Two hundred and ten unsexed broiler chicks (Arbor Acres) at 7 day of age were used to study the effect of dietary supplementation of different Copper (Cu) forms i.e. inorganic (copper sulfate, CuSO4), organic (copper methionine Cu2-Met) or nano inorganic copper particles (Cu-NP) on the productive performance, hematological and biochemical constituents of blood and immune response of broiler chicks. They were randomly divided into seven dietary treatments with five replicate cages per treatment, six chicks for each. The first group was fed the basal diet without any supplementation (control); while the 2nd and 3rd groups were fed the same diet supplemented with 50 and 100 ppm of inorganic Cu (copper sulfate, CuSO4), respectively. The 4th and 5th groups were fed the basal diet supplemented with 50 and 100 ppm of organic Cu (copper methionine Cu2-Met), respectively. The 6th and 7th groups were fed the basal diet supplemented with 50 and 100 ppb of nano inorganic copper (Cu-NP), respectively. Results showed that chicks fed the basal diet supplemented with different forms of Cu had significantly better LBW, BWG, FCR, economic efficiency and production index. Both organic and nano Cu-fed groups showed significantly better productive performance traits compared with the inorganic Cu – fed groups. Supplementation of different Cu forms decreased serum levels of total lipids, triglycerides, cholesterol, low density lipoprotein (LDL), whereas RBCs count, hemoglobin, PCV, glucose, globulin, thyroid hormones (T3-T4), immunoglobulin (IgM, IgG), and antioxidant enzymes activity (TAC– GPX- GSH-SOD) were significantly increased compared with the control treatment. Additionally, Cu supplementation increased lactobacillus sp. while decreased total bacterial count (Salmonella, E. coli and Proteus) compared with the control group. In conclusion, Cu supplementation improved the growth performance, immune response and physiological status of broiler chickens. Broilers fed organic and nano Cu-supplemented diets had better growth performance and immune response than those fed inorganic copper.

Excised explants were in-vitro cultured on multiplication medium of Murashige and Skoog (MS). This study was carried away inside the tissue culture lab. Horticulture Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center. Giza, Egypt through the period from 2015 to 2017, to research some factors affecting in-vitro propagation of the indoor ornamental plant Alocasia amazonica using benzyladenine amino purine (BAP) and Kinetin at 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 ppm and their interaction. The obtained results indicated that BAP gave the greatest number of shoots, plus the lowest values for shoot length, shoot fresh weight, number regarding roots and total chlorophyll content. Meanwhile, kinetin achieved the highest values for shoot length, shoot fresh weight although it was not necessarily significant. The same was observed in number of leaves, number of roots and total chlorophyll content with no significant difference. MS medium free of hormones demonstrated the greatest number of leaves, number of roots and total chlorophyll content, and the lowest values of number of shoots and shoot length. Using cytokinn at 1 ppm gave the highest shoot length and number of leaves; and the second position for number of shoot and roots. As for 2 ppm of cytokinin application, it gave the greatest values of shoot length, number of leaves and shoot fresh weight, despite the last one was not significant. this concentration got also the other position for number of shoots, 3 ppm had the greatest number of shoots, and the lowest shoot length, number of roots and shoot fresh weight and 4 ppm occupied the second grade concerning number of shoots, and the lowest grades for shoot length, shoot fresh weight, number of leaves, number of roots and total chlorophyll. Regarding the interaction between cytokinin type and concentration found that, the control treatment (Free MS) gave the highest number of leaves. Using BAP at 2 or 3 ppm attained the highest number of shoots. Using Kin at 1 or 2 ppm attained the highest shoots length. Also, Using Kin at 2 ppm attained the highest fresh weight. The application of Kin at 1 ppm was connected with the highest value of number of leaves. The development of roots showed great values on free medium of BAP and Kin as well as medium supplemented with Kin at 1 and 2 ppm. Whereas, root did not demonstrate any presence at higher concentrations of BAP of 2, 3 and 4 ppm. It is usually recommended to use the MS medium supplemented with BAP at 3 ppm which often gave the highest number of shoots. However, the highest values for shoot length, shoot fresh weight and number of roots were recorded on particularly on MS medium supplemented with Kin at 2 ppm.

Wheat is an essential staple food in the developing world, where demand is projected to grow exponentially in the future; simultaneously, climate changes are projected to reduce supply in the near future. One of the main consequences of climate change is salinity, which negatively impacts the world's cultivated area and therefore affects the global wheat production. Our objectives are to study the population structure of several Egyptian and international wheat accessions and to identify the genetic factors controlling the salinity stress response of bread wheat. In addition, we have attempt to identify genes that control some important agronomic parameters of wheat under salinity stress were identified. The wheat germplasm panel consisted of 70 accessions obtained from Egypt, Syria and Iran. The assessment of salinity tolerance was conducted over the years of 2018 and 2019 in the field and in the greenhouse. The genome association analysis (GWAS) and population structure analysis was conducted using six SCoT, five SSR and 93 SNP markers. Analysis of the population structure using allele frequency and phylogenetic analysis indicated that the studied wheat accessions were belong to four population groups. Where, for the most portion, Egyptian, Syrian and Iranian accessions are clustered depending on their country of origin. The GWAS analysis revealed 13 SNP markers that were significantly associated with morpho-agronomic wheat traits during salinity stress. These markers were closely related to genes that are known to have a direct link to wheat response to salinity stress such as CYP709B2, MDIS2, STAYGREEN, PIP5K9, and MSSP2 genes. This study revealed the genetic structure of adapted and imported wheat accessions, which could be used to select potential wheat accessions for local breeding programs. In addition, the SNP genotyping assay is a very potential technology that could be efficiently applied to detect genes that control bread wheat response to salinity stress.

Sherbet and Sorbet mixes were prepared to contain 9% fresh mango pulp, per se, 1% cooked pumpkin (CP). The water quantity required for both was replaced with ultrafiltrated milk permeate (UFMP) at the level of 25, 50 or 75%. The obtained results indicated that, separately, CP composed of higher moisture and total nitrogen, total phenolics (TP) as well as radical scavenging activity (RSA) values and lower total flavonoids (TF), carbohydrates contents than mango pulp. In both, Sherbet and Sorbet mixes, water substitution with UFMP was associated with increase in total solids, total and reducing sugars as well as ash contents. Neither acidity %, nor pH values were significantly affected by the partial substitution of water with UFMP in Sherbet mix, although the acidity % of Sorbet mix was significantly increased by UFMP addition. Freezing point of Sherbet or Sorbet mixes was gradually minimized by increasing the substitution level, although the flow behavior index was not influenced in Sherbet but increased in Sorbet mixes. The proportional increment of UFMP level in mix was associated with gradually considerable increase in its consistency coefficient, apparent as well as dynamic viscosities, TP and RSA values of both Sorbet and Sherbet mixes. UFMP led to increase in the specific gravity of mixes before and after freezing as well as elevated the overrun and strengthened the melting resistance of the final product. Furthermore, the frozen dessert of 75% UFMP, whether being Sherbet or Sorbet gained the highest panelists scores for all sensory attributes. It could be concluded that, it could successfully produce a product that meets the intended health purposes based on the substitution of 10% of mango pulp with pumpkin solids of many impressive health benefits as well as the utilization of ultrafiltration milk permeate as a source of the essential electrolytes instead of 75% of required water en route to innovate frozen desserts such as Sherbet and Sorbet

This study aimed to measure the effect of treated wastewater on the performance of pressure irrigation network components and compare it with domestic water. The experiments were conducted in Eastown and Lake View sites in the Fifth Settlement - New Cairo, at N = 30° 01' 14.4", E = 31° 51' 60.9" and N = 30° 02' 22", E = 31° 44' 31.3", respectively, and the experiments were done in (2019). The area under investigation was 155 m², divided into three plots (5×5 m) for spray irrigation, there areas were planted with turf grass (passpalm 10), and three plots (5×2 m) for drip irrigation, there areas were planted with shrubs (Lantana camara nana) and trees (Calistemon viminalis). By irrigation with two types of water: treated wastewater and domestic water with the use of two types of filters in the Lake View site (a screen filter and a sandy filter) and the use of one type of filters in the Eastown site, which is screen filter. The washing process was carried out manually and automatically. The results showed significant effects on the components of the network and on the general appearance of the vitality and shape of the cultivated surfaces. The most important results obtained were: • Emission uniformity for drip system in Lake View site, was higher when using automatic operation with treated wastewater by (5 and 6%) for on-line dripper and built-in dripper, respectively, than manual operation, while, in Eastown site emission uniformity was higher when using automatic operation with treated wastewater by (2.3 and 4.9 %) for on-line dripper and built-in dripper, respectively, than manual operation. • Distribution uniformity for spray system was higher when using automatic operation with treated wastewater by (5 and 5.1%) in Lake View site and Eastown site, respectively, than manual operation. • Clogging ratio in Lake View site by using manual operation with treated wastewater was (40 and 48%) for on-line dripper and built-in dripper, respectively. Clogging ratio using automatic operation was (20 and 25%) for on-line dripper and built-in dripper, respectively, while, in Eastown site by using manual operation with treated wastewater was (34.5 and 44.7%) for on-line dripper and built-in dripper, respectively, and by using automatic operation was (18.75 and 22%) for online dripper and built-in dripper, respectively. It was higher with manual operation than automatic operation and higher with treated wastewater than domestic water. • The concentration of total suspended solids was less by (93.6 and 97.9%) with manual and automatic operations, respectively in Lake View site, while, it was less by (50 and 60%) with manual and automatic operations, respectively, in Eastown site. • The turf quality index (color, density, ground cover) gave the highest degree when using treated wastewater with automatic operation, which is due to the nutrients in treated wastewater. • It is preferable to use sand filters before the mesh filters with treated wastewater to reduce the percentage of clogging with impurities instead of using only mesh filters.

أصبحت مشکلة البطالة وانخفاض الدخول الحقیقیة من أهم المشاکل الملحة فی الإقتصاد المصری والتی یتعین مواجهتها لما لها من آثار سلبیة علی الإقتصاد والأمان الإجتماعی، إضافة إلی کونها أحد مظاهر أهدار الموارد المتمثلة فی القوی البشریة العاطلة الباحثة عن العمل وعدم توظیفها بما یساهم فی تحقیق نمو أکبر، وعلیه استهدف هذا البحث تحدید دور بعض المشاریع الغذائیة الصغیرة فی زیادة الدخل وتوفیر فرص العمل بمحافظة الفیوم وذلک من خلال عدة أهداف فرعیة وهی دراسة تطور المشاریع الصغیرة الممولة بمحافظة الفیوم، والتعرف علی قدرة بعض المشاریع الغذائیة الصغیرة محل الدراسة فی الحد من مشکلة البطالة وقیاس مستوى دخول العاملین. وقیاس العائد لتلک المشاریع. بالاضافة إلى التقدیر القیاسی لدوال الإنتاج والتکالیف لتحدید مدى کفاءة تلک المشاریع فی تحقیق التنمیة الإقتصادیة بمحافظة الفیوم. والتعرف علی أهم المشکلات والمعوقات التی تواجه تلک المشاریع محل الدراسة ومحاولة إیجاد الحلول والأسالیب اللازمة لحلها. وقد توصل البحث إلى عدة نتائج أهمها:- أن إجمالی عدد المشاریع الممولة وعدد المستفیدین من الذکور وإجمالی القروض بمحافظة الفیوم تتسم بعدم الاستقرار النسبی فی حین یتسم عدد المستفیدین من الإناث وتکلفة فرصة العمل بالاستقرار النسبی نظرا لانخفاض معامل الاختلاف النسبی والبالغ 48.84% ، 24.78% على التوالی. - بلغت قیمة المرونة الإنتاجیة الإجمالیة لمشاریع تصنیع الجبن البیضاء ومنشآت التخلیل نحو 1.28 ، 1.18 على التوالی ویعنی ذلک أن زیادة الموارد الإجمالیة بالدالة المقدرة بنسبة 10% تؤدی إلى زیادة فی إنتاج الجبن البیضاء والمخللات بنسبة 12.8 ، 11.8% على التوالی. وهذه النتیجة توجه بزیادة حجم تلک المشاریع وتوجه بإعادة مزج عناصر الإنتاج المستخدمة فی العملیة الإنتاجیة بما یحقق التولیفة المثلى منها والاستخدام الکفء لها للانتقال إلى مرحلة الإنتاج الاقتصادیة.- ویتضح تفوق حجم الانتاج الأمثل، وحجم الإنتاج المعظم للربح على حجم الإنتاج الراهن لمنشآت تصنیع الجبن البیضاء بمقدار 0.75 ، 2.44 طن على التوالی. کما یتضح تفوق حجم الانتاج الأمثل، وحجم الإنتاج المعظم للربح على حجم الإنتاج الراهن لمنشآت التخلیل بمقدار 5.02 ، 31.53 طن على التوالی.- أن نسبة إجمالی العائد إلى إجمالی التکالیف لمشاریع تصنیع الجبن البیضاء ومنشآت التخلیل حوالی 1.59 ، 1.36 على التوالی، وأن العائد على الجنیه المستثمر بلغ حوالی 0.59 ، 0.36 جنیه على التوالی. وبلغت نسبة التشغیل حوالی 0.63 ، 0.74 على التوالی ویعبر انخفاضها عن الواحد الصحیح على مدى اربحیة المشروع الإنتاجی.- وتبرز مشاریع تصنیع الجبن البیضاء والتخلیل أهمیتها فى استیعاب العمالة، کعامل جوهری ذا أهمیة فی النشاط الزراعی والمجتمع الریفی، حیث یعمل بها حوالى 124 ، 252 فرد على التوالی جمیعهم من ابناء القریة التی توجد بها هذه المنشآت ومن أبرز العوامل الکامنة وراء ارتفاع قدرة هذه الصناعات على استیعاب العمالة هو انخفاض تکلفة فرصة العمل نسبیاً بتلک المنشآت حیث قدرة تکلفة إتاحة فرصة العمل بنحو 8.35 ، 16.12 ألف جنیه على التوالی، کما بلغت نسبة متوسط إجمالی الأجور إلى متوسط إجمالی التکالیف المتغیرة بالمشروع نحو 26.6%، 35.4% على التوالی وبذلک تمتاز هذه المشاریع بارتفاع المساهمة النسبیة للأجور فی التکالیف المتغیرة، وبذلک تصبح هذه الصناعات قادرة على امتصاص العمالة الزراعیة الفائضة ، کما أن إقامة مثل هذه المشاریع فی المجتمعات الریفیة یؤدى إلى خلق فرص توظیف من ناحیة، وإلى زیادة دخول العمال الزراعیین من ناحیة أخرى

The effect of lavender, lemongrass and thyme volatile oils as a supplementary cold storage treatments on quality preservation of fresh cut herb of Menthe piperita L. , during storage for 15 days at 5°C and 7°C followed by 5 days at 20°C, as a marketing condition simulation, was evaluated during 2018 and 2019 seasons. Physical properties, chemical constituents, respiration rate and volatile oil contents were recorded. The results illustrated that discarded herb %, weight loss %, and external appearance (scale) were greatly affected by both factors of the study. The great effect in this respect was obtained with storage at 5°C than 7°C and the effect was also continuous during marketing period at 20°C. An evident decrease in discarded herb % and weight loss % were obtained due to the applied treatments, whereas external appearance values were higher with applied treatments than control during cold storage durations and marketing period. Aromatic oils treatments with 0.50% of lavender, lemongrass and thyme oils were effective than 0.25% of the three aromatic oils. However, chemical constituents i.e total chlorophyll, L-ascorbic acid and total phenols of fresh cut herb were scored highly increases by storage at 5°C than at 7°C storage conditions. Furthermore, The richest chemical constituents mentioned above were obtained with 0.50% of the three aromatic oils treatments and with superior for marketing durations for 5 days at 20°C. On contrary, total acidity of fresh cut herb recorded the minimum values with applied treatments than control (except the treatment of 0.25% thyme oil) during all cold storage durations and marketing period. On the reverse , electrolyte leakage and respiration rate values were controlled and minimized with the applied aromatic oils treatments under 5°C or 7°C cold storage conditions and followed by 5 days at 20°C as a marketing period. The decreases of both electrolyte leakage and respiration rate of fresh cut herb either with cold storage or due to the applied treatments are considered a good indicators to increase storage longevity and high quality. Meanwhile, volatile oil was greatly affected by both cold storage conditions and supplementary refrigeration treatments with lavender, lemongrass and thyme aromatic oils. Conclusively , it could be concluded that the peppermint fresh cut herb can be treated with lavender, lemongrass and thyme aromatic oils before storage at 5°C for 15 days , handling and marketing under 20°C to conserve the quality of the herb.

Dietary exposure to a variety of heavy metals, including Ni, Cd, Cr, Pb, Zn, and Hg, has been identified as a danger to human health through fruits and vegetables, contamination of heavy metals is known as a grave risk to our climate. The study aims to develop empirical models to predict the concentration of heavy metals (Ni, Cd, Cr, Pb, Zn, and Hg) in the leaves of Citrus and Mango crops. The study was carried out in an observation site in Giza governorate that is cultivated by varied herbaceous and tree cover crops. This study area is suffering from severe pollution caused by near industrial district. The sample collected from deferent zones that are divided to six spatial zones and coded by from zone (2, 3, 4, 5, and 6). The distance between each Zone 10 Km that extends from the north to south and covers 60% from the Agriculture area in the Giza governorate. The main inputs of the generated models were spectroscopic remotely sensed data and laboratory analytical measurements of heavy metals in crop leaves. ASD (Analytical Spectral Devices) field spectro-radiometer was used to calculate hyper-spectral vegetation indices. Modeled heavy metal concentrations were tested against laboratory analysis through two common statistical tests; the Correlation of determination (R2) and Root Mean square (RMSE) error between predicted modeled heavy metals. Results shown the correlation coefficient of the generated models, red and near-infrared spectral bands demonstrated high precision and sufficiency for mango and citrus leaves to predict heavy metals. The models produced refer to specific regions with the same conditions. The overall results imply that hyper-spectral vegetation indices could be correlated with heavy metal content, while heavy metal content in plants may be influenced by many others. Remote sensing spectroscopy is a possible and promising technology to track the environmental pressures on agricultural vegetation. Additional ground remote sensing experiments are needed to assess the possibility of hyper-spectral reflectance spectroscopy in monitoring the stress of different types of metals on various plants.

Temporal and spatial soil variabilities reduce the accuracy of quantifying the hydraulic properties of the soil, leading to poor irrigation management. Modeling estimation and computer codes (e.g., RETC code) have been used to quantify and predict soil hydraulic properties. One hundred soil samples were collected to represent soil textural classes according to USDA textural triangle. Following the physical, chemical and hydraulic characterization of the soil samples collected, one soil sample was chosen to represent each texture class. The selected soil samples covered six USDA textural classes. Then, Brooks-Corey (B-C) (1964) and van Genuchten (vG) (1980) parametric models were used to describe the functional relationship between soil water tension and water content, i.e. the soil water retention curve, and the Mualem (1976) theoretical models of pore size distribution were used to predict the functions of unsaturated conductivity K (θ) and soil water diffusivity D (θ). The RETC (retention curve) code was used to obtain the parameters of vG and B-C models by simultaneously matching to the observed data. Output file of refining process showed the iteration levels to achieve minimum value of residual summed square (RSSQ).The values of determination coefficient (R2) of the fitted θ (h) as a power function increased after fitting the experimental data either in B-C or in vG models. The values of R2 of the fitted equation of θ (h) with both B-C and vG data increased after refining process through RETC code. The increments of R2 values after refining are more pronounced in coarse textured samples (Sand, Loamy sand, and Sandy loam).The values of determination coefficient (R2) of the fitted functions K (θ) and D (θ) as a power function are highly significant after fitting soil parameters either in B-C or in vG models. While using RETC code refined the obtained soil parameters of both K (θ) and D(θ) increasing R2 values of fitted power function and reducing residual summation square. RETC reduced the value of residual summed square (RSSQ) of the objective function O(b) under using both B-C and vG models. This reduction of RSSQ by using RETC fluctuated between 60.4% and 98.2% with B-C for six soil textural classes. While, the reduction of RSSQ by using RETC fluctuated between 90.4% and 98.6% with vG for the same six soil textural classes. In general, the RETC code is a good tool for obtaining accurate values of hydraulic properties in a variety of soil textures.

The monitoring of the counterfeit situation of a pesticide widely used in Egypt (abamectin) was done through the present study as seven samples of Abamectin formulations were collected from the Egyptian market. Packaging and labels were checked and analyzed by HPLC to determine the active ingredient content present in these samples. GC-MS and FTIR were used for additional analysis and detection of other active ingredients in the formulation.Counterfeit pesticides were studied in Egypt by doing questionnaires for all workers in the pesticide system (farmer - trader - researchers in the pesticide field) and the results of these forms were analyzed to show the most dominant pesticides in Egypt, in addition to random purchase of pesticides from the Egyptian market and the most number of samples Is from (abamectin pesticide) (7 samples).To obtain this number of abamectin formulations, 58 different pesticide formulations (16 different active ingredients) were collected from the Egyptian markets, and the share of abamectin was 7 samples (one active substance), representing 12.1% of the total tested samples. The obtained results showed that Examination of Packaging and indicated that three samples were not registered through Egyptian Agricultural Pesticides Committee thus representing 42.86% of the total tested samples. The non-registered products are Komaktin Gold Plus, Super Vertimic and Abamectine Strela. Three samples have registration number as other formulations already registered in Ministry of Agriculture which are Abamectin Super, Farmactine and Abamectin power. The last product (Tinam) has the correct registration number (no.1391) and it is the same number used to register it in Ministry of agriculture. The percentage of the active ingredient in 5 samples was less than the acceptable limits, The samples were (Abamectin super, Komaktin Gold Plus, Abamectin Power, Super vertimic and Abamectine strela) active ingredient content was 1.416, 0.64, 1.01, 0.2 and 0.12% respectively. One sample (Farmactine) didn’t contain Abamectin, and the sample (Tinam) was within the acceptable limits (1.53%). GC-MS used to determine the presence of any other materials or active ingredients within the samples. The result showed that Abamectin Super sample contains (Lambda cyhalothrin at R.t. 29.512 min), Farmactine sample contains (Fenpropathrin at R.t. 28.634 min), Abamectin Power sample contains (Diazinon at R.t. 16.088 min and Cypermethrin at R.t. 26.554 min) and Super Vertimic sample contains (Fenpropathrin at R.t. 23.916 min and Lambda cyhalothrin at R.t. 34.85 min). Three products Komaktin Gold Plus, Tinam and Abamectine Strela didn’t contain other active ingredients.The physical properties of the studied samples before and after storage were determined through emulsion characteristic test and four samples (Abamectin super, Farmactine, Abamectin Power and Tinam) showed good emulsion characteristics before and after storage. Super vertimic and Abamectine strela samples showed poor emulsification characteristics before and after storage. Komaktin Gold Plus showed good emulsification before storage but poor emulsion characteristics after storage.