Rhizoctonia solani is considered one of the most harmful pathogens affecting green bean productivity. Phaseolus vulgaris, L. cv. paulista seeds were subjected to UV-C for 60 min. and/or immersed in glycine betaine (GB, 5 mM) for 24 hours to stimulate plant biochemical defenses against R. solani. After treatments, seeds were sown in soil infested with R. solani, then seedling samples were collected after two weeks to evaluate plant resistance and some antioxidant enzymes activities. The results clearly demonstrated that disease index (DI) was highly reduced by GB (54.7%) followed by UV+GB (38.3%) and UV (35.6%). Seed treatment with UV-C for 60 min or GB (5 mM) for 24 h alone or together enhanced plant rooting in infected seedlings comparing with control. Also, there was a high correlation between the levels of lipid peroxidation and Rhizoctonia root rot disease index. Seed treated with UV-C, GB or both mitigated the effect of infection on the lipid peroxidation (Malondialdehyde levels) with percentages of 26.8, 40.2 and 29.3% respectively in comparison with the infected control. Regarding to the plant defensive enzymes, GB was the only treatment that triggered a significant increment in the superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in roots of both infected and non-infected seedlings as compared to the control. On the other hand, guaiacol peroxidase (G-POD) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activities were elevated by all treatments in infected plant roots in comparison with control. The maximum activity for G-POD was attained with UV treatment (9042.5 U.mg-1 protein) followed by GB+UV, GB and infected control with values of 7776.5, 7152.4 and 6508.8 U.mg-1 protein, respectively. Similarly, PPO exhibited higher activities with significant differences in all treatments over the infected control with percentages of 54, 59.4 and 48.7% for UV, GB and UV+GB respectively. Finally, it can be concluded that treatment of green bean seeds with UV-C and GB enhanced green bean seedlings tolerance to R. solani by activation of the antioxidant enzymes and activation of defense-related enzymes like polyphenol oxidase. The results of combination of UV-C and GB treatments indicated the absence of synergetic effects in induction of plant tolerance.

The field experiment was carried out during the two growing seasons of 2013-2014 and 2014-2015, at the farm of Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Shoubra El-Kheima, Egypt, to investigate the effect of irrigation after the depletion of different available soil water levels, soil conditioner, foliar application of glycine betaine and potassium silicate on vegetative growth and chemical composition of garlic (Allium sativum L.), cv. Sids-40 under water stress conditions. The experimental treatments were arranged in a split split plot design, with three replicates Irrigation levels were conducted after the depletion of 60%, 75% and 90% of available soil water in the main plots. Irrigation treatments were started six weeks from planting, soil conditioner at the rates of 2 m3/Fed and control were distributed in the sub-plots. Foliar applications of glycine betaine was used at 2 mM/Land potassium silicate was used at 0.5 g /L, after 50, 65, 80, 95, 110, 125 and 140 days respectively, from planting compared with control were devoted in the sub-sub plots. The results indicated thatthe irrigation after depletion of 60 % available soil water with applying soil conditioner and glycine betaine or potassium silicate increased the Plant lengthof garlic after 150 days from planting. Bulb diameterand nitrogen contentshowed significant increase as a result of irrigation after depletion of 60 % available soil water with applying soil conditioner in addition to the foliar application ofglycine betaine.Prolin content was significantly increased as a result of irrigation after depletion of 90 % available soil water without applying soil conditioner with the foliar application of distilled water (control).Whereas, the lowest value of Prolin content appeared with irrigation after depletion of 60 % available soil water with applying soil conditioner and foliar application of glycine betaine.Total soluble solids (TSS) andtotal Sugarsincreased significantly as a result of irrigation after depletion of 90 % available soil water without applying soil conditioner with the foliar application of glycine betaine.It was therefore concluded that vegetative growth and chemical analyses of garlic responded positively to irrigation, applying soil conditioner and foliar application of 2 mM/L glycine betaine or 0.5 g/L potassium silicate

This research is aimed at investigating the evolution of the food gap of faba beans and its underpinning factors. Faba beans constitute the most basic foodstuff Egyptian diet.  Among all legumes the beans crop occupies the largest acreage and provides the beans crop occupies the largest acreage and provides the largest volume of production. However, domestic production of faba beans is increasing falling short of its ability to meet the domestic consumption  requirements. That is the food gap of faba beans is widening year after year. In fact the gap increased substantially from 73 thousand tons in year 2000 to about 650 thousand tons in 2016. By an increase of about 891%, this research is intended to study the evolution of the food gap of faba bean in Egypt During the period (2000-2016).

Early blight caused by Alternaria solani (Ell. and Mart.) is one of the most important economic diseases, which caused considerable loss in their yield and quality under Egyptian conditions. Aim the research was to study the relationship between climate change and disease severity for prediction in future seasons. Disease severity was recorded for three growing periods i.e. summer (May. to Aug), autumn (Jul. to Oct) and winter (Nov. to Mar.), at three governorates (Behira, Ismailia, and Assuit) during growing seasons 2016/2017-2017/2018. Severity of early blight disease on tomato has been predicted by regression estimated accumulative disease severity values during 2007/2008 to 2015/2016 season and average max and min temperature and humidity through these seasons. Prediction of disease has been formed as Y= b0+b1x1+b2x2+.......... bqxq. Three models were created to describe the severity disease by multiple regressions (MINITAB® program). The highest value of early blight disease was recorded through season 2017/2018, while the lowest value was recorded during season 2016/2017. Also, highly disease severity was estimated during summer period compared with autumn and winter growing periods, but through winter growing period was the least severity and moderately severity estimated in the autumn growing period. Influence of environmental conditions on the severity of early blight disease during seasons from 2007/2008 to 2015/2016, in Behira governorate, the highest disease severity was showed in season 2010-2011, and the lowest disease was in season 2012-2013, but in Ismailia governorate, highest disease severity was estimated in season 2010-2011and lowest disease was recorded in season 2013-2014 and in Assuit governorate, the highest value of disease was in season 2010-2011, and the lowest value was in season 2013-2014. For Forecasting, significantly differences noticed between disease severity through 2020/2030, 2030/2040 and 2040/ 2050s seasons compared with 2008/2018s seasons and thier relation with climate change in tested governorates, where severity of tomato early blight disease was icreased from 11.8% during 2008/2018s seasons to 2040/ 2050s seasons 15.4% during at Behira governorate, from 18.8% during 2008/2018s seasons to 2040/ 2050s seasons 36.3% during at Ismailia governorate and from 18.8% during 2008/2018s seasons to 2040/ 2050s seasons 40.4% during at Assuit governorate with slight change in maximum or minimum temperatures and percentage of relative humidity.

Cereals are the foremost necessary foods for growing population of human. Wheat (Triticum aestivum) is the first important and strategic cereal crop for the majority of world’s populations. It is the most necessary staple food. Although rice (oryzae sativa) has the second place because of planted area but it serves as the most important food source for Asian countries. Wheat and rice production may be severely restricted by biotic and abiotic constraints. Disease is the major biotic stress in several regions.Comparative sequence analysis is a powerful tool to study homologous gene families, define conserved gene functions between orthologs, and identify lineage- and species-specific genes. Most annotations of newly sequenced genomes are based on similarity with sequences for which functional information is available. Apart from conserved sequences, inter-species differences provide important clues about evolutionary history and species-specific adaptations. In our study, two RNA-sequencing data sets of resistant variety of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.,) after infection with leaf rust fungus, Puccinia triticina and resistant variety of rice (Oryza sativa L.,) after infection with blast fungus, Magnaporthe oryzae were compared. 31768 up-regulated genes in wheat and 3902 up-regulated genes in rice were filtered according to fold change more than 3 and removing variants, 250 upregulated genes of wheat and rice were aligned and phylogenetic tree was generated. The result of phylogenetic tree showed close relationship between ten aligned gene pairs of wheat and rice. Two pairs of aligned gene pairs were selected randomly, super family of these pairs were obtained, the result showed that each aligned pair of proteins shared the same protein family and the same annotation and all pairs participate in plant defense pathways. Then, the gene expression of the two pairs were validated by Real-time PCR after infecting wheat with Puccinia triticina and rice with Magnaporthe grisea. Each aligned pair of the two pairs shared the same manner of expression with few exceptions in rice.

The crops of the legumes, especially the domestic beans, are considered the most important food groups due to their high nutritional value, in addition to their importance in improving soil properties. The state aims to encourage the expansion of the faba bean production to fill the food gap and also to supply hard currency. Egypt is one of the most important importing countries for beans. The legume crops are considered the most important food groups because of the high nutritional value. The bean is a strategic commodity for the Egyptian citizen. The study aims at reducing the imports of the Egyptian faba bean. Egypt's demand for faba bean, estimation of the competitive advantage of the main exporting countries of Egypt, and the comparative advantage index. The study found that the quantity of Egyptian bean imports increased by an annual rate of about 2.41 thousand tons. This increase is statistically insignificant at 0.05 level, and the value of Egypt's imports of faba bean has taken an upward trend at an annual rate of about 7 million dollar This increase is statistically insignificant at 0.05 level, and the price of Egypt's imports of faba bean has taken an downward trend at an annual rate of about 14.5 dollar/tons This increase is statistically insignificant at 0.05 level and the study of the geographical distribution of imports of Egyptian fab beans shows that the United Kingdom, Australia and France Representing 88 % Of Egypt's imports of beans. The percentage of Egypt's imports of faba bean decreased at a growth rate of 14%. The volume of exports of the United Kingdom and France decreased by 38% and 96%, respectively, while Australia increased its exports by 5% The elasticity of demand functions also showed that the elasticity of the price demand of Australia's export price indicates that the de mand is inelastic and Egypt needs this commodity from the Australian market, and the income elasticity shows that the commodity is poor by increasing income. The explanation of the elasticity of the demand for the price of France's exports shows that the demand is inelastic and Egypt needs this commodity from the French market. It is also evident from the income elasticity that the commodity is normal, i.e., the increase in income is the required quantity of the commodity, while the elasticity of the price demand of the UK export price shows that demand is not Flexible and Egypt needs this commodity from the British market, as evidenced by the income elasticity that the commodity is poor by increasing the income decreases the required quantity of the commodity. The study of forecasting Egypt's imports of Australian beans shows that the volume of imports of beans is expected to increase from about 136 thousand tons in 2018 to about 245.6 thousand tons in 2025. It is expected that the quantity of imports of British beans will increase from about 58 thousand tons 2018 to about 277.3 thousand tons in 2025. It is expected that the quantity of imports of French beans will fall from about 0.334 thousand tons in 2018 to about 45.9 thousand tons. It is also expected that the quantity of Egyptian imports of beans will increase from about 410 thousand tons in 2018 to about 500 thousand tons in 2025, is expected to decrease the amount of domestic production of beans from about 144 thousand tons in 2018 to about 16 thousand tons And it was found that the available amount of consumption is expected to decrease from about 281 thousand tons in 2018 to about 72.5 thousand tons in 2025.

The agricultural foreign trade sector is one of the most important sectors that have a direct impact on the economic development programs. Oranges occupy the first place among Egyptian citrus varieties, with Egyptian production of about 3.014 million tons representing about 70.4% of the total citrus production of 4.3 million tons (2012-2016). Its productive area reached 294.5 thousand feddans representing about 68% of the total area of citrus fruits, which amounted to about 433 thousand feddans during the same period. The problem of the study is the volatility of the quantity of Egyptian exports of oranges during the period of study (2000-2017), which made the Egyptian exports of oranges face great competition from many countries in foreign markets, which may lose them in their foreign markets and allow the competition to win these markets, The available statistics indicate that the average production of Egyptian oranges was about 2.6 million tons as an average for the period 2005-2017. However, the quantity of exports is only 23.5% of this production. The   objective of the research is to analyze the structure of the demand for Egyptian exports of oranges by achieving two main objectives: The first aims to study the development of Egyptian exports of oranges and the main importing countries. The second deals with estimating the price and cross price elasticities through the almost ideal demand system for Egyptian orange. The research was based on the use of descriptive statistical analysis in the presentation and characterization of export prices of Egyptian orange, and the variables of quantities and prices of the most competitive countries in each of the studied markets, The econometric analysis was used to estimate the market model of the demand for Egyptian oranges in each of the markets studied using the Linear Almost Ideal Demand System (LAIDS) model. The research was based on UN.org data. Comtrade http: //, Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation, Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics (2005-2017), as well as some scientific references related to the subject.

The traditional feed industry is based on concentrated raw feed materials and may be rich in energy or protein. The feed is a homogeneous mix of raw feed materials with some mineral salts and may be supplemented by some food additives such as vitamins, antibiotics, urea, antioxidants etc. In a soft or treated with steam and molasses and pressed into cubes, cylinders, granules or other forms. In view of the State's attention to livestock, in addition to increasing the demand for animal products for higher living standards and increased awareness of food, the feed industry is expected to rise in the next few years. The problem of the study is limited to the impact of the agricultural production market in Egypt on many local and international economic variables, which causes fluctuations in the supply and demand of these products in the local market and foreign markets. Egypt suffers from a deficit in its trade balance of agricultural inputs. In this deficit,  as well as the decrease in the amount of concentrated fodder, mainly maize and the quantity produced from processed fodder, which also depends mainly on maize, especially poultry feed, which forms yellow maize 75% of the ingredients and therefore. The burden on the trade balance increases, especially as the dollar rises. Therefore, the study aimed to identify the economic indicators of the processed animal feed and poultry in Egypt. The study is based on the use of descriptive statistical methods (statistical measures) and quantification of averages and percentages as well as the work of the model of the variables studied and forecasting. The current model consists of four equations. The first is the formula of local production of processed feeds. Processed, the third equation is the formula of imports of processed feeds, the fourth equation is processed feed exports.

Egyptian orange is one of the most important agricultural crops export, which can contribute to the increase of foreign exchange of agricultural exports, where the Egyptian orange is in the first place for fruit export Egyptian exports, Accordingly, the aim of the research was to identify the main import markets of the Egyptian orange crop to study the external demand of Egyptian oranges for these markets and to determine the factors affecting the Egyptian oranges in the most important import markets and to identify the most important countries competing for Egypt in the most important importing markets. A study of the geographical distribution of Egyptian orange exports revealed that the Russian Federation, the Netherlands, Saudi Arabia and the UAE are the main importing markets for Egyptian orange. Egypt's exports of orange to these markets reached 461.7 thousand tons, representing about 53.5% of the average quantity of Egyptian orange exports during the period (2013-2017), Egypt's exports of orange to these markets amounted to about 254.4 million dollars, representing about 51.6% of the average value of Egyptian orange exports during the period studied. A study of the demand for Egyptian oranges for the most important import markets showed that the price elasticity of the Dutch market was high Which means that demand for oranges in the Netherlands market is elastic Compared to the Russian market, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates, where demand for Egyptian oranges  Inelastic request,  Therefore, the price of export of Egyptian oranges to the Netherlands should not be maintained To maintain Egypt's market share in this market.

As the impact of upcoming climate change scenarios on livestock feeding security (quality, availability, and price), applying alternative feedstuffs is a must. Fattening calves considered as a most process related to traditional feeding system. In the present study we purposed new feedstuffs for fattened calves consisting citrus pulp silage, wheat germ, barley sprout and molasses. Within the above feedstuffs we using mechanical, chemical, and biological treatments. Moreover, the present study evaluates the production performance of 14 male cross Friesian calves (7 per each group) for adding 10ml/calve/day probiotic ZAD in treated group. Weight data where used to calculate Average Daily Gains ADG, nutrients digestibility, boneless meat percent, and feed conversion rate. From our results applying probiotics (ZAD) increased significantly (P<0.05) ADG in the hall fattened period by 1.011±0.107 kg/calve/day and 0.886±0.107kg/calve/day, also, increased the percent of boon less meat from 51.097±1.140 % and 44.410±1.518% in the treated control group respectively. Applying probiotic increasing significantly (P<0.05) digestibility of nutrient detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber by 42.853±7.092 and 54.010±3.774 in treated group compared with 25.180±7.902 and 37.679±3.774 respectively. Based on the results of the present study concluded that the effect of probiotic treatment on feed conversion rate of intake nutrients showing significant different (P<0.05) in Total Intake of Digestible Nutrients TDNI was higher in control group (4.579) compared with treated group (3.305). However, Dry Matter Intake DMI and Crud Protein Intake CPI tended to be higher in control group compared with treated group. In conclusion applying probiotics in agriculture byproduct silage in presence of sprout, molasses and wheat germ results in improving in nutrients digestibility, growth performance, and feed conversion rate of fattened calves. Based on our results we recommend such feeding system as a solution in calves' meat production to facing the upcoming climate change scenarios (i.e. direct and indirect effects on livestock sector.