Hepatoprotective effect of ethanol extract of ginger, ginger oil or rice bran oil against fatty liver disease which induced by ethanol stress was investigated in the present study. Thirty six (36) male albino rats were classified into 6 groups as follows: 1- Normal control (NC), 2- Positive control (induced fatty liver by ethanolic stress) (PC+), 3- rats group administered ethanol and ginger extract (GE group), 4- rats group administered ethanol and ginger oil (GO group), 5- rats group administered ethanol and rice bran oil (RBO group) and 6- rats group administered ethanol and DMSO (DMSO  control group, because GE, GO and RBO were dissolved in DMSO as a vehicle). Results revealed that hepatic triglycerides was significantly (p≤0.05) raised to 80.7 mg/g liver, in positive control (PC+), compared to 15.98 mg/g liver in normal control (NC). Also significant increase (p≤0.05) in levels of ALT (69.41 U/L), AST (62.98 U/L) and ALP (121.65 U/L) in PC+, compared to their levels in NC (23.35 U/L), (27.95 U/L) and (73.45 U/L) respectively. In addition, high significant level was observed in serum triglycerides (214.37 mg/dl), total cholesterol (TC) (99.81 mg/dl) and LDL cholesterol (47.75 mg/dl) in PC+, compared with its values in NC group: (74.22 mg/dl), (31.45 mg/dl), (4.21 mg/dl) respectively. However, significant (p≤0.05) decrease was noticed in HDL cholesterol level (9.18 mg/dl) in PC+, compared to NC (12.39 mg/dl). On the other hand, treatment by ethanolic ginger extract (200 mg/kg body weight) showed a hepatoprotective effect which confirmed by remediation the values of hepatic TG, ALT, AST, ALP, TP, Alb, besides serum TG, TC, HDL-C and LDL-C in GE group as compared with their values in NC and PC+. Moreover, treatment by ginger oil (200 mg/kg body weight) and rice bran oil (200 mg/kg body weight) displayed a protective effect in GO or RBO groups, but lower than GE. In addition, ethanol extract of ginger disclosed very high antioxidant activity (IC50 = 18.25 µg/ml) compared to both ginger oil (IC50 = 6714.38 µg/ml) or rice bran oil (IC50 = 1409.57 µg/ml). Finally the present study indicates that ethanol extract of ginger showed hepatoprotective effect more than either ginger oil or rice bran oil.

Field Experiments were conducted at the Experimental Farm, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Shoubra El-Kheima, Egypt during 2014 and 2015 seasons to evaluate the effect of foliar spray of putrescine (Put) at 0.1 and 0.2 mM on growth and some physio-biochemical compounds of drought stressed sunflower. Putrescine application could be mitigate the negative effect of drought by increasing leaf relative water content (LRWC), proline, total soluble sugars, K and Ca concentrations of sunflower leaves. Correlation coefficient revealed that LRWC was inversely proportional to proline concentration on the one hand and directly proportional to K+ and Ca++ concentrations on the other hand. The modification of physio-biochemical parameters by Put treatments led to increase plant growth and seed-oil yield of sunflower under drought stress.

Computational model was designed for feeding systems of small dairy farms in Egypt under Mixed Farming System (MFS) (Crops/livestock). The present case study was selected from El-Beheira governorate, where the three common dairy animals (Local cows, Crossbred cows and buffaloes) are available. The main objectives of this study were 1- To find out the optimum combination of inputs from farm green forage and cash crops to minimize animal feeding costs. 2- Asses the possibilities of increasing the farm income by least cost rations formulation using available feed resources for dairy cattle. Technical coefficients of the models were obtained from previous studies under Egyptian condition. The model proposed three scenarios: Scenario I (S I) calculated the actual feeding situation from the case study without any changes as base run, scenario II (S II) proposed to cover animal feeding requirements of the same herd in scenario (S I) from the same available feed resources according to NRC (2001) and scenario III (S III) operating on the available feeding package quantities or reallocated farm feed resources for the same herd. The model used the common feed in summer and winter seasons (300 days) while, two months were considered as transitional period between two seasons, where irregular animal feeding regime is adopted. The results showed that area cultivated with green forages can be reduced by 17% and 25% of total planted area in SII for winter and summer, respectively, compared to base run (SI). Where as in S III, the green forage cultivated areas reduced by 30% and 25% for winter and summer, respectively in comparison with SI, feeding costs in SII were reduced by 51.11% and 38.97% in winter and summer, respectively. Using available feeding packages and reallocated farm resources in SIII reduced feeding costs by 47.78% and 27.67% for winter and summer, respectively. It can be concluded that using available feeding packages or reallocated animal feeding resources either in SII and SIII achieved a considerable reduction on animal feeding costs of small-scale mixed farms compared to base run scenario (SI).

This study was carried out to investigate the possibility of utilization of barley flour in production of pan bread. wheat flour of (72% extract) was replaced by 10, 15 and 20% barley flour. The effect of such replacements on physical and chemical characteristics of produced pan bread were studied. The results indicated that barley flour had a higher contents of chemical composition than that in wheat flour except carbohydrate content was the highest in wheat flour (85.53%) than in barley flour (76.67%),whereas, protein, ash, dietary fiber, β-glucan and antioxidant were higher content in barley flour (13.63, 2.44, 19.00, 8.65, 97.34 respectively) as compared with its content in wheat flour (12.26, 0.49, 4.88, 0.34, 55.33 respctively),while, wet gluten  and falling number were reduced by added barley in composite flour. The rheological properties of the  five dough mixes were studied using farinograph and  extensograph. The water absorption and dough weakening increased as the percentage of barley flour increased, while were decreased the extensibility and maximum resistance to extension . The results of sensory characteristies of prepared bread (containes10% barley flour) was not significants different from control for crust color, grain and texture. The results revealed that it was possible to use barley flour at level of 10, 15% to produce bread that satisfied baker's and consumer's sensory expectation. This levels may be to increased the nutritional value from dietary fibers, β-glucan, minerals, vitamins and antioxidants.

Agriculture sector is one of essential sector in the Egyptian economy. The sector is the main source of food required by Egyptian people, in addition to that the sector is also a source of row materials for many in industries.                 On the other hands, sugar cane and sugar beet crops are the main source of sugar in Egypt as well as in many other countries.                 The average sugar cane area and production were about 0.32 millon Fadden and 15.60 millon tons during the period (1995-2014). While sugar beet area was 0.21 millon fadden and 4.53 millon ton during the years (1995-2014).                 The research problem may be concentrated on that domestic sugar production is short  meeting  local  consumption  and there for the government has to fill the gap through  imports which means a burden on government budget. The shortage of domestic sugar production is mainly due to the limited area of sugar cane crop, which is mainly due to the limited agricultural land and water. The increase of population and the per capita consumption of sugar and the need to rationalize water use have made sugar production in Egypt more accurate.                 The main objective of the present research is therefore a trial to estimate farmers supply response of sugar response of sugar produced from sugar cane and sugar beet in an attempt to reduce sugar imports. The study has also tried to examine factors that may affect sugar consumption, i.e.  social  and political factors are also taken into consideration.                   The study showed that Brazil, India and China are the main producer of sugar cane, 48.32%, 29.32% and 9.31% respectively. The three countries produce together about 87% of sugar from sugar cane. On the other hand, France, USE, Germany produce together about 66% of total sugar beet.                 A study of supply response of sugar cane showed that farm price of sugar cane with two years lag and net return per Fadden with one year lag the important factors affective sugar cane production .As for sugar beet production, it was found that farm price and area with one year lag were the most important factor affecting sugar supply from sugar beet.                 The study recommends the expansion of sugar beet area particularly in the now reclaimed land in addition to of farming an encouraging price to farmers. Finally it is advisable to rationalize sugar consumption by Egyptian people.

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of in ovo injection of broiler eggs with different levels and forms of selenium on growth performance and some blood parameters of post hatched chicks.  A total of 300 fertilized eggs obtained from a commercial Arbor Acres broiler breeder flock, were used in the present experiment. They were divided randomly into six treatment groups, 50 eggs each. The first one was kept as a control– non injected  group, the second group  (sham)  injected with phosphate buffered saline (PBS), the 3rd and 4th groups were injected with  selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) at 10 and 20  ug/egg, while the 5th and 6th groups were injected with organic selenium (Se-Methionine) at 50 and 100 ug/egg , respectively.  All eggs were incubated in a forced draught incubator at the recommended temperature, relative humidity and turning patterns .The in ovo injection procedure was done at the 16th day of incubation. The criteria of response includes: live body weight, weight gain, feed consumption, feed conversion ratio, total protein, albumin, globulin, A/G ratio, cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL and glucose. The results showed that the supplementation of Se did not significantly affect growth performance traits. Supplementation of nano-Se increased plasma concentrations of total protein, albumin and HDL, and decrease glucose, however, no significant differences in globulin, A/G ratio, cholesterol and triglyceride levels. It can be concluded that the use of 20 ug /egg of Nano-Se caused an improvement of growth performance and feed conversion ratio without negative effects on blood constituents.

Due to the expansion of strawberry nursery cultivation, transplant production has become an important industry in Egypt. Nitrogen and phosphorus are the most important nutrients affecting the number and quality of strawberry transplants. However, no empirical research exists addressing the optimal requirements of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization rates for strawberry nurseries in Egypt, until now. This study was conducted at a private farm in Abo Ghalib, Giza Governorate, Egypt during the two successive summer seasons of 2015 and 2016 to determine the optimal requirements of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizations for Festival strawberry cultivar nurseries via evaluating the influence of four nitrogen rates (83, 100, 117 or 134 kg N/feddan) and five phosphorus rates (38, 62, 74, 86 or 98 kg P2O5/feddan) in a factorial experiment. Results revealed that increasing the rates of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizations increased the number of main runners/mother plant and number of marketable transplants/m2, and enhanced all vegetative growth parameters, leaf SPAD readings, leaf relative water content, crown diameter, crown carbohydrates, and leaf mineral content in both growing seasons. On the contrary, both elements had an inverse effect on leaf total soluble phenols. Thus, the study recommends to the nurserymen of Festival straw-berry cultivar to apply 117 or 134 kg N with 98 kg P2O5 per feddan under pure sandy soil condition which gave the highest number of transplants with high quality and subsequent high quality crop in the field.

Two field experiments were carried out at a private farm (newly reclaimed soil) at Somusta city, Bani-Suif governorate, Egypt, during 2014 and 2015 growing seasons. These experiments aimed to evaluate the application of different nitrogen sources and their combinations for increasing the productivity and quality of yellow maize (zea mays). Results showed that:                 Maize plants fertilized with120 kg MN/fad. recorded the greatest leaves number/plant (12.67) and number of green leaves /plant (12.67) after 45 days from sowing, however, the applied application of 60 kg MN/fad + 60 kg ONP /fad gave the maximum number of leaves /plant (15.17 and 17.83) and number of green leaves /plant (15.17 and 16.33) at stages of vegetative growth after 60 and 75 days from sowing, respectively. application of 60 kg MN/fad + 60 kg ONP /fad gave the highest values of leaf area index (LAI) at all stages of vegetative growth 3.16, 3.98 and 6.39 from 45, 60 and 75 days from sowing, respectively.                 At harvest maize plants fertilized with 60 kg MN/ fad + 60 kg ONP /fad recorded the highest value of grains number/row (32.83) followed by 60 kg MN/fad + 60 kg ONC/fad. the highest values of ears number/plant were recorded with the treatments 60 kg MN/ fad + 60 kg ONC /fad, 60 kg MN/fad + 60 kg ONP/fad and 60 kg MN/fad + 60 kg ONF/ fad with the same value (2.00). Data also revealed that the highest value of grain weight/plant (274.49) was recorded at 60 kg MN/fad + 60 kg ONP/fad treatment.                 Application of 60 kg MN/fad + 60 kg ONP/fad produced significant maximum grain yield (3.05 ton/fad.), biological yield (6.37 ton/fad) and grain crude protein yield (296.83 kg/fad).                 Maize plants treated with 60 kg MN/fad + 60 kg ONP/fad gave the highest values of grain and straw nitrogen percentage by 1.17 and 0.42% respectively. In addition the highest values of grain and straw phosphor percentage (0.49 and 0.20 %) and potassium percentage (4.30 and 1.90%) respectively were recorded with 120 kg ONP/fad.

Twenty one wheat hybrids and their seven parental genotypes were evaluated in the research farm of the Faculty of Agriculture, Ain shams University, Shoubra El-khema, Cairo, Egypt, in 2016/2017 growing season. The genetic analysis was conducted using Griffing (1956), Method 2, model 1).                 Significant differences among parent genotypes and their 21 crosses for all the studied traits (days to 50% heading, days to maturity, flag leaf area, plant height, number of spikes/ plant, spike length, number of spikelets/ spike, number of kernels/ spike, 1000-kernel weight and grain yield/ plant) were detected. This indicated that, variability exists among these populations may increase the chance appearance of good new combination that can be isolated in the succeeding generations. Parents versus crosses mean squares as an indication for average heterosis over all crosses were significant for all studied traits.                 Mean squares of general (GCA) and specific (SCA) combining abilities were significant for all studied traits except spike length trait for SCA which was insignificant. GCA/SCA ratios were more than unity for all studied traits, which indicating that the additive type of gene action is of great importance in the inheritance of these traits. Heterosis over the better parents showed that, the best hybrids were Gemmiza 9xGiza 168, Sakha 93x Giza, 168, Sakha 94x Jawahir-14, Sakha 94x Bob white, Giza 168xAcsad 925 and Jawahir-14x Bob white for grain yield/ plant trait and some of the other studied traits. The best general combiner parents were Sakha 94, Jawahir-14 and Bob white for grain yield/ plant trait and some of the other studied traits. The best SCA hybrids were Gemmiza 9x Sakha 93, Gemmiza 9x Giza 168, Sakha 93x Jawahir-14, Sakha 94xJawahir-14, Sakha 94x Acsad 925, Sakha 94xBob white, Giza 168x Jawahir-14, Giza 168x Acsad 925, Jawahir-14x Bob white and Acsad 925x Bob white for grain yield/ plant trait and some of the other studied traits. These result could be used in wheat breeding programs.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of different concentrations of different water salinity (36, 17, 8, 4, 2 ppt. and salinity level is less than 1ppt.) on growth performance and survival rate (%) of sea bass fry Dicentrarchus labrax. One thousand and two hundred sea bass fry were randomized stocked at twelve indoor tanks; 4 m3  each (two replicate/treatment), with an average initial body weight of (2 ± 0.30 g/fish) at the rate of 100 fish / tank. Fish in each tank were hand-fed with commercial diet (40 % crude protein and 485.582 Kcal GE/ 100 g diet). Fish were fed daily at a rate of 15, 10, 5, 4 and 3% of the body weight daily for the (1:2.2); (2.2:3.84); (3.84:9.2);  (9.20:12.70) and (12.70) g/fish : until the end of the experiment, respectively. The daily allowances were divided into three meals at 8.00 am; 11.00 am and 2.00 pm. Fish were fed six days a week throughout the experimental period (167 days). The daily amount of feed was re-adjusted every two weeks according to the actual fish biomass in the tanks. The highest significant values of growth performance parameters were observed when sea bass fry were reared at salinities 8 and 36 ppt. Weight gain of the other treatments were negatively affected (p <0.05) by water salinity. The lowest growth performance parameter was observed by salinity level less than 1 ppt. The highest FCR (1.64) recorded at 8 ppt. compared with (1.73) at 36 ppt. and worsens (1.91) at salinity level of less than 1ppt. The same trend was observed for protein efficiency ratio and condition factor where sea bass fry D. labrax reared at water salinity 8  ppt. recorded the highest value (1.45 and 1.16), respectively, while treatment 6 (less than 1 ppt. salinity) showed the lowest significant (P<0.05) values (1.31 and 1.01), respectively. No mortality was recorded during the experimental period in all treatments. The economic returns studies showed that the total return and net profit were linked to the prices of the raw materials used in the experiment as well as the marketing prices of the fish produced. Total return and net profit showed that the fish reared at 8 ppt. achieved the highest economic return followed by the 36 ppt. and 17 ppt., while treatment 6 (less than 1 ppt.) showed the lowest economic return followed by 4 ppt. Since the feeding cost of these two treatments is 16% higher than the other treatments, which affected the economic returns. However, when evaluating the situation as a high value fish species (like sea bass) with economic value reared in fresh water, this yield is very favorable in terms of cost compared to the selling price.