This study was carried out to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of clove (Syzygium aromaticum) and thyme (Thymus vulgaris) ethanolic extracts. Different concentrations of ethanolic extracts were prepared and antimicrobial activity was determined against some bacterial, yeast and mold strains. The antimicrobial activity of examined extracts at different concentrations was determined against different cell population of tested strains and expressed as diameter of inhibition zone. Results showed that all clove and thyme ethanolic extracts were markedly inhibited the growth of all tested strains, however, the inhibition effect was differed with regard to the concentration of ethanolic extract as well as the type of tested microorganism. Generally, clove ethanolic extract had stronger antimicrobial activity rather than that of thyme ethanolic extract. Subsequently, clove and thyme are an extremely strong antimicrobial agent with usefull potential applications in food processing as a natural safe unsted of synthetic antimicrobial agents.

Guava (Psidium guajava L.,) die-back disease caused by Botryodiplodia theobromae Pat., is a destructive disease, considered one of the most important and economic disease of guava. Amistar Top 325-32.5% E.C. gave the highest decreasing of linear growth and amount of growth of isolate code No., Q.K.4., followed by Camzin 50% W.P., Monceren 25% W.P. and Montro 30% E.C. Meanwhile, Ridomil Gold/Plus 42.50% W.P., Copral 50% W.P., Eminent 12.50% E.W. and Thiovat Jet 80% W.G. exhibited a lowest effect in reducing of linear growth and amount growth of B. theobromae isolate code No., Q.K.4. Amistar Top 325-32.5% E.C. was the most efficient fungicide in reduce disease incidence and disease severity infield of B. theobromae isolate code No., Q.K.4., followed by Camzin 50% W.P., Monceren 25% W.P., Montro 30% E.C. Meanwhile, Ridomil Gold/Plus 42.50% W.P., Copral 50% W.P., Eminent 12.50% E.W. and Thiovat Jet 80% W.G. showed a lowest efficient in reducing the disease incidence and disease severity. Soil drench method of fungicides application was the higher efficient method in elimination of percentage of disease incidence and disease severity followed by foliar spray application, relatively. Banaty transplant was the most susceptible cultivar to the all tested B. theobromae isolates, whereas cultivar Gizy Ahmr was the lowest susceptible with the same isolates, information about cultivar reaction of guava transplants against B. theobromae is still scanty.

The Egyptian agriculture relies on technology to develop the productivity of most of the main crops, including cereal crops, especially wheat, which is reflected in increasing of the cultivated area. According to the Sustainable Development Strategy (SDS): Egypt Vision 2030, The cultivated area with wheat had reached about 1326 thousand feddan in 1980, then it continued to increase until it reached about 1955, and2716 thousand feddan in 1990, and 2007 respectively, and reached its maximum in 2016 by about 3351 thousand feddan. Also, the productivity duplicated from about 1.36 tons/fed. in 1980, and reached about 4..2 tones/fed. in 2016. Egypt plans to reach the area cultivated with wheat to approximately 4.2 million feddan and about 3.6 tons/fed of its productivity in 2030, in order to increase Autarky to about 81% from the locally production. To achieve this target, the absorption of technology must be further increased by increasing the different technology methods, which is reflected in productivity increasing. Wheat crop was selected for the field study through the availability of field data to estimate some economic and statistical indicators that are difficult and it may be impossible to use the secondary data in its estimation. Also, The governorate of El-Behaira was selected According to the relative importance of wheat-cultivated area,where as total area is about 378 thousand feddan representing about 11.27% of total Egyptian cultivated area, it also selected according to the availability of different  types of machines which existing in that region. The study aims at estimate the economic efficiency of agricultural labor use in the light of specific modern technology which is used in Egyptian agriculture, represented by agricultural mechanization technology from the production farms of wheat crop in El-Behaira governorate during the agricultural season (2015-2016) in the short and long run of wheat farmers, where a simple random sample was selected from three villages in El-Behaira governorate (Berijat, Damshli, Alqam), The sample units divided three categories: the first category (less than 0.5 feddan), the second category (0.5 feddan - feddan), the third category (feddan and more) Short and long run for each category, in order to estimate some indicators of production and economic efficiency, and economics of scale. The estimation of short-run production function shows that total elasticity is about 1.3, 1.3, and 1.06 for the first, second and third categories of the sample respectively, while total elasticity is about 1.1 in the long-run, which reflecting the increasing returns to scale and farmers are producing in the first phase of the law of diminishing returns. The estimate of the cost functions in the short-run shows that the optimal production is about 14.1, 36.4 and 88.3 ardabb respectively for the three categories in the study sample, and the optimal production is about 47.7 ardabb in the long-run.

The problem of research is the low and low wages in the agricultural sector, which makes it an employment sector, indicating that there is imbalance in the structure of the labor market in the agricultural sector, and thus the current deviation of agricultural employment from the optimum level that achieves economic efficiency, hence the main objective of The research is to assess the equilibrium situation of the labor market in the Egyptian agricultural sector, and determine the most important factors affecting it, through the study of both sides of the demand and supply of agricultural labor through Simultaneous Equations Model. The most important results obtained were:  1 - For the function of demand for agricultural labor: It was found from the estimated equation that the increase in the wages of the agricultural worker by one pound leads to a significant statistical decrease at a significant level of 5% in the demand for agricultural labor by about 135 thousand workers, as shown from the estimated equation Effect of production value Agricultural demand for agricultural employment amounted to about 29.7 thousand workers million workers. The impact of the supply of agricultural labor in the demand for agricultural labor, which reached about 645 thousand workers, was also shown.  2- For the agricultural labor supply function, the estimated equation shows that increasing demand for agricultural labor leads to an increase in the supply of agricultural labor by 1 million and 9,000 workers. It is also shown from the estimated equation that increasing the wage of the agricultural worker by one pound  leads to an increase in the supply of agricultural labor by about 39 thousand workers.  3- As for the equilibrium situation of the labor market in the Egyptian agricultural sector, it was found that the wage of the agricultural worker amounted to about 43.338 thousand pounds / year, ie about 118.73 pounds / day, which is different from the actual situation of the wage of the agricultural worker, which averaged 26.164 thousand pounds / year Ie about 71.68 pounds / day as an average for the last three years. This means that the wage of the worker in the agricultural sector is less than the equivalent of 47.05 pounds per day. In addition, the total number of agricultural workers in the agricultural sector reached about 6.34 million workers, which differs from the actual situation of the supply of agricultural labor which reached 7.780 million workers as an average for the last three years. This means increasing the supply of agricultural labor to the balanced size of agricultural labor by (1.44 million workers), which explains the low wages in the agricultural sector, in order to load the agriculture sector with a larger number of workers than is supposed to be and hence the low wage in the agricultural sector and thus become an employment sector that will negatively affect the attractiveness of investments in the agricultural sector Which represents a sector Wide in the Egyptian economy is not negligible.

This experiment was implemented in the experimental farm of (Misr hytech seed co. Giza, Egypt) during winter growing seasons 2014 and 2015 to evaluate the inheritance of some cucumber vegetative and yielding traits using a complete diallel cross among five inbred lines. The results showed that the mean square of genotypes, parental inbred lines, crosses and parent vs crosses were significant for the studied traits. The hybrids P2xP4 and P2xP5 exhibited a useful heterosis relative to Mp and Bp for the fruit yield per plant and number of leaves per plant. The mean square of general and specific combining ability was significant for the studied traits. The higher GCA/SCA ratio than the unity of the studied traits indicating to the greatest role of the additive gene action in the expression of these traits. The inbred lines P1 and P 2 exhibited significant positive i g ˆ effects in the traits of number of fruit per plant and fruit yield per plant, so these inbred lines could be act as a good combiner for developing high yielding genotypes. The F1 hybrids P1xP3, P2xP4, P2xP5 and P4xP5 as well as the reciprocal hybrids P4xP1, P4xP2, P4xP3  and P5xP3 recorded a significant positive ij S ^  effect but the reciprocal hybrids recorded a significant rij effect. The results revealed to more than one hybrid distinct in some traits that could be utilized in the greenhouse cucumber cultivation and the future breeding programs.

he efficiency and biochemical effects of certain insecticides belonging to different groups namely: flubendiamide (diamide), pyridalyl (phenoxy-pyridaloxy), clothianidin (neonicotinoide), fipronil (phenylpyrazole) and spirotetramat (tetramic acid) and pirimiphos-methyl (Ops) were tested against 2nd larval instar of Spodoptera littoralis laboratory strain using dipping technique. The efficacy of the tested insecticides are arranged as follows to LC50 values. The results showed that flubendiamide was the superior toxicant insecticides ( LC50 1.03 ppm) followed by pyridalyl (2.13 ppm) then fipronil (7.42 ppm), clothianidin (26.87ppm), pirimiphos-methyl (76.31 ppm) and spirotetramat (431.91 ppm). Biochemical effects of the tested insecticides on acetylcholine esterase (AChE), glutathione-s-transferases (GST), adenosinetriphosphatase (ATPase), phenoloxidase, total calcium, and total protein were determined in the treated larvae. Data showed highest significant increase at AChE activity in treatment of fipronil by change% (70.59), while treatment with pirimiphosmethyl recorded highest significant decrease by change% (-56.41). Whereas, all treatments recorded increase in GST activity except pirimiphosmethyl recorded non significant decrease. All insecticides treatments were showed a decrease in phenoloxidase activity the highest decrease recorded by pirimiphos-methyl treatment by change % (- 53.06). Regarding change percentage of ATPase, activity data recorded significant increase with pirimiphos-methyl treatment by (72.91%).  However, total protein in all treatments showed a significant decrease. On the other hand, treatment with pirimiphos-methyl recorded a significant decrease in total calcium and the corresponding change % was   (- 6.0%). Previous data confirmed the mode of action of the novel tested insecticides.

Twenty two bacteria were isolated from soil samples local. were assayed for pectinolytic activity after optimization condition for pectinase production. isolate No. 22 showed high pectinase specific activity (91.4U/ml)  on glucose supplemented medium. the identification of the isolate revealed that it belongs to the Genus klebseilla bassed on morphological, biochemical characteristic, growth and molecular level 16s rRNA indicated that isolate was 99% similarity with Klebsiella oxytoca JKo3. Therefore, it was named Klebsiella oxytoca N22.

Listeria monocytogenes is a food borne pathogenic bacteria and caused a dangerous infection of humans. Six lytic bacteriophages specific to L. monocytogenes were isolated from irrigation and sewage waters and named ØLG, ØLA, ØLM, ØLD, ØLN and ØLP. The phages were propagated, and then purified by the ultracentrifugation. Morphological properties of Listeria phages showed that the phages were tailed phages, varied in their sizes and assigned to be a member of Siphoviridae (ØLG, ØLA, ØLM) and Myoviridae (ØLN, ØLD, ØLP)   families. All Listeria phages were highly stable under different temperature conditions and its thermal inactivation point was reached to 80°C. The longevity in vitro of the phages was up to 60 days, as well as phages were active at pH values ranging from 4.0 to 12.0. Listeria phages did not lose their infectivity after exposure to UV for 90 min at 35 and 53 cm distances. Results of SDS-PAGE showed that phages had 5-6 protein fragments with molecular weights of 66, 45, 37, 35, 33 and 28 kDa distributed among the six phages.

It is very difficult to find an expert at the desired time and place to give guidance about irrigation scheduling or good management of water and irrigation system. In this study, this problem was tried to be solved by designing and evaluating an expert system for a modified surface irrigation system. A rule-based program named as MSISES (Modified Surface Irrigation System by Expert System) was coded and complied using C#.net programing language. The expert system was designed to support users with information about irrigation scheduling (irrigation operating time and irrigation interval) and the gated pipes as one of the surface irrigation modification tools (gates opening ratio). Two different experiments were held to evaluate the performance of the developed expert system. The first one is to evaluate the irrigation scheduling part by cultivating a field crop (Sweet maize) to make a comparison between the crop yield and water productivity after applying the program’s scheduling and the farmer’s scheduling. The second one is to make a comparison between the fully opened gates situation and when the resulted gates opening ratio is applied. The results indicated that an increase at crop yield and crop water productivity by 9.49% and 32.37% respectively for sweet maize using the developed expert system, and also, there was a slight variation between gates discharges after using the expert system except the last four gates discharge were different because of the superimposed pressure near the closed end.

Solar water pumping system may be a competitive application for remote and luxurious areas where power costs a lot. One may argue that solar photovoltaic water pumping systems not only comprises an environmentally friendly solution, but also contributes substantially to the satisfaction of remote communities’ water consumption needs. Therefore, the study aimed to manage pump for sprinkler irrigation system operated by solar power in small area of turf. The required hydraulic experiment and measurements were conducted using Direct-coupled photovoltaic pumping system to operating sprinkler irrigation network at the experimental farm of soil and water Research Department, Nuclear Research Center, located at Inshas, Sharkia Governorate, Atomic Energy Authority, Egypt. The essential idea to operate the sprinkler irrigation system and fulfill the water needs of turf area was to use a locally assembled pump-set to match the photovoltaic generator unsteady output. Results indicated that, solar radiation increased during summer (April and July), so the electric power, pump discharge, pressure head, Hydraulic horsepower (hp) and Photovoltaic conversion efficiency are affected as solar radiation changed.    Four mathematical equations has been derived to illustrate the relationship between solar radiation and electric power, pump discharge  pressure head , water hp and Photovoltaic conversion efficiency (PVCE) during the day hours.