The study was conducted on a knapsacksprayer powered by a DC motor through a 12 V lead acid battery charged from a solar panel (photovoltaic) directed to sun rays. The system was installed and tested in the western desert on a small-scale farm at Frafra Oasis (New val-ley). This study aimed to evaluate and develop a knapsack sprayer powered by a solar energy for overcoming operator fatigue and shortage of traditional energy in Egypt’s western desert. The experiments were conducted during the period which starts in August 2019 till Febru-ary 2020. The main parts of the system consist of photovoltaic (PV) or solar cells, charger controller, rechargeable battery, and DC motor speed control with dimmer and pump which was attached with a tank 20 liters capacity for sucking and pressurizing the liquid to the boom of the sprayer through a flexible hose. The main results of experiments were as fol-lows: The time for recharging the battery com-pletely was found 330 minutes (5.5 hours) to charge completely from 10.55 V – 13.85 V, with current intensity 1.67 Ampere. The bat-tery discharge time was varied due to drop the battery voltage from 13.85 – 10.55 Volts. De-pending on the motor speed, which is the time for discharging the battery was found 4 – 9 hours, when motor pulled 0.85 - 1.85 Amps at 2000 - 3400 rpm and this time at deferent speed is enough to spray area 3 - 6.82 fed/day "day work = 6 hours" with application rate 67 - 104.7 l/fed. The number of droplets and the area coverage percentage ranges from 30 – 146.33 drops and 13.96 – 27.97% for one cm2 of simulator targets at a speed ranging from 2000 – 3400 rpm, respectively.

The present study was carried out during 2019 and 2020 seasons on Alphonse mango trees to evaluate the effect of some growth reg-ulators and systemic copper complexes on flo-ral malformation, yield and quality. Vegetative growth characters were superior with 200 NAA ppm and 100 ppm cofret. However, total chlorophyll, total carbohydrates and C/N ratio recorded the highest values with 200 ppm NAA. Macro elements N, P, K and Mg % were higher with GA3 at 100 ppm, whereas the highest values of micro elements Fe, Zn, Mn and Cu (ppm) were obtained with perfecto-one at 100 ppm. The number of total panicles/tree was increased with NAA 200 ppm and per-fecto-one 100 ppm treatments than other treat-ments. The number and percent of malformed panicles/tree were significantly decreased with the applied treatments than in control.. An in-creasing in total indoles, total phenols and pol-yphenol oxidase activity were recorded with 200 ppm NAA and 100 ppm perfecto-one treatments than in others. Final fruit set% and the number of fruits /tree were increased with the treatments of 200 ppm NAA and 100 ppm perfecto-one. However, the highest values of fruit weight were recorded by GA3 and perfecto-one both at100 ppm treatments, whereas the highest yield/tree values were rec-orded by NAA 200 ppm and 100 ppm perfecto-one. Finally, fruit quality involved TSS, acid-ity, L-ascorbic acid, total sugars and total ca-rotenoids were greatly improved with the ap-plied treatments than in control.

Growing wastewater microalgae contrib-utes to the elimination of nutrients present in wastewater because they need N and P for the synthesis of proteins, nucleic acid, and phos-pholipids. The most sustainable approach for achieving high biomass and high lipid build-up, along with environmental protection. In the current research, nine microalgae were culti-vated on two variations of wastewater (agricul-tural and industrial dyes) and compared to the synthetic medium. The results indicated that after three weeks of the incubation period, the ability of microalgae to grow in sterilized (syn-thetic medium and wastewater) and gave greater biomass and chlorophyll (a) than in non-sterilized ones. Out of the tested nine mi-croalgae, four microalgae (Anabaena oryzae, Spirulina platensis, Anabaena sp (2) and Nos-toc sp) were selected which gave the highest significant values of dry weight, biomass productivity and chlorophyll (a) content. The selected microalgae showed the highest signif-icant values of the chemical composition, i.e., total carbohydrate, protein and lipid when cul-tivated in agricultural wastewater more than those cultivated in both industrial dye’s wastewater and synthetic broth medium. Among four microalgae, two microalgae of A. oryzae HSSASE6 (KT277789), and S. platen-sis NIES-39 (A00800) were chosen where the chemical composition contents ranged from 1.17 to 1.21-fold and 1.03 to 1.06-fold of car-bohydrate, 1.06 to 1.09-fold and 1.88 to 1.93-fold of protein and 1.41 to 1.52-fold and 1.76 to 1.90-fold of lipid more than those of other microalgae, respectively. The agriculture wastewater was inoculated with a single cul-ture of A. oryzae HSSASE6 (KT277789) or S. platensis NIES-39 (A00800) individually with 10 % of inoculum size, which more preferred than was inoculated with consortia culture. Re-sults also showed that A. oryzae HSSASE6 (KT277789) was more efficient strain for giv-ing biomass and productivity in agricultural wastewater than S. platensis NIES-39 (A00800) (about 28% more).

Our study was carried out at the farm of Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Egypt. The average temperatures were 18.4°C and 23.9 °C from December 2017 - February 2018 to study the effects of Saccharomycescerevisiaeboulardii supplementation (as feed additives) on productive performance of growing rabbits. Sixty growing rabbits of the NZW (New Zealand White Rabbits), (4 weeks old) and weighted (603.62 gm mean body weight) were randomly distributed into 4 treated groups, n=15 rabbits per each group. Rabbits of supplemented groups were given 100 (R1), 200 (R2) and 400 (R3) gm/ton feed of Saccharomyces cerevisiaeboulardii mixed in the diet for 6 successive weeks. Individual live body weight was noted weekly from start till the end of the experiment. At the end of the experimental period, 10 rabbits (from each group) were fasting for 12 hrs, then slaughtered for carcass traits measure. Experimental lighting system was 16-hours photoperiod /day (16L: 8D) through both daily natural and the artificial fluorescent lighting. A pelleted ration of 17.3% crude protein, 13.37% crude fiber and 2510 kcal of digestible energy per kg feed was offered ad libitum all the time. Results revealed significant (P≤0.05) increases in the final body weight and daily weight gain with saccharomyces cerevisiae supplementation when compared with control group. Though, significantly (P≤0.05) improved feed conversion ratio in all treated groups compared with control one were noticed. Feed intake was the lower in treated groups than control group. There were significant (P≤0.05) increasing in hot carcass weight and carcass percentage with respect to the control group. Supplemented Saccharomycescerevisiae reduced (P≤0.05) the liver, heart, lungs and kidneys percentages compared the control group. Supplemented rabbit feeds with saccharomycescerevisiaeboulardii in their diets had highly increasing in relative economic efficiency and clear improvement of net revenue than control group.

Five probiotic bacterial strains (Lactobacillus plantarumATCC 14917,Lactobacillus caseiDSM 20011, Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC20552, Lactococcus thermophilus DSM 20259,and Bifidobacterium longum B41409) were used as monoculture, and combined with them as co-cultures for the fermentation of soymilk. The total number is 20 co-cultures, separated similarly into two parts, the first half of each co-culture consisted of two strains, and the second half of each co-culture consists of three strains. The findings revealed that these cultures were capable of fermenting soymilk at only 8 h with a pH drop of between 4.42 and 4.89. Among 25 cultures, eight cultures (3 monoculture of L. plantarumATCC 14917 (C1),Lc. thermophilusDSM 20259 (C4), and B. longum B41409 (C5) and co-cultures of two strains L. plantarum ATCC 14917+ Lc. thermophiles DSM 20259 (C8) and of three strains L. plantarum ATCC 14917 + Lc. thermophilus DSM 20259 + B. longum B41409 (C18), L. plantarum ATCC 14917+ L. caseiDSM 20011+ Lc. thermophilus DSM 20259 (C19), L. caseiDSM 20011+ L. acidophilus ATCC20552+ Lc. thermophilus DSM 20259 (C22), and L. acidophilus ATCC20552+ Lc. thermophilus DSM 20259 + B. longum B41409 (C25)) which recorded the greatest significant viability of bacterial cells, titratable acidity, total organic acids (lactic, acetic, and propionic acids) contented, and pH in fermented soymilk ranged from 9.26 to 9.98 Log CFU/mL, 3.06 to 3.32 %, 19.90 to 18.40 g/L (lactic acid), 13.30 to 12.30 g/L (acetic acid), and 16.35 to15.00 g/L (propionic acid), and 4.38 to 4.62. The soy yogurt produced from the selected fermentation of soymilk was more preferred in the chemical composition of protein, carbohydrate, and fat contents than non-fermented soymilk.So the results show that the integrative use of probiotics may achieve the nutritional value of soymilk after fermentation had been improved by probiotic strains, therefore, making it a more health-beneficial functional food.

The presented study aimed to evaluate the different control methods of the rusty flour beetle Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). The experi-ments were conducted to evaluate the effi-ciency of a chemical pesticide (Mala-thion), biopesticide (Tracer 24% SC), plant oil (Lemongrass oil), plant extraction (Ac-etone extracts from Rosemary), powder (Diatomaceous earth) and modified At-mosphere (argon gas). Mortality percent-age increased with increase of exposure times at all tested concentrations. The tox-icity effect of different treatments against adults of T. castaneum at the LC50 after 7 days post-treatment at 30±1°C could be ar-ranged in descending order as follows: Malathion, Tracer 24% and lemongrass oil, while, acetone extracts from Rosemary and diatomaceous earth (DE) were the least effective. The LT50 values against the adult stage of T. castaneum were 19.99, 2.33 and 4.86 hr. for Argon 100, 80 and 60%, respectively. In order to avoid the disadvantages of using chemical insecti-cides such as malathion, it is recommended to use other more safe control methods for the environment as Tracer 24% or lemongrass oil or Argon gas.

There is little evidence that the nitrogen nu-trition supply at rates above or less than what is considered optimal in non-saline conditions improves growth and yield of halophyte crop cultivated under salt stress. Therefore, hypoth-esize of the present work was to find out the magnitude to which N could restore the harm-ful effects of salt stress on quinoa plants. A pot experiment was performed in greenhouse con-ditions to evaluate quinoa's response grown under water salinity treatments (0.0 & 200 mM NaCl) when nitrogen nutrition rates were limiting (50ppm), adequate (250 ppm), and ex-cess (450 ppm) to guide proper application rate of nitrogen fertilizer under salinity stress. The results indicated that, salinity caused a signifi-cant decrease in the vegetative growth of the plant. Consequently, all vegetative measure-ments were negatively affected. As a result, the seed yield decreased to more than 50%. The application of a moderate level of nitrogen (250 ppm) caused a significant ameliorative effect on seed yield by 126% under non saline conditions and 34.5 % under saline conditions compared to the low nitrogen level. The results did not improve any further with the applica-tion of a higher level of nitrogen. These results indicate that applying (N) in adequate may im-prove most traits and prove to be a physiolog-ical treatment to increase resistance against the negative effects of salt stress in quinoa.

Rearing mulberry silkworm was found to be dependent on leaves quality of mulberry trees, larvae of mulberry silkworm fed on two species of mulberry trees Morus alba and Mo-rus nigra were treated with foliar fertilizer (Basfoliar 20-19-19 SP contains 20% N, 19% P2O5, 19% K2O, 5% NO3, 3.6% NH4 and 11.4% NH2) with three different concentra-tions,1%, 3% and 6% in addition to control treatment for comparison. When larvae were fed on leaves of mulberry trees one day after Treatment, high mortality (up to 100%) was observed specially with 6% concentration. Mean weights of larvae, cocoons and cocoon shell and fecundity were negatively affected when compared to control. On the other hand, when larvae were fed on leaves of mulberry trees, no mortality occurred after two weeks of treatment in all concentrations, in addition, the mean weights of larvae at the end of 4th and 5th instar larvae, cocoons and cocoon shell s in-creased at 3% concentration compared with other concentrations and control. The highest fecundity occurred in female moths when lar-vae were fed on leaves of M .nigra compared with M. alba as well as 3% concentration com-pared with other concentrations and control.

The influence of chilling, freezing, and dry-ing preservation methods on morphological properties and viability of four yeast cultures, isolated Saccharomyces boulardii (SB1 and SB2), Saccharomyces cerevisiae (SC), and Kluyveromyces lactis (KL), was studied. chilling preservation had no effect on yeast colony morphology parameters till the end of the preservation period in contrast with freez-ing and drying preservation methods. Drying preservation resulted in the highest viability decrement % of yeast cultures ranged between 59.38 to 40.21% as compared with other preservation methods. There is a noticeable re-duction in D values of preserved yeast cultures by drying, which varied from (33 to 26 day) in comparison to chilling and freezing preserva-tion that recorded (119 to 83 and 180 to 57 day), respectively. The obtained results re-vealed that chilling preservation under proper conditions, as well as freezing, is more prefer-able for the preservation of studied yeast cul-tures than that preserved yeast by the drying method.

Accelerating global warming and water scarcity and improving water use efficiency are considered essential factors for achieving adequate crop development and productivity. Therefore, the authors targeted the use of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and Pseudomonas fluorescens (Ps1) for improving growth, productivity, and water use efficiency of broccoli plants (Brassica olercea L. var. italica, cv. Belstar F1) under various irrigation regimes i.e., 50, 75, and 100% of crop evapotranspiration (ETc). Two greenhouse experiments were carried out in clayey soil. The combined inoculation of endomycorrhizae and Ps. fluorescens (Ps1) improved water use efficiency and consequently vegetative growth and yield. Under the applied irrigation regime 75% ETc of broccoli inoculated with both endomycorrhizae and Ps. fluorescens (Ps1) showed higher head weight (616 and 647 gram) than those grown under the irrigation regime 75% ETc combined with endomycorrhizae (568 and 559 gram) during the two seasons, respectively. However, a minimum yield value of 149 and 142 grams per plant was recorded for un-inoculated plants grown under 50% irrigation regime during both seasons. In conclusion, the combined inoculation with endomycorrhizae and Ps. fluorescens (Ps1) under irrigation regime 75% ETc was the optimum combination for increasing water stress resistance and broccoli productivity under water scar-city circumstances.