The current study was carried out to check the completion of label information and determine the physico- chemical properties of commercial pesticides samples traded in the Egyptian markets. Twenty-nine market samples were collected during the years 2015 and 2016 for commercial formulations produced by different manufacturers from pesticide shops in four governorates (Cairo, Giza, Qaluobia and Sharqia). The collected samples included 18 preparations in the form of Emulsifiable Concentrates(EC), 11 in the form wettable powder (WP). Physico- chemical properties were determined for each formulation according to international standard methods (CIPAC, 2003) through tests of pH value, Persistent Foam, Emulsion Stability, Suspencibility and Wettability. The obtained results showed that although the label data was complete for many of the packages, some information found be missing. The missing information was related to directions for use (4%), safety precautions and first aid (7%), anti-dote (12%), hazard category (6%), Pre-Harvest Interval, (PHI) (17%), registration number (13%) and Batch number (18%). Regarding physico- chemical properties, the obtained data indicated that there was a difference in the percentage of the foam layer for the tested formulations of chlorprifos-ethyl (6 preparations) (Tafaban 48%EC, Pyrifos El-Nasr 48% EC, Pestiban 48% EC, Pyriban-A 48% EC, Chlorfan 48% EC and Chlorzan 48% EC). These preparations were in accordance with international standards in terms of emulsion stability after half an hour, while the mismatching samples showed that the formed layer exceeded the standard volume after two hours of maximum limits, and failed to test emulsion stability after 24.5 hours, as well as in the free oil layer formed at the same time. The results of the emulsion stability tests showed four other tested formulations, namely, lambda chalothrin (Fly Free 5% EC), chlorpyrifos – methyl (Pyrodan 50% EC), and two different formulations for malathion (Agrothion 57% EC and Malason Extra 57% EC), all of which conform to standard specifications in terms of level of foam layer, as well as complete emulsification after half an hour. The cream layer after half an hour was identical. However, the difference and mismatch in three formulations appeared after two hours of emulsification, where the percentage of the cream layer exceeded the allowed limits, and the free oil layer was not conforming to specifications, (after two hours or 24.5 hours). Also, the tested preparations of abamectin (Demectin 1.8% EC and Gold 1.8% EC) and emamectin benzoate (Basha 1.9% EC and Excellent 1.9% EC) have been successful in the tests of Persistent Foam, Emulsion stability (cream layer and free oil layer formed after half an hour and two hours as well as 24.5 hours). Comparing the efficiency of emulsification among other EC formulations including fenitrothion (Sumithion 50% EC), diazinon (Diazinox 60% EC) and profenofos (Sylian 72% EC and Teleton 72% EC) conformed to specifications in terms of level of foam layer. However, both Sumithion and Diazinox failed to stabilize, forming a creamy layer that exceeded the standard the maximum limit after two hours. For WP formulations, some have successfully passed the suspensibility test, while other formulations, including preparations of Bacillus thuringensis bacteria (Agerin 6.5% WP, Dipel 2X 6.4% WP and Protecto 9.4%WP). have not been successful. These results confirm the importance of developing monitoring and surveillance activities for pesticides formulations traded on the market, and to develop special means for checking the quality of products and detecting products that are counterfeit or non-conforming to the declared specifications or National and International standards.

The current study was aim to remediate olive mill waste water (OMWW) to reduce its phenol content and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) using fungal isolates. OMWW samples were drawn from the outlet of olive presser at Agriculture Research center, Egypt and characterized. Inoculating 25% diluted waste sample on Potato dextrose agar plates, incubated for 2 weeks at 25oC, resulted in 8 fungal isolates, of which isolate 5 was selected based on its capabilities to degrade phenol and reduce COD, compared to the rest of the obtained isolates. Comparison was conducted between the selected isolate and the fungus Pleurotus columbinus as a reference to test their potencies to degrade phenol and reduce COD in OMWW at concentrations from 100 to 10% over 4 weeks and results showed low degradability and weak tolerance of the two organisms at concentrations from 50 to 100%, while at 40, 30, 20 and 10%, phenol degradation and COD reduction over the 4 weeks treatment were more obvious. At all concentrations P. columbinus showed better competency for phenol degradation and COD reduction than isolate 5. Decolorization and growth of the two organisms were investigated in OMWW at 40 to 10% concentrations. P. columbinus, again, showed better competency over isolate 5 where it 79 and 49% of the color were removed after 4 weeks by P. columbinus and isolate 5, respectively. Total carbohydrate was also determined in the treated OMWW over 4 weeks and results showed it decreased from 6.05 to 5.2g/L in 40% OMWW and from 4.27 to 3.6 g/L in 30% OMWW, while it increased from 3.1 to 4.37g/L in 20% OMWW and from 1.46 to 3.9 g/L in 10% OMWW. Finally, the presence of indol acetic acid and gibberellins in 20 and 10% OMWW was tested as affect by the treatment with P. columbinus over the period of 4 weeks.Results showed that, after 4 weeks, IAA content decreased from 29.4 to 23.25 µg/ml in 20% OMWW, and slightly from 15.6 to 13,15 µg/ml in 10% OMWW. For gibberellins, the change after 4 weeks in 20% OMWW was not significant, that it decreased from 1.36 to 1.25mg, while it increased from 0.667 to 1.58 mg/ml in 10% waste in the same period. It can be concluded that remediating OMWW with P. columbinus can achieve a better results and the treated waste may be suitable for irrigation of crops.

The present study was carried out during 2014 and 2015 seasons on adult Kitt Mango Trees to evaluate 4 levels of pruning  pattern (removing one-third, one-half, all branch or without pruning) and 4 types of soil mulching (white plastic, black plastic, rice straw or without soil mulching) on vegetative growth, leaf mineral content ,flowering and yield.   Average shoot length, shoot thickness and average number of shoot / tree of Kitt mangos greatly affected with both pruning pattern and soil mulching, especially with removing of one-third of branch and covering soil with white plastic sheet. However leaf N, P and K contents were improved with both one-third and one-half pruning of branches of Kitt mango trees where both white and black plastic of mulch soil were similar in their effect on leaf NPK content. There were an evident increase in fruit set %, total yield (kg/tree) and marketable yield % with one-third and one-half pruning of branch and also with white and black plastic of soil mulching. The increase of marketable yield% due to these treatments could be attributed to the increase of vegetative canopy of leaves which led to prevent sun burn of fruits and to minimize heat solar effect from the soil and protect the fruits in lower parts of the trees. Fruit chemical constituents including TSS%, acidity and L-ascorbic acid slightly affected with different treatments but one-third and one-half prunning of branch as well as with white and black plastic of soil mulch could be recommended as a good horticulture treatments in Kitt mango orchards

A new proposal method for quantitative pollen analysis of pollen grains in each gram of bee honey was described, using aNeubauer improved chamber for leucocytes and erythrocytes counting. The study was conducted at the Bee Research Unit, Dept. of plant protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Shoubra El-kheimah, Al Qalyubia, Egypt on 36 samples of citrus and clover honeys. 18 samples were collected from 5 apiaries under study in Qalyubia Governorate; Kanater, Shalakan, Tookh, Khankah and Shoubra El kheimah and 18 samples were collected from local market in 5 Governorates in Egypt; Cairo, Giza, Qalyubia, Gharbia and Sharqia, during their seasons of production in 2013, 2014 and 2015. The results showed that 2.8 % of the samples were poor in their content of pollen grains (2000-10000 pollen grains /g honey), 77.8 % of the samples were rich in their content of pollen grains (10000-50000 pollen grains /g honey), 11.1% of the samples were more rich in their content of pollen grain (50000 -100000 pollen grains /g honey) and 8.3% of the samples were very rich in their content of pollen grain (>100000 pollen grains /g honey).

Pots experiment was conducted in the experimental farm of Agricultural Botany Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams Univ. during the seasons of 2015 and 2016 to investigate the effect of grafting on salt tolerance of watermelon plants. Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus, Hybrid F1) Aswan1 was grafted onto the rootstock of Flexifort pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima x C. moschata) and irrigated with four different concentrations of NaCl (0.0, 2000, 4000, 6000 ppm). Two samples were taken at  20 and 40 days after planting (DAP). Plant height, leaf numbers and area, branches number, root length, and shoot and root fresh and dry weights were negitavly affected by salinity in ungrafted plants and this effect was directly proportional to NaCl concentrations. On the contrary, grafting positively affected the aforementioned parameters and minimized the harmful effect of salinity. Furthermore, grafted plants showed higher growth vigor comparing with ungrafted control plants or plants received the same treatment of NaCl and these effects were mostly siginificant. An increase in membrane permeability (MP) was detected at 20 and 40 DAP by application of different levels of NaCl salinity and this effect was positively correlated with NaCl concentration. Grafted plants showed decreasing in MP with 12.7% higher LRWC than ungrafted plants. Under 2000, 4000, 6000 NaCl ppm salinity levels, the values of salt injury index recorded 15.1, 26.5 and 37.5 in ungrafted plants at 20 DAP comparing with 0.0, 6.9 and 12.9 in grafted ones.

Steroid hormones (H) and tetracycline antibiotics (T) are considered two important classes of veterinary therapeutic agents administrated to livestock for different purposes that have been detected for many environmental matrices in wide concentrations range. The effect of progesterone (Pro), androstenedione (4-AD), androstadienedione (1,4-AD) and tetracycline antibiotics namely oxytetracycline (OTC), chlortetracycline (CTC) and tetracycline (TC) on arugula plants (Eruca sativa) growth and biochemical composition was investigated. Compost and potassium permanganate were applied to minimizing the negative effect of veterinary therapeutic agentson plant. A pot experiment was conducted at the greenhouse of Agricultural Research Center (ARC) at Giza Governorate, Egypt. Soil fortified with 2 mg kg-1 of H and Ttarget compounds individually and combined was used to study their effect on chlorophyll, proline, catalase (CAT), and peroxidase (POD) activities as antioxidant enzyme and plant growth. Under this experiment conditions; the obtained results showed that veterinary therapeutic agents caused increased the content of proline, however chlorophyll content was increased as a result of H application and decreased with T application. Both CAT and POD activities were increased, especially with the combined mixture application. Potassium permanganate or compost can be used for remediation procedures in veterinary therapeutic agentscontaminated soils.

The cropping pattern considers how to use the available agriculture resources from land, water, farmers ,capital and information technology. Thus the main objective of this study determines the optimum cropping pattern that will maximize net return and maximize net return of irrigation water . To achieve the main objective of this study the method of  Goal programming .has used .The results of research shown that: The available area was about 14.63 million Fadden has been fully used , The model maximize the total net return of the current crop in A.R.E.it estimated from 68.51 to 69.17 billion pound annually which increase about 0.66 billion pound which represent 1% from the current crops. While the total quantity of requirement water decrease from 61.19 to 58.95  billion cubic meter ,which decrease about 2.24 billion cubic meter which represent 3.66% of the current quantity of water. While the net return irrigation water for crops increasing from 1.12 to 1.17 pound /cubic meter which increase about 0.054 pound /cubic meter that represent 4.83% of the current net return irrigation water

Hydroponics is one of the modern agricultural techniques which applied in many European countries and a few number of Arab countries especially Arabian Gulf countries. Hydroponics comes as one of the alternatives proposed in Egypt to reduce the deficit in food balance and increase the self-sufficiency ratio for many strategic food crops such as wheat and maize. These alternatives based on applying the technique of hydroponics in green houses in the new land to produce the same production of vegetables which obtained from the old cultivated area.   The research aims mainly at -      Evaluating the project of hydroponics financially (for one hundred green houses, fifty for tomatoes and fifty for cucumber) as well as analyzing its sensitivity. -      Studying the economic impact of converting the use of 100%, 75%, 50% and 25% of vegetables cultivated area in the old agricultural land after redirecting it to produce wheat and maize. The results of financial and sensitivity analysis of the hydroponics project for cucumber and tomatoes indicated the feasibility of the project and recommended to adopt it in the following three cases: The original financial analysis before analyzing of project sensitivity. The financial analysis under condition of increase the production cost by 10% than the original financial analysis. The financial analysis under condition of increase the lending interest rate by 20% than the prevailing rate during the study (16%). The results showed also that the redirect of 100% of the area cultivated by vegetables in the old agricultural land to produce wheat and maize will result in achieving the highest increase in the self-sufficiency ratio for both crops to reach about 57%, 58% respectively, as well as reducing the yearly consumption of irrigation water by about 69 million m3/year than before. The results estimated the increase in self-sufficiency ratio of wheat and maize which will be achieved through applying the proposal of fourth alternative (redirecting of 25% of the area cultivated by vegetables in the old agricultural land to produce wheat and maize) by about 55%, 54% respectively, while it will reduce water consumption for irrigation by about 17 million m3/year than it was found in the old cropping pattern. Therefore results of fourth proposal are the lowest among other alternatives. The main recommendations of the research could be summarized as follows: -      Studying technically and economically the potential of applying hydroponics technique at the national level (farms of agricultural colleges and research centers). -      Preparing detailed studies for discussing the benefits, costs and risks resulting from applying the hydroponics technique. -      Preparing technical and economic detailed studies to investigate the possibility of adopting new cropping pattern in the old Agricultural land, through redirecting the area cultivated by vegetables to produce wheat and maize, while the old agricultural land  production of vegetables could be compensated through applying the technique of hydroponics in the green houses in the new land.

Despite the remarkable development of the use of e-commerce, however, the use of e-commerce in Egypt is still small compared to many countries in the world, suggesting many problems facing use of electronic commerce it impedes the development of agricultural exports through which it can be made to the European Union in general and to the most important importing States of agricultural products in particular. The research was aimed at identifying the development of the Internet and e-commerce worldwide in general and comparing it with its development in Egypt and what is the role of e-commerce in marketing horticultural products to the European market and what the facilities it has done to give trade the flexibility required to achieve the required increase in Egypt's exports and what export opportunities it has shown to exporters to help them reach many European markets. These statistics point to the increasing use of e-commerce by Arab States in general and to increase them in Egypt in particular, showing that Egypt's total traditional trade value for these two years 41.311 in million dollars and the value of e-commerce from it was estimated at 10.82 million dollars, which means that e-commerce accounted for about 35 percent of the value of traditional trade.   Statistics from internet users in the Arab region indicate that there is a 14% increase in the number of users in the years 2015, 2016, which is a positive sign that e-commerce is continuing in growth among the Arab world population Egypt continues to lead the Arab region with an average of 29 million Internet users, with up to 56 percent of them benefiting from it, buying and shopping online. The research focused on clarifying the role of e-commerce in the development of Egyptian agricultural exports and the completion of export transactions, as it was found that the use of e-commerce accounted for some 68% of the sample of exporters in the study, while there were those who used both e-commerce and traditional trade and accounted for about 27% of the total study sample. There were important questions about e-commerce that had been surveyed through personal interviews and a number of 30 questionnaire form export and import companies representing the sample of the study and selected in the intentional sampling method given because it is a company that works in the export of vegetable and fruit products as a basic activity, with about 88% of the respondents confirming that used electronic commerce to identify or access new markets, while the respondents also explained that the majority of them had other sources Other than e-commerce (Fairs and Exporters ' Union publications) rely on them to market their exports. Some 90% of the exporters in the study indicated that they could not dispense with e-commerce in dealing with importers as they contribute significantly to facilitating procedures, contracting shipping, reducing export costs and reducing risk costs.

consumer spending on food in EGYPT, and derive the price and expenditure elasticity for various categories of food goods in Egypt by applying Complete Demand Systems (The Linear Expenditure System LES) & Partial Demand Models (Analysis of Engel Curves), using cross-section data from the Egyptian Household Income, Expenditure, and Consumption Survey (HIECS) conducted in 2010 & 2015 by CAPMAS: the results show that: The results of the LES model show that about 40% of the Supernumerary Expenditure is directed to the meat group, followed by the milk, cheese and eggs group by 16%, the fish group by 10%, then, the fruit group by 9% and the cereal and bread group by 8%, so this groups has an important place in the menu of the Egyptian consumer. The Food Poverty line for each person in 2015 is estimated at LE 6042 / person / year. From the previous results, A family of five- person needs LE 2517 per month to meet their basic needs. The expenditure elasticity of demand is estimated based on the regression model of Engel curves. According to the expenditure elasticity, the commodities are classified into three categories as necessities, luxuries and Giffen Good. The commodities, which have expenditure elasticity less than one, are called necessities, while, the commodities whose expenditure elasticity exceeds one, are called luxuries, then, the commodities whose negative expenditure elasticity, are called Giffen Good. The results of the analysis of food expenditure showed that expenditure elasticity for all food commodity were positive(without pasta & Lentil); indicating that demand for these products will continue to increase with growing real income and improving the level of Egyptian society. Therefore, the future demand for these foods would most likely increase steeply. Egypt will need to increase its production of these foods, especially livestock products that have high expenditure elasticity. The same holds true for Non Subsidized bread, natural butter, honey, dairy, yogurt, and fresh fine fish.   - From the previous results, Family of five- person needs LE 2517 per month to meet their basic needs, so a policy must be adopted to ensure the redistribution of income among individuals in order to raise the standard of living of certain groups under The Food Poverty line. - The current estimates of price elasticity’s should be very useful in the design of many different government policies.