This study aimed at characterizing nutritional packages adoption by the small dairy farmers under crop-livestock production system. The study is based on quantitative and qualitative statistical analysis. A cross-sectional random survey covered a total of 200 farmers located in 4 governorates Sharqia, Monufia, El-Fayoum, and Minya (50 each). The socio-economic analysis indicated that the illiteracy level was higher (42%) in Minya governorate as compared to others. about half of the households (49%) have been working full time in their farms as farmer this means that they earn their living from agriculture. Family labor represented the highest percentage being 88%, 92%, 80%, and 86% for Sharqia, Monufia, El-Fayoum, and Minya respectively. The results further indicated that farmers who used silage, hay, and green forages, have the highest animal numbers, either from indigenous cows, crossbred cows, buffaloes, sheep, goat, and donkey compared to those who do not use the nutritional packages (non-adopters). The highest percentage of dairy, heifer, fattening, and growing for crossbred cows and buffaloes was detected under silage, hay, and untraditional green forages adopters comparable to those detected under non-adopters. Sharqia governorate had the highest number and consequently percentage of animals followed by El-Fayoum governorate. Silage adopters recorded the highest significant (P<0.05) value of daily milk yield (DMY) and total milk yield (TMY) for indigenous cow, crossbred cow and buffalo as compared to non-adopters. Calving interval significantly (P<0.05) increased for all dairy animals (indigenous cows, crossbred cows, and buffaloes) under non-adopters of nutritional packages being 387, 388.57, and 402 days for the aforementioned animals, respectively. Dairy animals reared under the Nile Delta had the highest significant DMY versus those under the Middle Egypt, where it was 4.05, 8.52, and 7.29 kg vs 3.76, 7.74, and 6.48 kg per day for indigenous cows, crossbred cows, and buffaloes, respectively. In conclusion, adopters of nutritional packages had the highest animal percent and recorded the highest productivity compared to non-adopters.

two successive seasons of 2015 and 2016 on Wonderful“ Pomegranates trees grown in sandy soil under drip irrigation system in a private orchard located at Giza governorate, Egypt . Trees were sprayed two times (at fruits size 8-10 mm & Re- spraying at one month later) with  Potassium silicate at (2500 &  5000 ppm) , Boron at(5 &10%) , Kaolin (1 &2% ) , Zinc oxidase (1000 & 2000 ppm) with wrapping as a commercial treatments . Spraying started at July  in the two seasons to improve fruit cracking resistance “Wonderful“ pomegranates  and study their effects upon yield components, physical and chemical fruit properties. Results indicated that the “Wonderful“ pomegranates cultivar had the highest values of fruit weight and the minimum cracking values were obtained by spraying Boron at (5 %) and potassium silicate at (5000 ppm) in both seasons and this treatments gave the maximum values with total yield/tree, /feddan and Marketable yield/tree, /feddan .Meanwhile ,number of arils per fruit ,total soluble solids , total sugar ,total acidity , (arils)/fruit weight was not affected but when trees treated with wrapping, without wrapping and zinc oxidase at (1000 ppm) sprays gave the minimum mentioned above characteristics. However, fruit weight, arils weight, ascorbic acid, anthocyanin and tannins %were increased as influenced by foliar spraying with all treatments in both studied seasons. Therefore, boron at 5 % and Potassium silicate at 5000 ppm treatments could be recommended for improving Wonderfull pomegranate cvs performance in cracking resistance alternative treatments to fruit wrapping under similar conditions of this study.

In this study, chemical and bio-control agents were  evaluated for their efficiency to control of  citrus fruit-rot disease  caused Alternaria citri  (K2) both, in vitro and in vivo trials. The most effective fungicides were score, montro and Iprodione compared with other fungicides depend on Ec50 and Ec90. While, the fungicide Pyraclostrobine had moderate effect on linear growth of A.  citri. Meanwhile, the Coprax, Coprareekh and Azoxystrobine were the least effective fungicide at Ec90.  Trichoderma harzianum and Bacillus subtilis tested showed antagonistic action effect to a highly pathogenic isolate of Alternaria citri, with different degrees of inhibition. T. harzianum was the most effective compared with B. subtilis, in vitro trials. Also, all fungicides were evaluated on incidence of citrus fruit rot disease in vivo trials.  The disease incidence was reduced, but with different degrees. In addition, using T. harzianum, B. subtilis, B. megaterium (Bio-ARC) and Trichoderma   album (Bio-Zeid) decreased    incidence of citrus fruit rot disease. On the other side, T. harzianum showed the highest suppressive effect against citrus fruit rot pathogen. Generally, all tested fungicides and bio-agents were effective against the causal fungus in vitro and in vivo trials, but with different degrees.

The study aimed at estimating feed efficiency of milk production systems in Urban and Peri-urban areas in three main provinces in Egypt. The targeted provinces were: Cairo, Giza and Qaloubeya. A questionnaire has been developed to cover the variables related to the production systems. The total number of interviewers was 72, included the districts: Manshiat Elbakary; Saft Elaban and Shalaquan as peri-urban, and Elmarg; Elomrania and Dar Elsalam as urban areas. As a result of the great significant in the selected samples, a typology has processed gathering similarities in two main groups of producers: land-access and landless producers. Three crop-livestock systems have been classified due to the concepts: land capacity and herd size (group 1, 2 and 3). Dairy systems have been identified as two main urban dairy specialized systems (group 4 and 5) oriented to dairy activities. In order to measure feed efficiency for each system were represented in the groups, the most significant obtained results were: the small and the micro crop-livestock producers related land-access producers (group 2 and 3) which have small herd appear to be more efficient in valorizing feed in relation to milk production per head per year, and as well as milk production per feddan allocated to fodder crops. On contrary, the landless producers (group 4 and 5) have the lowest feed efficiency due to the amount of concentrates included in their feed strategy (intensive feeding system) and inability to produce fodders.             The large mixed crop-livestock system (group 1) represents an intermediate status that producers cultivate fodders inside farm, but remain low economic efficiency in terms of their intensive feed strategy. The results of the study indicated that the small and the micro crop-livestock (group 2 and 3) achieved the highest feed efficiency regarding milk production in Urban and Peri-urban areas and thus the importance of improving productive performance by creating supposed scenarios or technical packages using simulation systems. Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) and extension programs are essential in performing records and marketing which help to raise product price as well as producers` income and the Gross Domestic Products (GDP).

The present study was carried out during 2015 and 2016 seasons on Kitt mongo  trees to evaluate the effect of three irrigation water management (4000  m3 of irrigation water were applied to the four physiological stages of mango tree growth as 15 & 20 & 40 & 25 % ,  30 & 15 & 35& 20 % and  35 & 20 & 30& 15 % m3 / tree/ year,  respectively) as well as  four concentrations  of potassium silicate on avoiding cold injury and  improvement yield of kitt mango .                 Irrigation Mango tree by  the second program water management (30, 15, 35 , 20) recorded The highest values of vegetative growth in terms of number of shoot /tree  and lower values of leaves percentage   affected with cold injury, Also, an evident increase in the content leaves of N  & K elements , C/N ratio  and final fruit set % total yield by divided  irrigation water at the four physiological stages of mango  trees  (30, 15, 35, 20) was recorded compared with  the other two water managements. No significant differences between the second and third irrigation water management programs (30%,  15%, 35%, 20% and  35%,  20%,  30%, 15%) on values of  leaf area, P% and  total carbohydrates as well as on TSS,  acidity and L-ascorbic acid content  of fruits .                 Spraying trees with potassium silicate in three times during the period from October to January at the rate of 1000 ppm  give the highest values of quality characteristics at mango trees and their fruits. While sprayed with potassium silicate at 2000 ppm achieve moderate values of the mentioned characteristics                 It could be recommended from the obtained data that irrigation water management at the four physiological stages (30, 15, 35, 20) of Kitt mango  trees and spraying 1000 ppm potassium silicate in dormancy period is considered  a good treatment to avoid cold damage on leaves and fruits as well as in giving the highest yield and quality of kitt fruit.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of a mixture of  (ZAD) and (Lacto bacillus plantarum) on chemical composition of green corn stover and corn stalks and the effect of  these treatments in a metabolism trial on digestibility coefficients , rumen fermentation and some blood parameters. One ton of either green corn stover or corn stalks was chopped into (2-3 cm) and  its mixed with 0. 5 cubic metre of water or one cubic metre of water, respectively. They were then mixed with 3%w/w molasses and 1.5%w/w urea and incubated for six weeks. The experiment included six treatments, three of them were on green corn stover and the rest were on corn stalks. The treatments on green corn stover were as follows: (T1) Untreated green corn stover (control). (T2) corn stover + lactobacillus palantarum + ZAD (2litres of ZAD + 1 liter of lactobacillus palantarum / 1ton). (T3) corn stover + ZAD ( 2 liters of ZAD/ 1 ton). The treatments on corn stalks were as follows: (T4) Untreated corn stalks (control). (T5) corn stalks + lactobacillus palantarum+ ZAD (2litres of ZAD +1 liter of lactobacillus palantarum /1ton) (T6) corn stalks + ZAD (2 liters of ZAD/ 1 ton). Eighteen Ossimi male lambs were divided to six group rations for 15 days in metabolism trials. Results indicated that biological treatment on T2 and T3 treatments  on green  stover and T5 and T6 on  dry corn stalks decreased CF and NDF, ADF, ADL contents and increased CP content compared to the control.   Feeding lambs on treated green corn stover or treated dry corn stalks significantly (P<0.05) improved all of nutrients digestibility compared with those fed on control. The nutritive values as TDN,  DCP and N balance for lambs fed treated green stover or treated dry corn stalks showed significant(P<0.05) higher than those fed untreated and it had the same trend of nutrient digestibility . Adding lactobacillus palantarum + ZAD improved digestion coefficients of nutrients and TDN values compared with control. Results of blood parameter indicated that T2 of green corn stover and T5 of corn stalks had a significant (P<0.05) effect on (Tp, Alb, Glb, A/G) compared to the control and T3 of corn stover and T6 of corn stalks. All values of plasma ALT and AST for all treatments were in normal rang where all treatments had no effect on ALT. However, T2 of green corn stover and T5 of corn stalks had a significant (P<0.05) effect on AST compared to the control and T3 of corn stover and T6 of corn stalks. All values of plasma creatinine and urea for biological treatments appeared to significant(P<0.05) higher values. However, these values were in normal range.   Results of rumen parameters indicated that all treatments had no effect on pH and NH3-N. On the other hand T2 of  green corn stover and T5 of corn stalks significantly (P<0.05) increased TVF'S. Generally, Adding enzyme with or without lactobacillus  to green corn stover or dry corn stalks tended to improved nutrient components , digestibility coefficients, feeding values and nitrogen balance with no adverse effect of animal health .

This study was conducted to evaluate the growth of tomato transplants irrigated with saline water in a commercial soilless potting media amended with fermented clover produced by anaerobic fermentation of a mixture of clover and water for different periods (1, 2 and 3 weeks). Treatments were distributed in completely randomized factorial design included three salinity levels in irrigation water (260, 1000 and 2000 mg l-1) without and with fermented clover corresponding to 0, 10, 20 and 30% of the substrate (1peat: 1perlite: 1vermiculite) by volume. Plant height (cm), number of leaves, vegetative fresh and dry weights (g) per plant were recorded 35 days after sowing. The obtained results showed that the mean values of the aforementioned parameters were increased due to the incorporation of clover-based amendment with higher pronounced effect recorded for fermented clover as compared to non-fermented clover. The highest values were obtained due to the incorporation of three weeks fermented clover at 20% mixing percentage followed by 30%. There were significant differences among water salinity treatments; fresh water (260 mg l-1) recorded the highest vegetative growth of tomato transplants. Furthermore, fermented clover alleviated the salt stress on transplants and increased the growth parameters under saline water irrigation. These results suggested that clover can be used for producing organic tomato transplants, instead of imported media, supporting by fermentation to enhance the ability of clover to supplement the transplants with the nutrient needs and cope the salinity condition.

This study was carried out during three successive seasons of 2010/2011, 2011/2012 and 2012/2013 in a private orchard at 76 km Cairo, Alex. Desert road  to investigate the effect of nitrogen and potassium fertilization treatments and shading with white net on yield, and fruit quality of three-years-old mango (Mangifica indica L.) cv. Keitt grafted on sucary seedling rootstocks planted at 2.5×2.5 meters apart grown in sandy soil under drip irrigation system with wells water .This experiment included nine treatments of fertilization: T1= N 80+ K2O 80 Kg/Fed., T2= N 80+ K2O 100 Kg/Fed., T3= N 100+ K2O 80 Kg/Fed., T4= N 100+ K2O 100 Kg/Fed., T5= N 120+ K2O 80 Kg/Fed., T6= N 120+ K2O 100 Kg/Fed.,T7= N 150+ K2O 80 Kg/Fed., T8= N 150+ K2O 100 Kg/Fed. and control (T9) = N 133+ K2O 90 Kg/Fed.. The results cleared that mango Keitt cv. trees grown under white net shading condition significantly increased yield (kg)/ tree, number of fruit set/ panicle, fruit weight, TSS and ascorbic acid content. Trees supplied with 150 Kg/Fed. nitrogen + 100 Kg/Fed. potassium exhibited the highest yield (kg)/tree, number of fruit set/panicle and  fruit weight under shade . Moreover, the best fruit peel color was achieved with trees received 100 kg/feddan of nitrogen +100 kg/feddan of potassium and grown under screenhouse conditions during the three studied seasons. The higher significant value of acidity and TSS were recorded in trees supplied by 120 units of nitrogen + 100 units of potassium during first and third season. Whereas, the control treatment attained a maximum ascorbic acid content.

The present study was carried out to investigate the effect of season on growth performance traits, leptin hormone concentration and gene expression for innate immunity in response to vaccination against pasteurellosis. A Total of 384 weaned rabbits were used in this study. They were from females of APRI line, a local population. Rabbits weaned at 33-35 days and introduced in the experiment at weaning. Arbitrarily, weight at beginning was considered as the "5 weeks" weight. All rabbits were weighed every 7 days and the feed consumption measured at the same weekly interval until all rabbits were 12 weeks old. Leptin hormone level in serum was assayed. Vaccination with Pasteurella multocida was studied in a challenge experiment. Gene expressions for interleukin-6 (IL-6) and toll-like receptor-4 (TR4) were assayed by Real Time-PCR. Parameters of the antioxidant status were included reactive oxygen species, (ROS) expressed as H2O2, Lipid Peroxide, expressed as malondialdehyde and glutathione peroxidase. Blood samples were taken at 8, 10 and 12 weeks of age, respectively. The body weights in winter at W5, W8and W12 of age were higher than those in others seasons. Season had a significant (P≤0.05) influence on daily gain and feed intake. Season had no significant influence on Leptin hormone level in growing rabbits. Vaccination with Pasteurellamultocida led to an increase in gene expression for IL-6 in autumn and winter. Expression for IL-6 in spring has the lowest values. Gene expression of TR4 in rabbits under different seasons was not significantly different. It is can cluded that vaccination by Pasteurellamultocida needs some additives to enhance immunity especially during summer and spring seasons.

The aim of this study was biodiesel purification with different methods beyond water by using different materials was used for this purpose. A large amount of biodiesel was produced from canola oil as source of oil therefore methanol alcohol had been added with potassium hydroxide (KOH) as catalyst. After 8 hours, biodiesel was separated from glycerol where glycerol was under the biodiesel using gravity. To purify biodiesel from remains of glycerol, water and alcohol, some materials filled two filters. Materials were rice husk grind, bagasse grind, saw dust, magnesium silicate and water. The results showed that the water, methanol and glycerol contents were 0.04, 0.01 and 0.23% respectively with using grind bagasse, but they were 0.2, 0.03 and 0.24% respectively with using water in purification process. So the bagasse grind was better than other materials in purification process of canola biodiesel.