The quality of agricultural exports is one of the most important foundations on which to develop and improve these exports to global markets. Therefore, studying the effect of applying quality standards on increasing agricultural exports is one of the most important determinants for improving the system of those exports. By studying the relative importance of agricultural crops in the research sample, which is represented by potatoes and onions from vegetable crops, oranges and grapes from fruit crops, it was found that exports of potatoes and onions represent about 25%, 21% of total vegetable exports as an average for the period (2014-2018), while orange exports represent About 53% of fruit exports are about 24% of the average fruit exports for the aforementioned period. By studying the effect of applying quality standards on agricultural crops from the beginning of production for export, it was found that applying these standards leads to a reduction in agricultural losses from the crop by a rate ranging between (20-15) %. Also, the application of quality standards leads to an increase in the costs of production and marketing of the crop, but in return, the increase in costs can be compensated for by the increase in profit through higher prices at home and abroad, in addition to benefiting from the percentage of losses that are saved. With regard to the actual effect of implementing quality, the results concluded that the rate of change before the application of quality and after the application in relation to an increase in the production of the best crop is orange by 50%. The potato crop came with a 500% increase in profits, and about 355% of the return on the pound per ton.

Sugar is an industrial agricultural commodity of strategic importance at the global level. At the local level, the sugar industry from the cultivation of sugar cane is considered an ancient industry that was supplemented by the manufacture of beets and the extraction of sugar from it. The research problem was represented in the existence of a sugar food gap estimated at 875.8 thousand tons of sugar as an annual average for the period (2000-2018). To fill this gap, the state imports sugar from abroad to meet the deficit. It is aimed study the current situation of the sugar industry in Egypt by analyzing the food gap for it and raise the rate of self-sufficiency in sugar. Then, the study was concerned with estimating the variables affecting each of the area and quantity of supplied cane, as well as the supply price, and the efficiency of sugar extraction on the function of the operating efficiency of cane sugar manufacturing factories in the main governorates (Minya, Sohag, Qena, Luxor, and Aswan), during the average period (2016- 2018). Similarly, these variables affecting the aforementioned cane yield can be estimated on the function of the amount of sugar produced/ operating day of the cane sugar factories in the governorates of Egypt during the same period, using the Panel Data analysis. The most important results of the study revealed the following:1-The results show that the variable 𝑙𝑛 𝑥10𝑡 that expresses the average price of supplying a ton of cane during the study period is significant and has a negative sign, as shown in the model estimating the equation of the operational efficiency ratio, as an increase in the average price of supplying a ton of cane by 10% will lead to The operational efficiency decreased at a rate of about 3.11%. 2- It is also evident from the results of the model estimating the equation of the amount of sugar produced for one working day that the variable 𝑙𝑛 𝑥6𝑡 that expresses the degree of sweetness of sugar produced from sugar manufacturing factories during the same period, it is significant and its sign is positive, as an increase in the degree of sugar sweetness by 1% will lead to an increase in quantities Sugar produced from manufacturing per day at a rate of about 19.6%.  3- It is clear from the measures of economic efficiency for the production of cane sugar, the relative superiority of farmers of the Arab Republic of Egypt during the period (2013-2018), which is attributed to the response of the farmers’ lands to the production elements used in them, due to the high degree of fertility of their lands, and the increase in the accumulated experiences of the farmers.

This study aims to use one thermochemical storage materials system as a heat source for poultry egg incubation. Three types of activated thermochemical storage materials (TCMs) were used as an energy storage medium. These materials are Silica gel self-indicating (blue/pink), commercial white Silica gel, and Natural Zeolite. An open thermochemical system was applied inside a poultry egg incubator. The TCMs were humidified by the vapor produced from the evaporation of the water by an ultra-sonic humidifier at atmospheric pressure. The thermal recovery process aims to release the stored energy in TCMs. Two types of poultry egg incubator used during this study. The first one was the traditional poultry incubator (electricity incubator). The traditional egg incubator dimensions were 57×66×59 cm with capacity of 125 hen egg- 76 hatching. The second one was the prototype of a thermochemical poultry egg incubator. The thermochemical poultry egg incubator contained sensors to control and measure the temperature and humidity inside the incubator. The designed incubator egg dimensions were 56x39x28.5 cm, with a capacity of 25 eggs. The total heat losses by the wall and ventilation were 9.8 and 1.5W, respectively. The heat production by 25 eggs due to metabolic activities was 3.65 W. The total energy needed for the incubation process was 36.09W. The container of storage material with dimensions of 35x35x5 cm with 3.5 kg capacity allocated inside the incubator. The container's surface is covered with aluminum sheet with 0.5 mm thickness supplied with fins. The egg tray is placed on the aluminum sheet, and the eggs were placed horizontally in the tray. The energy consumption for traditional and thermochemical incubators for 21 days was 19.25 kWh and 11.2 kWh, respectively. The energy saving by thermochemical prototype incubator was 41.8%. The percentage of hatchability for traditional and prototype incubator was 80.9% and 71.4%, respectively.

Kitchener drain isconsideredone of the largest drains in the Nile delta. The current study aimed to assess water quality and level of some chemical and biological pollutants in both the water and sediments of Kitchener drain. The studied water quality parameters included nitrate (NO3-), phosphate (PO43-), total solids (TS), total suspended solids (TSS) and total dissolved solids (TDS), in addition, water and sediment samples were exposed to bacteriological analysis which included, total coliform (TC) bacteria, faecal coliform (FC) bacteria and Salmonella&Shigella (SS). The results showed that nitrate (NO3-) and phosphate (PO43-) concentrations in most sampling sides were within the permitted Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) limits for irrigation water. In addition, all the values of total suspended solids (TSS) and total dissolved solids concentrations (TDS) in El-Gharbia governorate were higher than the World Health Organization (WHO) permitted limits. Bacteriological results revealed that most sampling sites were contaminated with both TC and FC bacteria where, the counts of them in the water samples exceeded the 1,000 CFU/100 ml which is higher than the WHO limits. In addition, the counts of studied organisms in all examined sediment samples were higher compared to water samples. Based on these results the water in Kitchener drain is considered unsuitablefor domestic and agricultural purposes.

The aim of this study was to optimize the production of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), using the response surface methodology (RSM), to use the produced PUFAs in kareish cheese processing. PlackettBurman design (PBD) was employed to screen media components that affect PUFAs development (glucose, olive cake, yeast extract, tryptone, MgSO4, KH2PO4, NH4Cl, agitation speed, incubation time, and pH), and results showed that olive cake and yeast extract, with confidence level > 98%, had a positive effect on PUFAs production. The central composite design (CCD) of the response surface methodology was used to optimize the selected parameters levels where maximum PUFAs production (1790 mg/l) was observed near the mid-point (0) values (concentrations) of olive cake (15 g/l), tryptone (7.5 g/L) and KH2PO4 (1.25 g/l). Polyunsaturated fatty acids account for 47.83 % of the total fatty acid profile, according to gas chromatography analysis of the collected PUFAs. The produced PUFAs was encapsulated using whey protein concentrate and maltodextrin, freeze dried, grinded and incorporated in Kareish cheese manufacture. The average particle size of a 0.005% suspension of oil microcapsules was 671.4 nm with a poly dispersity index of 0.611 indicating a moderate stability of the emulsion. The negative zeta potential of the microcapsules particles was -37.6 mv, which is identical to the -42 mv value recorded in the literature for oil emulsions stabilized by whey protein, maltodextrin, and K-carrageenan. The addition of 0.5 % PUFAs-containing microcapsules to Kareish cheese increased antioxidative activity to 38.13 % compared to 30.14 % for the control, as well as Texture profile analysis (TPA) parameters including hardness, cohesiveness, gumminess, and chewiness. The elasticity of the Kareish cheese sample increased slightly by the addition of 0.5% microcapsules, but higher concentration tended to change the elasticity to a brittleness of the cheese structure.

يAgricultural production is characterized by seasonality that leads to an imbalance in agri-cultural labor market. However, this is pre-sumably due to the imbalance between the sea-sonal agricultural labor demand and supply, thus, resulting seasonal unemployment. This paper aims to investigate and analyze the struc-ture of Egyptian agricultural labor market throughout the period 2000-2020 via employ-ing econometric tools. The results show that, the agricultural disguised employment does not consider permeant agricultural labor its source, but rather it is due to seasonal agricul-tural employment, due to its negative marginal productivity, in which is the main cause for disguised unemployment appearance.

The study was conducted on a knapsacksprayer powered by a DC motor through a 12 V lead acid battery charged from a solar panel (photovoltaic) directed to sun rays. The system was installed and tested in the western desert on a small-scale farm at Frafra Oasis (New val-ley). This study aimed to evaluate and develop a knapsack sprayer powered by a solar energy for overcoming operator fatigue and shortage of traditional energy in Egypt’s western desert. The experiments were conducted during the period which starts in August 2019 till Febru-ary 2020. The main parts of the system consist of photovoltaic (PV) or solar cells, charger controller, rechargeable battery, and DC motor speed control with dimmer and pump which was attached with a tank 20 liters capacity for sucking and pressurizing the liquid to the boom of the sprayer through a flexible hose. The main results of experiments were as fol-lows: The time for recharging the battery com-pletely was found 330 minutes (5.5 hours) to charge completely from 10.55 V – 13.85 V, with current intensity 1.67 Ampere. The bat-tery discharge time was varied due to drop the battery voltage from 13.85 – 10.55 Volts. De-pending on the motor speed, which is the time for discharging the battery was found 4 – 9 hours, when motor pulled 0.85 - 1.85 Amps at 2000 - 3400 rpm and this time at deferent speed is enough to spray area 3 - 6.82 fed/day "day work = 6 hours" with application rate 67 - 104.7 l/fed. The number of droplets and the area coverage percentage ranges from 30 – 146.33 drops and 13.96 – 27.97% for one cm2 of simulator targets at a speed ranging from 2000 – 3400 rpm, respectively.

The present study was carried out during 2019 and 2020 seasons on Alphonse mango trees to evaluate the effect of some growth reg-ulators and systemic copper complexes on flo-ral malformation, yield and quality. Vegetative growth characters were superior with 200 NAA ppm and 100 ppm cofret. However, total chlorophyll, total carbohydrates and C/N ratio recorded the highest values with 200 ppm NAA. Macro elements N, P, K and Mg % were higher with GA3 at 100 ppm, whereas the highest values of micro elements Fe, Zn, Mn and Cu (ppm) were obtained with perfecto-one at 100 ppm. The number of total panicles/tree was increased with NAA 200 ppm and per-fecto-one 100 ppm treatments than other treat-ments. The number and percent of malformed panicles/tree were significantly decreased with the applied treatments than in control.. An in-creasing in total indoles, total phenols and pol-yphenol oxidase activity were recorded with 200 ppm NAA and 100 ppm perfecto-one treatments than in others. Final fruit set% and the number of fruits /tree were increased with the treatments of 200 ppm NAA and 100 ppm perfecto-one. However, the highest values of fruit weight were recorded by GA3 and perfecto-one both at100 ppm treatments, whereas the highest yield/tree values were rec-orded by NAA 200 ppm and 100 ppm perfecto-one. Finally, fruit quality involved TSS, acid-ity, L-ascorbic acid, total sugars and total ca-rotenoids were greatly improved with the ap-plied treatments than in control.

Growing wastewater microalgae contrib-utes to the elimination of nutrients present in wastewater because they need N and P for the synthesis of proteins, nucleic acid, and phos-pholipids. The most sustainable approach for achieving high biomass and high lipid build-up, along with environmental protection. In the current research, nine microalgae were culti-vated on two variations of wastewater (agricul-tural and industrial dyes) and compared to the synthetic medium. The results indicated that after three weeks of the incubation period, the ability of microalgae to grow in sterilized (syn-thetic medium and wastewater) and gave greater biomass and chlorophyll (a) than in non-sterilized ones. Out of the tested nine mi-croalgae, four microalgae (Anabaena oryzae, Spirulina platensis, Anabaena sp (2) and Nos-toc sp) were selected which gave the highest significant values of dry weight, biomass productivity and chlorophyll (a) content. The selected microalgae showed the highest signif-icant values of the chemical composition, i.e., total carbohydrate, protein and lipid when cul-tivated in agricultural wastewater more than those cultivated in both industrial dye’s wastewater and synthetic broth medium. Among four microalgae, two microalgae of A. oryzae HSSASE6 (KT277789), and S. platen-sis NIES-39 (A00800) were chosen where the chemical composition contents ranged from 1.17 to 1.21-fold and 1.03 to 1.06-fold of car-bohydrate, 1.06 to 1.09-fold and 1.88 to 1.93-fold of protein and 1.41 to 1.52-fold and 1.76 to 1.90-fold of lipid more than those of other microalgae, respectively. The agriculture wastewater was inoculated with a single cul-ture of A. oryzae HSSASE6 (KT277789) or S. platensis NIES-39 (A00800) individually with 10 % of inoculum size, which more preferred than was inoculated with consortia culture. Re-sults also showed that A. oryzae HSSASE6 (KT277789) was more efficient strain for giv-ing biomass and productivity in agricultural wastewater than S. platensis NIES-39 (A00800) (about 28% more).

Our study was carried out at the farm of Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Egypt. The average temperatures were 18.4°C and 23.9 °C from December 2017 - February 2018 to study the effects of Saccharomycescerevisiaeboulardii supplementation (as feed additives) on productive performance of growing rabbits. Sixty growing rabbits of the NZW (New Zealand White Rabbits), (4 weeks old) and weighted (603.62 gm mean body weight) were randomly distributed into 4 treated groups, n=15 rabbits per each group. Rabbits of supplemented groups were given 100 (R1), 200 (R2) and 400 (R3) gm/ton feed of Saccharomyces cerevisiaeboulardii mixed in the diet for 6 successive weeks. Individual live body weight was noted weekly from start till the end of the experiment. At the end of the experimental period, 10 rabbits (from each group) were fasting for 12 hrs, then slaughtered for carcass traits measure. Experimental lighting system was 16-hours photoperiod /day (16L: 8D) through both daily natural and the artificial fluorescent lighting. A pelleted ration of 17.3% crude protein, 13.37% crude fiber and 2510 kcal of digestible energy per kg feed was offered ad libitum all the time. Results revealed significant (P≤0.05) increases in the final body weight and daily weight gain with saccharomyces cerevisiae supplementation when compared with control group. Though, significantly (P≤0.05) improved feed conversion ratio in all treated groups compared with control one were noticed. Feed intake was the lower in treated groups than control group. There were significant (P≤0.05) increasing in hot carcass weight and carcass percentage with respect to the control group. Supplemented Saccharomycescerevisiae reduced (P≤0.05) the liver, heart, lungs and kidneys percentages compared the control group. Supplemented rabbit feeds with saccharomycescerevisiaeboulardii in their diets had highly increasing in relative economic efficiency and clear improvement of net revenue than control group.