This study was conducted to investigate the effect of biological treatments to improvement on the in vitro digestibility disappearance for rice straw.  The parameter used in this study includes; gas-production, IVDMD, IVMOD and pH value. The experiment was divided into seven treatments: 1st treatment: considered as control group was used 3g from straw only. 2nd treatment: Fibrolytic enzymes group 0.3g with 3g from straw. 3rd treatment: Fibrolytic enzymes group 0.4g with 3g from straw. 4th treatment: Saccharomyces cerevisie group 0.3g with 3g from straw.   5th treatment: Saccharomyces cerevisie group 0.4g with 3g from straw. 6thtreatment: The mix group between fibrolytic enzymes group 0.3g and Saccharomyces cerevisie group 0.3g with 3g from straw. 7thtreatment: The mix group between fibrolytic enzymes group 0.4g and Saccharomyces cerevisie group 0.4g with 3g from straw.   The results showed a significant increase (P<0.05) of 6th group in gas production as compared with 3rd group at the beginning of the experiment. Also the 3rd group showed a significant increase (P<0.05) in gas production as compared with 5th group after 10 hrs. from the period of incubation. It has been observed that there was a significant increase (P <0.05) in the 3rd group in gas produced as compared with 4th  and 5th  group after 12 hrs from the period of incubation. The result also showed a significant effect (P <0.05) in the 2nd and 6th groups in the gas production as compared with 5th group after 24 hrs the period of incubation. It has been observed after 48 hrs the period of incubation, there was a significant effect (P<0.05) in gas produced in all treated groups as compared with 5th group. It has been noticed from the experiment that there was result a significant increase (P<0.05) in 5th, 6th groups of pH value as compared with 2nd and 4th groups. The results showed a significant effect (P<0.05) in the 3rd group in IVDMD as compared with 6th group, Similarly, there showed a significant effect (P<0.05) in the 1st, 3rd, 5th, 6th, 7th groups in the IVDMD as compared with 4th group. There was also a significant effect (P<0.05) in the 3rd in IVMOD value than that with 6th group. It has been shown that there was a significant effect (P <0.05) in the 6th group of IVMOD value as compared with 2nd, 4th and 7th groups. Finally it has observed that there was a significant effect (P <0.05) in the control group (1st), 5th and 7th groups in IVMOD value as compared with 4th group. It was concluded from this study that addition of fibrolytic enzymes and a combination of fibrolytic enzymes and saccharomyces cerevisie could improve digestibility of rice straw in vitro.

The purposes of this study are to: i) assess the agricultural extension middle level managers’ willingness to use cell phones in extension services, and ii) investigate the factors affecting their willingness to change and their change- related behavior. The DINAMO scale developed by Metselaar (1997) was used to assess their willingness to use cell phones in extension. Data were collected from 19 agricultural extension middle level managers representing 67.86% of the total number of middle level managers (28 mid-managers) by questionnaire during their annual meeting that was held on May 2015. Mean scores, percentages, and Chi-square test were used for data presentation and analysis. The results showed that the respondents’ overall willingness to change is 220.2 which represents 72.2% of the total score; this implies that extension middle level managers are entirely have positive willingness to use cell phones in agricultural extension services. There are seven variables have significant relationships with extension middle managers’ willingness to change namely: Managers' affective orientation towards the use cell phones in extension (ᵡ2 =38), The value of use cell phones for the agricultural extension organization (ᵡ2 =37.07), Collegial attitudes towards use cell phones in extension (ᵡ2 =38.22), Self-control factors (ᵡ2 =38), External control factors (ᵡ2 =36.24), Control over and contentment with use cell phones in extension (ᵡ2 =24.7), and Perceived complexity of use cell phones in extension (ᵡ2 =31.16). On the other hand there are five variables affecting the change- related behavior of the middle managers as follows: Managers' affective orientation towards the use cell phones in extension (ᵡ2 =51.19), Collegial attitudes towards use cell phones in extension (ᵡ2 =51.12), External control factors (ᵡ2 =50.34), Control over and contentment with use cell phones in extension (ᵡ2 =25.82), and The middle manager's willingness to use cell phones in extension (ᵡ2 =24.61). It could be concluded that there is a strong opportunity for using cell phones in extension services, and the respondents are ready for the beginning of such initiative.

The sorption isotherm and kinetic of Cu2+, Pb2+, Zn2+ , and Cd2+ ions onto sewage irrigated soil (El-Gebal El Aasfar-Qalubia) was examined as a function of the retention time and initial ion concentration using batch equilibrium sorption experiments. Results show that the Cu, Pb, Zn and Cd metal ions onto the soil is relatively rapid and sorption reaches equilibrium at about 240 minutes. Kinetics of the sorption process on the soil is well characterized by the pseudo-second order reaction rate. Langmuir, Freundlich and D–R isotherm models are fitted for the sorption of Cu2+, Pb2, Zn2+, and Cd2+ ions onto the soil. The constants of all models were calculated for each metal ion and compared. It indicated clear differences between the sorption characteristics of Cu2+, Pb2+, Zn2+, and Cd2+ ions on the sewage irrigated soil.

Two field experiments were carried out in Agric. Expt. Farm, Fac. of Agric., Ain Shams Univ. at Shalakan, Kaleobia Governorate, Egypt during 2013 and 2014 growing seasons. These experiments aimed to study the effect of seed hardening treatments (without, -4 bar, -6 bar and  -8 bar polyethylene glycol (PEG6000)) on yield and its attributes and nitrogen physiological parameters of maize (zea maize) under irrigation periods (irrigation every 14, 21 and 28 day) . The data revealed that all tested treatments affected significantly yield and its attributes traits except ear length. The highest values of ear weight (246.2 g), ear diameter (4.62 cm), number of rows/ear (13.6), shelling percentage (82,64%), grain yield/fad (3.58 ton), biological yield/fad (11.81 ton) and 100 kernels weight (g) (39.07) were recorded with -8 bar (PEG) treatment. Moreover -8 bar (PEG) this treatment recorded the highest values of grain nitrogen yield (kg/fad) and lowest value of grain nitrogen percentage (%). Irrigation every 14 days was characterized by significant higher yield attributes, which reflected its yield parameters and produced significant maximum grain yield. Irrigation every 14 day recorded significant highest grain and biological yield, which reflected its grain N yield and total N absorbed in plant. Maximum values of NUE and NRE ware optioned when maize plant irrigated every 14 day followed by irrigation every 21 day and irrigation every 28 day. On the other hand, NPE and NHI of studied irrigation periods were significantly differed; the highest values were recorded when maize irrigated every 28 day. The results also showed that seed hardening treatments (-4, -6 and -8 bar PEG) under irrigation periods 14 and 21 day recorded the highest values of ear length (cm) and ear diameter (cm). The high performance of irrigation every 14 day with hardening -8 bar PEG in yield attributes was reflected on its yield parameters. These parameters reached their highest significant values included grain and biological yield ware 3.97 and 13.55 ton/fad respectively; meanwhile; the lowest values in case of without hardening under irrigation every 28 day ware 2.17 and 7.84 ton/fad respectively .

The research aimed at studying current situation improvement for grain crops production to meet international and domestic demand needs regularly with stable prices and standard specification, through analysis and assessment Egyptian price policy for crops subject of study, using policy agricultural analysis matrix, partial equilibrium  model, measuring the impact of government interference on producers, consumers, foreign trade and government revenue as a result of implementing specific policy, and the impact of this on input and output utilizing efficiency, and on economic welfare on society and government revenue for those crops. The study indicates that, from calculating nominal protection coefficient, there was implicit subsidy for producers in the first period (2008-2010). In the second period (2011-2013) the subsidy decreased, taxes are imposed, and there was implicit taxes in the form of negative protection against producers and decrease in the consumer's subsidy proportion. As a result of studying domestic resource cost for the study crops, it showed that, the value of coefficient less than one to rice, wheat, and maize. Which indicate to the ability of the current economy to save foreign currency through domestic production, which reflect competitive efficiency in rice international market. The study also indicates the excessive in government revenue at the second period for all study crops, meanwhile there was deficit in the foreign exchange for wheat and maize, this is due to the decreasing in the domestic supply and the increasing in domestic consumption in light of low domestic price relative to international price. While there has been a decline in foreign exchange loss for rice in second period to first period reached about 45% because of the closeness between domestic prices and international prices. The loss in producers surplus for wheat and maize increased because of increasing in cost to returns, meanwhile it showed a decrease in producer net loss in the second period to the first period 12% approximately for rice because of farm price increase to reach the international price, also consumer surplus obtained advantages in all study crops in the tow period of the study. The study showed that, impact of net economic loss was negative at the tow period of the study for wheat and maize with a decreasing rate reached about 43% for wheat and 55%for maize, in contrast the net economic loss was positive for rice with decreasing rate reached about 62% in the first period. The research concluded with the following recommendations: -       Implementing fair price policy in it domestic price relative to international price for the study crops. -       Reduction direct and indirect taxes imposed on producers in ratio of 6% for wheat and maize crops and with 7% for rice. -       Subsidy imported and essential goods producers to diminishing consumers and producers net loss, to diminishing producers' burdens borne, and to provide foreign exchange to the stat. The need to provide economical and political stable atmosphere to the success of developing and prices policies in developing countries.

This investigation was conducted for two successive seasons (2013 and 2014) in a private vineyard located at 64 Km of Cairo-Alexandria desert road to study the possibility of using organic products to reduce powdery mildew, which it is reflect in reducing yield and fruit quality of King Ruby grapevines. The chosen vines were ten-years-old, grown in a sandy loam soil, spaced at 1.5 X 3.0 meters apart and irrigated by the drip irrigation system, trained to bilateral cordon with spur pruning, and trellised by the "Y" shape system. The vines were pruned during the last week of January with bud load of (60buds/vine). Application of different biocontrol agents Trichoderma harziamum, Trichoderma viride, Bacillus subtilis as well as blight stop a commercial biocide which contains different isolates of Trichoderma forms in Arabic gum and potassium soap) were obtained kindly from central lab. of organic agriculture, ARC. Giza, in an attempt reduces powdery mildew of the plants. The results showed that all vital bioagents treatments significantly were reduced the powdery mildew disease compared with micron sulphur and control in both season. However, spraying mixture of Trichoderma harziamum + Trichoderma viride and blight stop gave the least disease incidence and severity which it is reflect to increase yield, achieve the best physical characteristics of bunches as well as improving the physical and chemical properties of berries.

The present study aimed at identifying the degree of implementation of rural women to set technical recommendations related to health practices, determining of the relationship between the degree of implementation of the respondents to a set of recommendations for health practices and between independent variables studied, as well as to identifying the most important factors affecting the implementation of the respondents to these practices.                 To achieve the objectives of the study were selected village Hallaba and Kafr El-sabeel (famous as the village Hallaba) in Qalioub district of Qaliubiya as an area of geographic study, was chosen as a random sample howswives of the village, has reached the study sample strength (112) Researched represent 5% of the total number of housewives the families of the village, which arrived appreciation for the year 2014 (2236) family, has a questionnaire has been compiled against included many questions of like measure degree of the mothers for following of head of the household sample study of a group of technical recommendations for some rural family practices of health-related design (dependent variable), including the respect of the independent variables under study, it has lasted the test period the initial form of the questionnaire and field data collection nearly three months (April, May, June) 2015. And the current study used analytical approach through the use of a set of statistical methods in the field of data analysis, and consistent with the nature of this data, these methods have ranged from the beginning of the term, the arithmetic mean, standard deviation, simple correlation, multiple linear regression analysis. Results of statistical analysis has shown that the vast majority (83%) of heads of household were women with an executive level low and middle between the recommendations of some health practices, which refers to their need for more knowledge and change their behavior Altiv to those recommendations, and the results indicated the presence of correlation found between the degree of relationship implementation of the study sample and independent variables private sources to obtain the following health information: View health programs and health practices, the importance of health programs, TV, health unit, as variables shares (television, the importance of health programs) in the interpretation of contrast kidneys to the point of implementation of health practices by 52.4%, There is also a correlation found between the degree of implementation of the study sample the following personal, social and economic independent variables: the customs and traditions and folk legacies health practices, external openness relationship, the age of the surveyed, the economic level, as all of those four variables contributed by 72.1% in the interpretation of contrast kidneys to the point of implementation of health practices.

Concentration of heavy metals (Pb-Cd-Cr) was determined, that’s most polluted environment and rivers in fourteen varieties of vegetables throughout two growing seasons (2013-2014  &2014-2015), belonging to the three groups of vegetables (leaves and tuber and fruits), and using atomic absorption device, where the samples were collected from six different locations in Hama, and close to the course of the Orontes River, which vary different in irrigation operations and source of irrigation water.   Results of this study showed that no significant difference (P> 0.05) between the types of vegetable groups in the content of heavy elements at each locations seposatly. But it clearly showed the presence of very high significant differences (P <0.0001) in the contents of vegetables from heavy elements collected from sites, this effect is due to irrigation water. Also, the average concentration of cadmium was higher than the global natural concentrations in accordance with similar studies, the average lead, and chromium were lower than the averages of similar vegetables from other countries.

Milk is considered as a rich food source since it contains essential nutrients which are necessary for natural and biological impact, and no other food items can be compared with milk which has high nutritional value and plays an important role in building and strengthening the bones of children and prevention of elderly osteoporosis. Calcium in milk plays an important role in reducing the rate of absorption of cholesterol and controlling body weight and blood pressure. Milk contains the basic components that consist of lipid, proteins, sugars and mineral salts in addition to a range of vitamins and enzymes. Results of researches indicate that amino acids structure in the camel milk is similar to the structure of insulin, and contains many amino acids such as Methionine, Phenylalanine:, Arginine, Lysine, Valine and contains high concentration of Albumin and Globulin.   The most important characteristic of camel’s milk compared to the other dairy animals is that it contains natural protein compounds such as anti-poising bacteria, anti-lysozyme and anticoagulants. In addition, camel’s milk retains its quality and strength for 12 days at 4ºC, and more than 48 hours at room temperature because it contains substances that reducing the fermented bacteria activity of lactose sugar, it is noted that the reduction of the acidity rate of camel’s milk. Arabian’s used camel milk as a medicine of many diseases such as anemia, tuberculosis, diseases of aging, fragile bones and rickets in children. Camel’s milk is also used as a laxative. It has a role in the treatment of influenza, fever, hepatitis C, the dropsy and respiratory diseases such as tuberculosis and asthma as well as digestive diseases besides lowering the level of blood sugar and regulating heartbeat.   The goal of the research is to   1. Identify the benefits of camel milk and comfort active compounds vital vitamins and minerals. 2. Highlight the main role of biologically active compounds to improve and stimulate the immune system.

The interaction of pulsing in preservatives, growth regulators and cold storage on vase life and quality of Chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflora) cut flowers was investigated. Chrysanthemum cut flowers were treated with benzyl adenine (BA), silver nitrate (AgNO3), cobalt sulfate (CoSO4) and sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and then were placed in cold storage at 5ºC for periods of 1, 2 and 3 weeks. Vase life, fresh weight, total chlorophyll and total carbohydrate were determined. Cold storage for one week and pulsing with BA and AgNO3 showed longest vase life, the lowest chlorophyll decrease and highest total carbohydrate content.