The main objective of this study was to determine an appropriate water management consideration of bubbler irrigation system for   palm trees "age four years" (Phoenix dactylifera) under El-Wady El-Geded Governorate. Therefore, the three bubbler nozzles were comparing with Conventional irrigation system Basin irrigation system in two successive growing seasons(2013-2014) and (2014-2015). Results revealed that water saving of about observed under bubbler irrigation systems comparing with basin irrigation system.

Marinated spent hen meats were used in the preparation of kobeba. The chemical, physicochemical, microbiological and sensory properties of kobeba were evaluated during storage at -18˚C for 5 months. Kobeba treated with lime juice had higher crude protein (14.03%), crude fat (7.78%), total ash (3.18%), carbohydrates (8.69%), cooking loss (5.62%), water holding capacity (3.41 cm2/0.3g) and plasticity (2.30 cm2/0.3g) and lower moisture (66.41%) and pH (5.96) than kobeba treated with propionic acid and acetic acid. Lime juice, acetic acid and propionic acid marination reduced total volatile nitrogen values by 25.82, 20.53 and 11.20% and thiobarbituric acid values by 33.82, 25.37 and 18.38%, respectively. Lime juice followed by acetic acid was more effective in reducing total bacterial, psychrophilic bacteria and yeast and mold counts than propionic acid. Kobeba marinated with lime juice had higher rating scores (7.68-7.98) for all sensory properties than kobeba marinated with propionic acid and acetic acid. Total volatile nitrogen, thiobarbituric acid, pH, water holding capacity and cooking loss of kobeba were increased as storage period increased. However, plasticity had an opposite trend. Water and fat retention of kobeba were not affected by storage period. At the end of storage period, kobeba had rating scores described as like slightly (6.19-6.45) for all sensory properties.

The study aimed basically at: describing the level of respondent women empowerment in Siwa oasis, identifying the relationship between the level of respondent women empowerment and the studied variables, identifying the importance level of social and economic empowerment requirements, identifying the availability level of social and economic empowerment requirements and identifying the relationship between the importance level and the availability level of women empowerment in the study area. A systematic random sample of (310) women in Siwa oasis were selected to conduct the study. Data were collected through personal interviews with the selected respondent women using a questionnaire. The statistical analyzing tools used in the study were: Pearson’s correlation coefficient, Spearman’s correlation coefficient, in addition to frequencies, percentages, arithmetic mean, weighted arithmetic mean and standard deviation to present and describe data. The most important findings of the study were as follows   -  About (67.1%) of respondent women had a low level of social empowerment, while about (50.0%) of them had a low level of economic empowerment. -    There was a significant positive relationship at 0.01 probability level between the respondents social empowerment level and the following variables: educational level, family size, cultural openness, monthly income, aspiration level, willingness to take risks, exposure to the resources of agricultural information, attitude towards agricultural extension, extension communication and general knowledge. - There was a significant positive relationship at 0.01 probability level between the respondents economic empowerment level and the following variables: educational level, family size, cultural openness, monthly income, aspiration level, willingness to take risks, exposure to the resources of agricultural information, attitude towards agricultural extension and extension communication.

Phytoextraction of heavy metal from contaminated soils is promising remediation technology.  In the present study, hyper-accumulator plants, indian mustard (Brassica juncea.( L) czern) and ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam) have been used to remove the excess undesirable concentrations of zinc and copper from contaminated soil. Zinc and copper uptake have been enhanced by adding EDTA to the contaminated soil using two concentrations (2.5 and 7.5 mmol/Kg soil). Accumulation of Zn by the indian mustard shoots and roots under the effect of EDTA recorded 4 to 6 times as adsorbed by the control while less enhancement of Zn uptake was recorded by the ryegrass shoots and roots. On the other hand, Cu accumulation showed significant enhancing by the ryegrass shoot comparing to the indian mustard shoot at the both employed EDTA concentrations. The ryegrass roots gave enhanced Cu uptake at the EDTA conc. 7.5 mmol/Kg soil only while the indian mustard roots recorded an increasing in the Cu-uptake with the two EDTA concentrations

The effect of breederʼs strain (Hy-line Brown and Hy-line White W36) flock aged (28, 36, 46, 55, 66 weeks of age) and breeding season on some physiological measurements in egg, demand organs, dead supply organs and lymphoid organs were examined. At each age, 10 unhatched eggs from each genotype were examined on embryo weight percentage, Chorioallotoic  weight %, albumen pH %, yolk pH %, residual yolk %, pectoral  muscles weight %, hatch muscles weight %, heart, liver, lunges, spleen, burse weight percentage. There was a significant difference between layer breeder genotypes for lunges weight percentage the brown was higher (0.84) than the white (0.62). The breeding season had a significant effect on heart, liver, lunges weight percentages in winter higher than summer but yolk pH and residual yolk the summer higher than the winter. Breeder's age significant effect on embryo weight percentage, Chorioallotoic weight %, albumen pH %, yolk pH%, residual yolk %, hatch muscles weight % heart, liver, lunges and burse weight percentage.  It could be observed that the genetic differences among layer breeder strain and age of breeders can affect the hatchery performance. Additionally, handling of hatching eggs and incubation management can play a major role to overcome numerous hatching problems. In turn, increasing the production of table eggs and achieves the balance between supply and demand of that strategic commodity in Egyptian market.

Superior grapevines fertilized with compost, biofertilizers namely (Bacillus megatherium, Bacillus curculanse and Azotoacter Chroococcum), humic acid and two slow release fertilizers namely ( rock phosphate and feldspar ) as a partial replacement of mineral N fertilizers during 2013 and 2014 seasons. Using all substitutes of mineral N fertilizers was favourable than using mineral N alone in enhancing all growth characters, total chlorophylls, nutrients, yield and berries characteristics. Both nitrite and nitrate in the juice were greatly declined in all N management treatments that included the application of all N sources. The best results with regards to yield and berries characteristics of Superior seedless grapevines were recorded on  vines that received 60g N, 60g P and 120g K/ vine/ year ( mineral sources) plus compost II ( 40% cattle manure + 60% rice straw ) at 16 kg./ vine+ the three biofertilizers namely Bacillus megatheium, Bacillus circulanse and Azotobacter chroococcum  + humic acid each at 10ml./ vine/ year.

This investigation was conducted for two successive seasons (2013 and 2014) in a private vineyard located at 64 Km of Cairo-Alexandria desert road to study the possibility of using organic products to reduce powdery mildew, which it is reflect in reducing yield and fruit quality of King Ruby grapevines. The chosen vines were ten-years-old, grown in a sandy loam soil, spaced at 1.5 X 3.0 meters apart and irrigated by the drip irrigation system, trained to bilateral cordon with spur pruning, and trellised by the "Y" shape system. The vines were pruned during the last week of January with bud load of (60buds/vine). Application of different biocontrol agents Trichoderma harziamum, Trichoderma viride, Bacillus subtilis as well as blight stop a commercial biocide which contains different isolates of Trichoderma forms in Arabic gum and potassium soap) were obtained kindly from central lab. of organic agriculture, ARC. Giza, in an attempt reduces powdery mildew of the plants. The results showed that all vital bioagents treatments significantly were reduced the powdery mildew disease compared with micron sulphur and control in both season. However, spraying mixture of Trichoderma harziamum + Trichoderma viride and blight stop gave the least disease incidence and severity which it is reflect to increase yield, achieve the best physical characteristics of bunches as well as improving the physical and chemical properties of berries.

Tomato crop is considered one of the most important strategic green crops at the national level. It is one of the food and manufacturing crops that some food industry uses it as pasle, it is alse an important source in its contribution to the Egyptian national agricultural income. The research aims at estimating the response supply for winter tomato crop in Egypt to determine the most important variables that can affect the response of the cultivated area of this crop. In addition to estimating the flexibility of the response to these variables, and the amount of the annual response to tomato farmers, and thus reach to the appropriate period necessary to achieve complete response. The response functions show has been estimated in accordance with the model of Marc Nerlov, and the model of Robert Solow. The results of estimating the response supply of the winter tomato crop in Egypt using the model Marc Nerlov for partial adaptation during the period (1995-2013) have shown that the production of the tomato crop per feddan is one of the most variables impact on the farmer's response to the expansion for the cultivation winter tomato., it has Also been clear that there is a response from winter tomato growers to the relative prices between the winter tomatoes and both of the sugar beet and beans. Besides that the results of estimating the response functions show for the winter tomato crop have shown according to the model of Robert Solow that the production of the winter tomato crop per feddan is considered one of the best variables impact on farmer's response to the expansion for the cultivation winter tomato. It has also, been clear that there is a response from the winter tomato growers to the relative prices between the winter tomatoes and both of the sugar beet and beans crops. The research recommends the need to activate the role of agricultural guidance and expansion of the establishment of the indicative fields in order to encourage farmers to use tomato varieties with high productivity. The research, also, recommends the expansion in tomato manufacturing so that it can make a kind of balance between the quantity demanded and the quantity supplied and thus the possibility of maintaining the price stability.

The study aimed basically at identifying the determinants of agricultural modernization in Siwa oasis through: identifying the level of agricultural modernization in the study area, determining the correlation between the level of farmer’s agricultural modernization and some of the studied variables, identifying the effects of the studied independent variables on the level of respondent farmers’ agricultural modernization and identifying the most important problems facing the agricultural modernization efforts in the study area and suggestions  to solve them from the perspective of respondent farmers. The study was conducted in Siwa oasis, Matrouh governorate on a random sample of farmers located in the area. Data were collected through personal interviews using a questionnaire. The statistical analyzing tools used in the study were: Pearson’s correlation coefficient, Chi square test, Cramer’s coefficient, stepwise multiple regression in addition to frequencies, percentages, arithmetic mean, standard deviation and alpha coefficient. The findings showed that about 18.2% of respondent farmers had a low level of agricultural modernization, 48.2% of them had a moderate level and about 33.6% of respondent farmers had a high level of agricultural modernization. The findings showed also that there was a positive significant relationship at the probability level of 0.01 between the level of respondent farmers’ agricultural modernization and the following variables: family size, farm holding size, organizations’ membership, geographic openness, utilization of extension information sources, the level of ambition and social affiliation. There was also a negative significant relationship at the probability level of 0.01 between the level of respondent farmers’ agricultural modernization and farmers’ ages. Finally, there were four independent variables contributes in explaining the total variance of the level of respondent farmers’ agricultural modernization, these variables were: educational level, family size, organizations’ membership and farm holding size.

The interaction of pulsing in preservatives, growth regulators and cold storage on vase life and quality of Chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflora) cut flowers was investigated. Chrysanthemum cut flowers were treated with benzyl adenine (BA), silver nitrate (AgNO3), cobalt sulfate (CoSO4) and sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and then were placed in cold storage at 5ºC for periods of 1, 2 and 3 weeks. Vase life, fresh weight, total chlorophyll and total carbohydrate were determined. Cold storage for one week and pulsing with BA and AgNO3 showed longest vase life, the lowest chlorophyll decrease and highest total carbohydrate content.