The Arab world extends between the Arabian Gulf to the east and the Atlantic Ocean to the west. The Arab World includes many environmental regions with different climates. The expansion of cultivated area of legumes in the Arab world is of great importance. The establishment of specialization in production is one of the most important things in the formation of a unified Arab bloc. It helps to integrate countries through the need of one country to other countries, which excelled in the production of certain goods through creativity in production and minimizing production costs to the lowest level. The Arab countries were divided regionally into the Arab Eastern Region, the Middle Region, the Arab Western Region. Some legume crops and winter and summer cereals have been studied. The problem of the study is the low area and production of legume crops at the level of the Arab world. The main reason for the decrease in the area cultivated with legume crops is the expansion of cereals crops cultivation compared to the legume crops. The study aims at the possibility of the agricultural specialization in the field of legume production and determining its success in the Arab world by measuring the effect of specialization on increasing the area, production, and reducing the production costs of legume crops, which in turn leads to the possibility of increasing the integration between the Arab countries to form a united Arab bloc to confront other economic blocs. The study focused on the possibility of production specialization of legume crops according to the principle of comparative advantage through specialization in some legume crops by expanding their area within the cereals area using published data such as FAO statistics, Arabic Organization for agriculture Development (AOAD) statistics, and websites. The study reached several results, including: In the Arab Eastern Region, it is better for Jordan to include the area of barley to green beans, increasing its production from 12.80 to 737.36 thousand tons, achieving a huge production boom that will lead to specialization in its production. Lebanon is characterized by the cultivation of lupins and can expand its area of wheat or the area of barley to increase its production, giving him the advantage to specialize in it. Yemen can expand the area of chick peas from the area of wheat or barley to increase its production when their areas added to chick peas, giving a distinction to Yemen to specialize in it. It is better for Yemen to include the area of sorghum to the area of dry beans, which leads to specialization in it. The results of the Middle Region showed that Egypt would prefer to specialize in the production of green beans by expanding it in the area of barley according to the principle of comparative advantage. Egypt is estimated to be unable to specialize in summer legumes. If Sudan plans to expand the chickpeas by adding wheat area to it, its production will increase, leading to specialization in its production. It is best to include the area of rice to the area of dry beans. The results of the Arab Western Region showed that Tunisia and Morocco cannot specialize in the production of winter legumes crops by expanding their area cultivated by adding the area of cereals to them. For summer crops, it is better for Morocco to expand soybean area by adding maize area to it. The results of Algeria pointed to the possibilities of expanding the cultivation of broad beans by adding the area of barley, which drives Algeria to specialize in it. It is better for Algeria to benefit from the relative advantage of specialization to expand the area cultivated with dry beans instead of rice to save water.   We can make several recommendations from this study, which may be the most important   The possibility of agricultural specialization in the production of some leguminous crops with high comparative advantages and expansion of their area at the expense of narrowing the cultivated area of some cereals crops by studying all the economic conditions surrounding their production and consumption. The importance of activating and increasing the effectiveness of the Arab specialization in the field of raising the production of legume crops, which is an appropriate input for the Arab agricultural economic integration among the Arab countries in the field of legume production.   Division of the Arab countries into regions to form the nucleus for the establishment of a united Arab economic bloc and push towards a joint Arab agricultural strategy aimed at improving the Arab economy and preserving the interests of Arab countries in the global blocs.

Hydroponics is one of the modern agricultural techniques which applied in many European countries and a few number of Arab countries especially Arabian Gulf countries. Hydroponics comes as one of the alternatives proposed in Egypt to reduce the deficit in food balance and increase the self-sufficiency ratio for many strategic food crops such as wheat and maize. These alternatives based on applying the technique of hydroponics in green houses in the new land to produce the same production of vegetables which obtained from the old cultivated area.   The research aims mainly at -      Evaluating the project of hydroponics financially (for one hundred green houses, fifty for tomatoes and fifty for cucumber) as well as analyzing its sensitivity. -      Studying the economic impact of converting the use of 100%, 75%, 50% and 25% of vegetables cultivated area in the old agricultural land after redirecting it to produce wheat and maize. The results of financial and sensitivity analysis of the hydroponics project for cucumber and tomatoes indicated the feasibility of the project and recommended to adopt it in the following three cases: The original financial analysis before analyzing of project sensitivity. The financial analysis under condition of increase the production cost by 10% than the original financial analysis. The financial analysis under condition of increase the lending interest rate by 20% than the prevailing rate during the study (16%). The results showed also that the redirect of 100% of the area cultivated by vegetables in the old agricultural land to produce wheat and maize will result in achieving the highest increase in the self-sufficiency ratio for both crops to reach about 57%, 58% respectively, as well as reducing the yearly consumption of irrigation water by about 69 million m3/year than before. The results estimated the increase in self-sufficiency ratio of wheat and maize which will be achieved through applying the proposal of fourth alternative (redirecting of 25% of the area cultivated by vegetables in the old agricultural land to produce wheat and maize) by about 55%, 54% respectively, while it will reduce water consumption for irrigation by about 17 million m3/year than it was found in the old cropping pattern. Therefore results of fourth proposal are the lowest among other alternatives. The main recommendations of the research could be summarized as follows: -      Studying technically and economically the potential of applying hydroponics technique at the national level (farms of agricultural colleges and research centers). -      Preparing detailed studies for discussing the benefits, costs and risks resulting from applying the hydroponics technique. -      Preparing technical and economic detailed studies to investigate the possibility of adopting new cropping pattern in the old Agricultural land, through redirecting the area cultivated by vegetables to produce wheat and maize, while the old agricultural land  production of vegetables could be compensated through applying the technique of hydroponics in the green houses in the new land.

European Union countries are considered most important markets for imported Egyptian potatoes, and despite of that, the quantity of Egyptian exports from this crop is not appropriate with the export potential of Egypt. The study aims to identify the current status of Egyptian potatoes exports to the European Union, a study of the competitive situation of Egyptian potatoes in the most important markets within the European Union and finally, estimate the demand function of Egyptian potatoes in the most important EU markets. The study concluded that Italy and Greece are the most important EU markets importing Egyptian potatoes. This amount was about 64.3%, 66.8% of the average total quantity and value of Egyptian exports of potatoes to the European Union during the period (2000-2014) respectively, and their imports increased annually at different rates during the period (1995–2014). The market share of Egyptian potatoes within the EU market is very small with the exception of the Greece market and the Italian market.   Based on such results, the study recommends the following   Focus on increasing exports of Egyptian potatoes to countries with a high volume of imports of potatoes such as the Netherlands, Belgium, Spain and France. To review the prices of potatoes exports to Italy and the most suitable periods of increasing its quantity to this market, taking care that this does not put the Egyptian potatoes in a price competition with French and German potatoes. Continuation and further work on improving the quality of potatoes, in addition to the expansion in the cultivation of potatoes in the brown rot-free, so as to benefit from competitive advantages in the markets of the EU, especially Italian and Greece markets, making it possible to sustain Egypt's share in both markets, and take advantage from the price competition in the Greece market. Necessity follows flexible price policies for the Egyptian potatoes exports to Greece, which could increase its exports to this market and take advantage of price competition in this market. Necessity continue studying the ratio between export prices of Egyptian potatoes to the markets of the EU, and the export price for countries competing in these markets in general, and each of the Italian and Greece market in particular. So as to achieve the continuity and stability of this ratio, or at least achieve the stability of the quantities exported of Egyptian potatoes to both markets at the same time. Studying the prices of potatoes and seed special analytical study as Shafik in a study. Abolition of government intervention and control of prices, as Wali pointed out in the study of the abolition of control of prices and reduce supply. Abdul Rahim also mentioned in this study the effects of the liberalization of the prices of agricultural inputs and outputs on crop composition. Find alternatives to price policies for the development of Egyptian potatoes as a strong competitor in the European market with a competitive advantage price, as indicated by Azza in the study of alternatives to agricultural price policy and the effects of the Egyptian economic. Put the potatoes in the composition of a crop compatible with contemporary economic variables as explained Abdel-Maksoud

Persistence Vs degradation behavior of insecticide imidacloprid (35% SC) and fungicide myclobutanil (24% EC) in/on grape (leaves and fruits) and surrounding soil under canopy were investigated under field conditions. Leaves, fruits and soil samples were collected at 2 hours to 21 days after application at the recommended rate. QuEChERS method was used for extraction and clean-up and analyzed using HPLC and GC for imidacloprid and myclobutanil, respectively .The initial residue deposits, degradation percentages and/or, the parameters (RL50 and RL90) and Pre Harvest Intervals (PHIs) of the targeted pesticides were the criteria of concern. Results revealed that, grape leaves retained higher initial amounts than fruits by about 5.0 7 and 1.34 times for imidacloprid and myclobutanil, respectively. As for RL50, RL90 and PHIs values, imidacloprid showed 4.12 ,13.42 and 21.95 days and 5.13 ,13.41 and 11.96 days on grape leaves and fruit, respectively. The corresponding calculated values were 4.71, 9.38 and 16.31days and 1.97, 9.14 and 14.90 days for myclobutanil on the same targeted samples, respectively. In addition, the grape fruits could be consumed safely after 12 and 15 days of treatment with imidacloprid and myclobutanil, respectively. On the other hand , results indicated that the residue half life (RL50) values for the same targeted pesticides in soil  were 11.56 and 15.74 days, respectively. In general, myclobutanil residues in soil recorded higher persistence levels than higher imidacloprid and on the contrary it showed less persistence in/on grape leaves and fruits.

Despite of the fact that the Egyptian dairy animals and its production is huge but there is a gap between its production and the market needs. That gap can be estimated at 12.92 % on average for the period between 2000 and 2014, it is important therefore to reduce the gap between local production and required consumption.  This study aims to verify the element of milk production and the potentiality of each element to find the best way to reduce the gap in milk production. The study used some economic descriptive and quantitative statistical analysis to achieve its target. In this regard, general time trend models and analysis of regression depends on the kind of variables which were used in the study.   The results concluded that the average number of milking animals in Egypt during the period  (2000-2014) reached 4.08 million heads representing buffalos, cows and goats by 37%, 34% and 29%, respectively. Moreover, the study showed that the average annual milk production of cows represents 51% of the annual average of total milk production while productivity of head was 1.63 tons/head/year. The production of buffalo was 48% with productivity of 1.5 tons/head/year while production of goats represented 1% of the annual average of total milk production with a head productivity of 0.14 tons/head/year. It is there for importance to increase this production by building new dairy farms under aird conditions and available limited resources.  According to the feasibility study for dairy cow farm in arid or new land and after evaluating the farm economically and financially, The results shows that profit can be obtained but it need a large amount of investment which is around 12.19 million Egyptian pounds with operational cost of about 5.19 million Eg for the minimal economical capacity for dairy farm.

A field experiment was carried out to study the effect of drain depth on the drainage water quality and flax productivity. The flax crop was planted during winter season. The field experiment was conducted at the Bahteem Research Station, Qaliubiya Governorate, from November 2015 till April 2016. Two design systems were selected, the first was conventional drainage system (CDS), with drain depth 1.5 m, the second was modified drainage system (MDS), three lateral drain lines were installed to main drain directly. The depth of the lateral drain was (0.90 - 1.0) m.   The obtained results revealed that the salinity of the average soil profile decreased after the second irrigation onward. The soil salinity percentages of (MDS) decreased by (47, 30 and 9.5) for (2nd, 3rd and 4th) irrigation, respectively. On the other hand, soil salinity percentages of (CDS) decreased by (40, 32 and 9) for (2nd, 3rd and 4th) irrigation, respectively. The chloride percentages for average soil profile of (MDS) decreased by (77, 82 and 54) for (2nd, 3rd and 4th) irrigation, respectively. On the other hand, the chloride percentages of (CDS) decreased by (70, 75 and 35) for (2nd, 3rd and 4th) irrigation, respectively. The EC values of drainage water of (MDS) decreased from first irrigation onwards. The EC percentages of drainage water salinity of (MDS) decreased by (10.6, 18.2 and 22.7) for (2nd, 3rd and 4th) irrigation, respectively. On the other hand, the EC percentages of drainage water salinity of (CDS) decreased by (6.3, 5.6 and 24.6) for (2nd, 3rd and 4th) irrigation, respectively. The chloride percentages of drainage water  salinity of (MDS) decreased by (22.6, 43 and 14.2) for (2nd, 3rd and 4th) irrigation, respectively. On the other hand, the chloride percentages of (CDS) decreased by (14.7, 32 and 16.4) for (2nd, 3rd and 4th) irrigation, respectively. The piezometer reading showed that the water table levels reaching the soil surface upon irrigation reached low level before the next irrigation. The average values of water table after first irrigation were (14.5, 11 cm) for (MDS) and (29.5, 24 cm) for (CDS) for (L/4, L/2 distance from drain line), respectively. Also the results indicated that the water table level continue decreasing for both systems before 2nd and 3rd irrigation. The results recorded were (91, 82 cm), (140.5, 132 cm) before 2nd irrigation; (75.5, 60 cm), (133.5, 125 cm) before 3rd irrigation for (L/4, L/2 distance from drain line) for both systems (MDS) and (CDS), respectively. On the other hand data showed that the water table was higher after 2nd irrigation on ward. The results recorded were (16.5, 10 cm), (33.5, 25 cm) after 2nd irrigation; (7.5, 3 cm), (28, 21 cm) after 3rd irrigation for (L/4, L/2 distance from drain line) for both systems (MDS) and (CDS) respectively. So (MDS) produced drainage water with higher quality and lower salts concentration than the (CDS). At the end of the season the flax productivity was 3.5 ton/fed for both systems. It can be recommended to be used (MDS) with shallow drain depth.

In the present study, molecular fingerprinting among selected ten seeded type date palm trees growing at Al Dakhlah Oasis, New Valley Governorate in Egypt was carried out, in this approach 10 RAPD and 10 ISSR primers were used. In RAPD markers, primers 1, 3, 4, and 6 showed the highest level of polymorphism with number of polymorphic amplicons of 100%. While primers 7 and 8 resulted in the lowest number of polymorphic bands with polymorphism level of 62% and 63%, respectively. The similarity between Acsad-Dakhla 6 and 7 (0.76%) was observed as maximum similarity. While, Acsad-Dakhla 5 exhibited a minimum degree of similarity with all the seeded type date palm trees ranging from 33% to 49%. According to ISSR, highest polymorphism was generated by primers 8 and 9 (100%). While primers 4 and 2 produced the lowest polymorphism 50% and 55.6%, respectively. The highest similarity was observed between Acsad-Dakhla 8 and Acsad- Dakhla 9. Acsad-Dakhla 5 and Acsad-Dakhla 7 showed close relationship but Acsad-Dakhla 10 was at distant from all the seeded type date palm trees and did not lie in any subcluster. In combined analysis, the similarity between Acsad-Dakhla 6 and 7 were similar to Acsad-Dakhla 9 and 10 showed maximum similarity (85%). While, Acsad- Dakhla 2 and 5 exhibited a minimum degree of similarity with all the seeded type date palm trees (47%). A high genetic diversity among selected ten seeded type date palm trees was present.

Data on rabbits produced from a total number of 518 parities were analyzed to evaluate crossing effects among two breeds of rabbits. The breeds tested were Gabali (GAB) and Bouscat (B). sex effects on post weaning body weight were also studied. A total number of 80 rabbits at marketing age were slaughtered to evaluate effects of mating type and sex on some carcass traits. Mating type affected significantly (P ≤ 0.001) progeny weight from weaning up to marketing age and preslaughter, carcass, slaughter weight, hot carcass weight, fore legs weight and hind legs weight at marketing age. Meanwhile, the effects were not significant on loin weight and dressing percentages . Sex insignificantly affected body weight although body weights of female rabbits were slightly heavier than those of male rabbits. Effects of sex on carcass traits were not significant. Heterosis % and superiority % of body weight estimates were positive for all post weaning weights. Positive heterosis was shown for some carcass traits.

This investigation was carried out through two successive seasons (2014 and 2015) to investigate the effects of nano-carbon and nitrogen fertilization levels on growth, leaf mineral content, yield and fruit quality of 3 years old flame seedless grapevines, cultivated in a private orchard with loamy soil texture, at Gharbiya Governorate. Ten treatments were applied as a randomized complete block design with three replications. The result indicated that 80%N from recommended requirment+0.6% carbon nano tubes (CNTs) increased significantly leaf area, fresh and dry weight, total carbohydrate% and concentration of N, P, K, Mg, and Fe in leaves, weight of 100 berries,  and juice weight of 100 berries compared with control. Also results showed that yield of combined application of 80% conventional fertilizer of nitrogen and nano-carbon at 0.6%was equal to that with supplied 100% conventional fertilizer (control). This indicated that the utilization rate of nitrogen fertilizer was increased after combined application of nano-carbon, which can save the N fertilizer amounts in production practice.

Silicon (Si) is an element, not essential, but is beneficial for some plants. The Freundlich model was used to describe Si adsorption on soil samples incubated with different Si and phosphorus (P) concentrations. Soil incubated samples were: T1 soil had no Si or P (control); T2, T3 and T4 soils contained 50, 100, and 200 mg Si L-1, respectively. T5 and T6  soils contained 50 mg Si L-1 in combined with either 7 or 10 mg P L-1 along with T7 and T8 soil  contained 100 mg Si L-1 in combined with either  7  or 10 mg P L-1. In final, T9 and T10 soil contained 200 mg Si L-1 in combined with either 7 or 10 mg P L-1. A series of adsorption experiments were performed using sodium metasilicate pentahydrate (Na2O3Si.5H2O) solution prepared to have concentrations representing 0, 14, 28, 42 and 56 mg Si L-1. The supernatant of Si concentration was determined. The amount of element adsorbed was calculated as the difference between applied element concentrations and that remaining in solution after equilibration. Adsorption isotherms were determined at room temperature (25 oC±1).   Results revealed that a positive trend was generally found; increases in amount of adsorption onto soil with increasing Si concentration and equilibrium concentration in concerned solution either applied separately or applied + initial available Si concentration in soil. The Freundlich equation provides a good fit to the sorption data for all incubated soil samples and R2 values were ranged from  0.82 to 0.97. Present study indicated that adsorption capacity value (Kf) decreased from T1 to T3 soil samples then increased at T4 sample, and intensity adsorption values (1/n) gave almost an opposite trend to that of capacity adsorption (Kf) values.   Moreover, adsorption of Si onto soil incubated with different Si concentrations in combined with P2 decreased as compared to P1. Opposite trend was obtained with equilibrium Si concentration in concerned solution. Also, present study showed that the higher values of Kf obtained in P1 soils (T5, T7 and T9), compared to Kf values of P2 soils (T6, T8 and T10), and intensity adsorption values (1/n) gave almost an opposite trend to that of capacity adsorption (Kf) in both P1 and P2 soils. Finally, large Si sorption capacity and low Si affinity for the surface sites were observed in soil incubated with high Si concentration compared to soil incubated with low ones.