes, the expenditures made by these groups on different types of commodities, and the savings and investment made by them.  The research showed the existence of permanent deficit representing by 1.5% annually which grown especially after the revolution of January 2011, so there where retreat of the rate of growth. So, it was suggested to do more as possible dis aggregate into socio- economic groups. It will be reasonable to dis-aggregate households into socio-economic group which mean In this case do more to the level and pattern of  consumption, expenditure and income distribution, that is to say to dis-aggregate Egypt society as follow: -     Regional differences (urban and rural-household). -              Egypt level of the head of the household. -    Access to productive forms of material wealth particularly agriculture and manufacturing wealth.                                                                  So The foregoing demonstrated the importance of studying the changes in a macro variables which form the economic relations of social accounting  matrix annually and can identify deficiencies and take all measures to avoid such shortcomings even took those incremental trend variables where this may include increasing volatility of investments requires more caution in directing those investments among different sectors, or they may be growing incrementally as imports that  requires imports to be more identifying from the point of view. The nature and priorities of rationalization of imports and its component so all variables must be viewed in the same way to reach ultimately aims to increase incoming, reduce expenses and create surplus that support  development.

Farmland infringement for the purpose of construction has become a serious problem in Egypt that negatively affects the average per capita of arable land and soil fertility in Egypt. On the other hand, this situation negatively affects Egypt's self-sufficiency rates of agricultural commodities, agricultural income, and employment in rural areas. However, farmland infringement is completely forbidden by the Egyptian agricultural legislation. In this regard, the current research aims at evaluating the impact of the Geographic and placement impact on Farmland infringement in Egypt during the period (2005-2010). This study recommend the importance of reduce farmland infringement in different Geographic places, to increase the Egyptian agricultural production, raise Egypt's self-sufficiency rates of agricultural commodities, and reduce the deficit in agricultural trade balance, and reduce the problem of unemployment in rural areas. Moreover, the current study used descriptive and statistical analysis to achieve its goals. The main results of this research showed that the total area of ​​agricultural land that had been infringed during the period (2005-2010) reached about 4031 feddans during the period (1993 –1995), increased during the period before revolution (1996 2010-) to 28788 feddans and increased more after revolution during the period 2011- 2014 to ( 38046) feddans. By calculated the total yearly average of farmland infringement in Egypt, the result show that it was about 30.8 feddans during the period (1993 –1995), increased during the period before revolution (1996 2010-) to 43.3 feddans and reduced after revolution as a total to 34.8 feddans as a result of reducing the rate of farmland infringement in the civilization governorate by intensive security power. On the other hand the farmland infringement in all other this rate had increased in all geographic placements in Egypt. Where the yearly rate of farmland infringement in Delta of Egypt, Meddle Egypt and upper. Egypt reach about (43.1, 49.5, 41.2) feddans respectively before revolution, increased after revolution to (712.1, 405.8, 354.5) feddans respectively. It is clear that the delta Egypt has the highest yearly rate of farmland infringement, so it is important to control this rate in future. Besides, the results showed that the most important reasons behind farmland infringement by construction in Egypt are the dummy variable representing the Geographic and placement for the governorates’ and time. The economic model shows the increase of yearly average of total farmland infringement by about 74.4 feddans and the result was significant at the level of significance 1%. Moreover the yearly average of farmland infringement for Delta of Egypt, Meddle Egypt and upper Egypt by about (287.9, 101.7, 95.4( respectively. On the other hand, by using the dummy variable of piecewise to describe the situation after and before revolution in the different geographic and placement of governorates the results show the increase of the farmland infringement after revolution in delta of Egypt from 1136.4 to 2704.3 feddans and the results was accepted significantly at the level of 1%. The results show also the increase of the farmland infringement after revolution in middle of Egypt from 206.7 to 492 feddans and the results was accepted significantly at the level of 1%. Furthermore the results show the increase of the farmland infringement after revolution in Upper Egypt from 254.2 to 605.1 feddans and the results was accepted significantly at the level of 1%. However, the results showed that the farmland infringement after revolution in Egyptian civilization governorates decreased as a results of strong security from -34.5 to -82 feddans and the results was accepted significantly at the level of 1%. Finally, the research recommends strengthening the importance of protected the Egyptian agricultural land specially in the highest geographic and placement governorates especially in delta of Egypt, middle and upper of Egypt by achieving the balance of investment between all these geographic and placement governorates and establishment the necessary desert villages to meet the needs of Rural households.

Tomato crop is considered one of the most important strategic green crops at the national level. It is one of the food and manufacturing crops that some food industry uses it as pasle, it is alse an important source in its contribution to the Egyptian national agricultural income. The research aims at estimating the response supply for winter tomato crop in Egypt to determine the most important variables that can affect the response of the cultivated area of this crop. In addition to estimating the flexibility of the response to these variables, and the amount of the annual response to tomato farmers, and thus reach to the appropriate period necessary to achieve complete response. The response functions show has been estimated in accordance with the model of Marc Nerlov, and the model of Robert Solow. The results of estimating the response supply of the winter tomato crop in Egypt using the model Marc Nerlov for partial adaptation during the period (1995-2013) have shown that the production of the tomato crop per feddan is one of the most variables impact on the farmer's response to the expansion for the cultivation winter tomato., it has Also been clear that there is a response from winter tomato growers to the relative prices between the winter tomatoes and both of the sugar beet and beans. Besides that the results of estimating the response functions show for the winter tomato crop have shown according to the model of Robert Solow that the production of the winter tomato crop per feddan is considered one of the best variables impact on farmer's response to the expansion for the cultivation winter tomato. It has also, been clear that there is a response from the winter tomato growers to the relative prices between the winter tomatoes and both of the sugar beet and beans crops. The research recommends the need to activate the role of agricultural guidance and expansion of the establishment of the indicative fields in order to encourage farmers to use tomato varieties with high productivity. The research, also, recommends the expansion in tomato manufacturing so that it can make a kind of balance between the quantity demanded and the quantity supplied and thus the possibility of maintaining the price stability.

Milk is considered as a rich food source since it contains essential nutrients which are necessary for natural and biological impact, and no other food items can be compared with milk which has high nutritional value and plays an important role in building and strengthening the bones of children and prevention of elderly osteoporosis. Calcium in milk plays an important role in reducing the rate of absorption of cholesterol and controlling body weight and blood pressure. Milk contains the basic components that consist of lipid, proteins, sugars and mineral salts in addition to a range of vitamins and enzymes. Results of researches indicate that amino acids structure in the camel milk is similar to the structure of insulin, and contains many amino acids such as Methionine, Phenylalanine:, Arginine, Lysine, Valine and contains high concentration of Albumin and Globulin.   The most important characteristic of camel’s milk compared to the other dairy animals is that it contains natural protein compounds such as anti-poising bacteria, anti-lysozyme and anticoagulants. In addition, camel’s milk retains its quality and strength for 12 days at 4ºC, and more than 48 hours at room temperature because it contains substances that reducing the fermented bacteria activity of lactose sugar, it is noted that the reduction of the acidity rate of camel’s milk. Arabian’s used camel milk as a medicine of many diseases such as anemia, tuberculosis, diseases of aging, fragile bones and rickets in children. Camel’s milk is also used as a laxative. It has a role in the treatment of influenza, fever, hepatitis C, the dropsy and respiratory diseases such as tuberculosis and asthma as well as digestive diseases besides lowering the level of blood sugar and regulating heartbeat.   The goal of the research is to   1. Identify the benefits of camel milk and comfort active compounds vital vitamins and minerals. 2. Highlight the main role of biologically active compounds to improve and stimulate the immune system.

Although Asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L.) is chiefly known as a vegetable herb, little information about the botanical characteristics of such plant are available. Therefore, it is aimed in this study to bring light more information about the morphological, anatomical and some important chemical contents of vegetative and reproductive organs of the plant, throughout the consecutive stages of its entire life span under the local conditions. Seeds of Asparagus (cv. Mary Washington 500 W) were sown 2nd Feb. 2013. The field experiment was carried out at the Experimental and Research Station of Fac. of Agric., Cairo Univ., Giza, Egypt during the two successive growing seasons 2013 and 2014. Asparagus is a herbaceous, perennial plant that grows up to 1.5- 2 m height. The plant posses aerial stems (ferns) and much- branched feathery foliage. The leaves are triangular scales like, 3-7 mm in length. The cladodes (modified stems) arise in the axis of scale leaves . Cladodes are found in fascicles (3-6) on each node. The flowers are bell- shaped, greenish –white to yellowish, 4.5-6.5mm long, with 6- tepals,single or in clusters of 2-3. Anatomical studies were carried out for various organs of Asparagus plant including, apex of the aerial stem, visible internode below shoot apex, median portion of the aerial stem, the cladode , median portion of spear, scale - like leaf, rhizome, adventitious root. The major chemical metabolites contents of spear were determined.

The study aimed at measuring competitiveness of Egyptian exports of dates based on indicators Econometric Analysis and indicators of competitiveness.  The important results of this study are: 1-     Indonesia is ranked first in the import of Egyptian dates, amounting is about 31.9%, followed by the state of Morocco with about 24.6%, then the State of Malaysia, Lebanon, Jordan, Turkey, Syria, Germany with rates about 20.9%, 3.8%, 3.6%, 2.9%, 2.3%, 0.99% respectively of total imports. 2-     Egypt has a competitive advantage compared to the rate of penetration of Egyptian exports of dates for the most important international markets in the state of Morocco, followed by Indonesia, Malaysia, and Lebanon respectively. 3-     Egypt has also a competitive advantage in the export price of dates for each of Tunisia, Saudi Arabia and Algeria among the most important countries in the world. 4-      Calculating the geographic concentration of date’s commodity coefficient shows that it is almost close to zero, which suggests that there is a problem in Egyptian exports of dates, despite the fact that Egypt is classified as the first country worldwide in its production. 5-     A ten percent change in the comparative advantage of the phenomenon of Egyptian exports of dates leads to a change in the same direction to the amount of Egyptian exports target of 11.7% . 6-     The study predicts an increase in the quantity and value of Egyptian exports targeted from about 32.9 thousand tons, 41.9 million dollars in 2017 to 38.2 thousand tons, 48.9 million dollars in 2020.   Recommendations   1-    The paper recommends that a production map should be made to determine different consumer tastes in importing countries. 2-    Opening export areas of dates in competitive countries such as the state of Tunisia, Saudi Arabia and Algeria specially where Egypt has a competitive price advantage over these countries. 3-    Reviewing the export policy in general and the policy of exporting dates in particular to support Egypt’s competitive status in the Arab and international markets specially that the rest of the competitive countries in exporting dates had a competitive price advantage compared to Egypt. 4-    Studying both of the Lebanese and Turkish markets to re-open them for Egyptian date exports since these specific markets show a significant lack of Egyptian date exports. 5-    Increasing the competitiveness of dates in the international markets and maintaining the markets in which Egypt has a competitive edge for its exports of dates such as Indonesia and Morocco. 6-    Determining in general the most important kinds of dates that competitive countries exports.

This study was conducted to determine the present of Ochratoxin (A) (OTA) to the number of 50 samples of wheat grain from varieties of soft wheat (Tricticm astivum) and hard (T. durm), and its products from some Libyan Mills (from the north-west and south-east and north) by using a technique (IAC) immunoaffinity columns cleaning and HPLC-FD to detect, with an overall average rate of recovery of the samples of wheat and grain products and fungal isolates 86.59 ± 0.03% and 89.19 ± 0.01%, respectively. The results showed that 96% of the samples were positive for OTA, with the average concentration of OTA from different regions reached the highest concentration of 0.0928μg/kg for soft wheat. The average concentration of the OTA in the different areas that have been grain assembly resulted the highest concentration of 0.0918 μg kg-1 for soft wheat for the Western Region, followed by 0.0783 and 0.020 < μg kg-1 for the eastern and southern region respectively, while the average concentration of the OTA for hard wheat 0.0307 and 0.3316 μg kg-1 of eastern and western region respectively. However all the samples contain levels of OTA are below the limit recommended by Libyan Standards Specification and European Commission Regulation Standard. Results of statistical analysis also showed no significant differences of (P≤ 0.01) of the concentration of the for hard and soft types wheat between regions , and for soft wheat products between regions while there was significant differences between hard wheat products at level of (P≤ 0.01).  The results showed that the overall average for the moisture content of the samples by region ranged between 10.6, 11.10% for soft wheat for the southern region and western region respectively, 9.54 and 10.08% for hard wheat to the western and eastern region respectively. Results also showed that the overall average for the moisture content of soft wheat products (flour) between different regions was (13.03, 11.78, 8.58%) to the north-east, north-west and south-west respectively. Hard wheat products did not exceed 13.33, 10.76% for the southern- west and north-east reigions of semolina and pasta respectively, while was within the limit to the Codex Alimentarius Commission. the results of the statistical analysis and the presence of highly significant for moisture content between types of soft wheat and hard within regions and this also applies to soft wheat and hard products between the regions at the level of (P≤ 0.01).

The purposes of this study are to: i) assess the agricultural extension middle level managers’ willingness to use cell phones in extension services, and ii) investigate the factors affecting their willingness to change and their change- related behavior. The DINAMO scale developed by Metselaar (1997) was used to assess their willingness to use cell phones in extension. Data were collected from 19 agricultural extension middle level managers representing 67.86% of the total number of middle level managers (28 mid-managers) by questionnaire during their annual meeting that was held on May 2015. Mean scores, percentages, and Chi-square test were used for data presentation and analysis. The results showed that the respondents’ overall willingness to change is 220.2 which represents 72.2% of the total score; this implies that extension middle level managers are entirely have positive willingness to use cell phones in agricultural extension services. There are seven variables have significant relationships with extension middle managers’ willingness to change namely: Managers' affective orientation towards the use cell phones in extension (ᵡ2 =38), The value of use cell phones for the agricultural extension organization (ᵡ2 =37.07), Collegial attitudes towards use cell phones in extension (ᵡ2 =38.22), Self-control factors (ᵡ2 =38), External control factors (ᵡ2 =36.24), Control over and contentment with use cell phones in extension (ᵡ2 =24.7), and Perceived complexity of use cell phones in extension (ᵡ2 =31.16). On the other hand there are five variables affecting the change- related behavior of the middle managers as follows: Managers' affective orientation towards the use cell phones in extension (ᵡ2 =51.19), Collegial attitudes towards use cell phones in extension (ᵡ2 =51.12), External control factors (ᵡ2 =50.34), Control over and contentment with use cell phones in extension (ᵡ2 =25.82), and The middle manager's willingness to use cell phones in extension (ᵡ2 =24.61). It could be concluded that there is a strong opportunity for using cell phones in extension services, and the respondents are ready for the beginning of such initiative.