European Union countries are considered most important markets for imported Egyptian potatoes, and despite of that, the quantity of Egyptian exports from this crop is not appropriate with the export potential of Egypt. The study aims to identify the current status of Egyptian potatoes exports to the European Union, a study of the competitive situation of Egyptian potatoes in the most important markets within the European Union and finally, estimate the demand function of Egyptian potatoes in the most important EU markets. The study concluded that Italy and Greece are the most important EU markets importing Egyptian potatoes. This amount was about 64.3%, 66.8% of the average total quantity and value of Egyptian exports of potatoes to the European Union during the period (2000-2014) respectively, and their imports increased annually at different rates during the period (1995–2014). The market share of Egyptian potatoes within the EU market is very small with the exception of the Greece market and the Italian market.   Based on such results, the study recommends the following   Focus on increasing exports of Egyptian potatoes to countries with a high volume of imports of potatoes such as the Netherlands, Belgium, Spain and France. To review the prices of potatoes exports to Italy and the most suitable periods of increasing its quantity to this market, taking care that this does not put the Egyptian potatoes in a price competition with French and German potatoes. Continuation and further work on improving the quality of potatoes, in addition to the expansion in the cultivation of potatoes in the brown rot-free, so as to benefit from competitive advantages in the markets of the EU, especially Italian and Greece markets, making it possible to sustain Egypt's share in both markets, and take advantage from the price competition in the Greece market. Necessity follows flexible price policies for the Egyptian potatoes exports to Greece, which could increase its exports to this market and take advantage of price competition in this market. Necessity continue studying the ratio between export prices of Egyptian potatoes to the markets of the EU, and the export price for countries competing in these markets in general, and each of the Italian and Greece market in particular. So as to achieve the continuity and stability of this ratio, or at least achieve the stability of the quantities exported of Egyptian potatoes to both markets at the same time. Studying the prices of potatoes and seed special analytical study as Shafik in a study. Abolition of government intervention and control of prices, as Wali pointed out in the study of the abolition of control of prices and reduce supply. Abdul Rahim also mentioned in this study the effects of the liberalization of the prices of agricultural inputs and outputs on crop composition. Find alternatives to price policies for the development of Egyptian potatoes as a strong competitor in the European market with a competitive advantage price, as indicated by Azza in the study of alternatives to agricultural price policy and the effects of the Egyptian economic. Put the potatoes in the composition of a crop compatible with contemporary economic variables as explained Abdel-Maksoud

This study aimed to investigate the attitude of three nematode and phylloxera resistant grape rootstocks (Freedom, Ramsey and SO4) through the micropropagation stages till be micrografted by Superior scions. During that the effect of paclobutrazol (PP333) on rootstocks stem diameter, transverse sections in graft union regions and acclimatization of resulted micrografts were studied. The results proved that the most effective sterilization durations using 1% NaOCl were 15 min for Freedom and SO4 explants as they achieved 0.00 and 0.00%of  contamination and 100% and 90% of survival percentages respectively, while 10 min duration was sufficient for Ramsey explants as it achieved 0.00 % contamination and 100% survival percentages. Significantly, Ramsey achieved the highest number of shoots (1.25), Freedom gave the tallest shoots (4.13 cm)and SO4 got the highest leaf number (7.33) all on MS medium. In multiplication stage; Freedom rootstock proved to be the most reacted rootstock as it significantly accomplished the highest shoot number (2.00) when planted on BA medium, the tallest shoots (3.54 cm) when planted on TDZ medium and the highest leaf number on Kin medium. Whereas, in order to get thicker shoots for easier grafting; using of PP333 at 5 mgl-1 significantly was the best for Freedom (3.55 mm) followed by SO4 (3.03 mm) and Ramsey (2.85 mm) rootstocks. In micrografting stage, Superior micrografts significantly achieved the best results on rooted Freedom rootstocksin scion survival (100.00%) and on un rooted rootstocks in scion bud burst (75.00 %), graft union formation (50.00%), rooting (75.00%). On the same trend, Freedom rootstock was more active in cell dividing activity when grafted by Superior cultivar compared to Ramsey and SO4 rootstocks which were very poor in producing callus cells in graft union. Finally, Freedom rootstock grafted with Superior gained the highest survival (100%) after acclimatization.

This study depend on the results of the study prepared by the World Bank (WB), the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) in order to indicate and analyze the average individual cereal consumption in Egypt and some neighboring countries. The consumption of wheat is ranked first in all countries of the study sample. Consumption of maize comes in second place after consumption of wheat in the countries of the study sample in Africa continent. Consumption of rice is also comes second only to consumption of wheat in the sample countries in Asia continent.     The difference between the average cereal consumption in Egypt and the average cereal consumption in Algeria was about 35.2 kg. This difference is attributed to the total determinants studied as follows:  6.2% due to the percentage of average years of education, 87.3% 17.8% attributable to the percentage of average per capita consumption of maize, -27.5% attributable to the percentage of average per capita consumption of wheat, 11.2% attributed to the percentage of corn / rice import price. In general, it is found that the percentage of rural / urban population is primarily responsible for the difference between the average cereal consumption in Egypt and the average cereal consumption in Egypt's neighboring countries,  followed by average per capita consumption of wheat and average per capita consumption of maize.

is study aimed to evaluate the in-vitro antioxidant activities of Moringa Oleifera Lam (MO) extracts, and their protective effects in acetaminophen (APAP)- induced liver injury in rats caused by oxidative damage. The antioxidants activities of ethanolic, aqueous and hexane extracts of different MO edible parts were investigated by DPPH radical scavenging capacity and malondialdehyde (MDA) assays. The ethanolic extracts of different parts of MO were found to have higher antioxidant capacity compared to the aqueous and hexane extracts. The flowers ethanolic extract has the highest total antioxidants capacity among the other different parts of MO follo wed by leaves, pods, roots and finally seeds. HPLC-MS scanning of ethanolic leave extracts showed the presence of flavonoid derivates Apigenin, quercetin and kaempferol in addition to chlorogenic acid.  In the hepatoprotective study, either leaves or pods extracts (300mg/Kg bw or 600mg/Kg bw stomach tube orally) were administrated to rats one hour prior to administration of a single dose of APAP (4g/Kg bw by stomach tube orally). The hepatoprotective activity of MO leaves and pods extracts were followed for 21 days by observed in the levels of liver markers such as alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and the levels of oxidative damage markers including superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA) and catalase (CAT), wich analysed and compared between groups pretreated with MO extracts +APAP to those treated with  APAP alone. The outcome of this parameters indicate reduction in the severity of liver damage in group treated with MO extracts + APAP and compared to those treated with APAP alone . Also, histopathological examination of liver tissues of rats treated with MO extracts showed an improvement at the end of experiment.  The results of this study indicate the hepatoprotective properties of MO leaves and pods ethanolic extracts against liver injury and thereby signify its traditional use.

Study aimed to develop and evaluate the thermal performance of truncated pyramid solar cooker viz non-modified and modified. Tests have been carried out in Department of Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Shubra El-Kheima, Egypt (Latitude 30o11’ N, Longitude 31o24’ E). The solar cookers were not loaded, and loaded with 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 liter of water. The modified truncated pyramid was filled with different quantities of rice. The thermal performance was evaluated by using first figure of Merit, second figure of Merit and energy efficiency. textural properties of rice and biscuits and cost analysis were measured. The absorber plate temperature of the modified was 51. 8 % higher than the absorber plate temperature of the non-modified cooker. The calculated values of first figure of Merit was 0.102 and 0.08 oC.m2/W with modified and non-modified truncated pyramid cooker types, respectively. The value of second figure of Merit was 0.239 and 0.523 for modified and non-modified truncated pyramid cooker, respectively.

Two pot experiments were carried out at the greenhouse of the Cotton Research Institute, Agric. Res. Cent., Giza, Egypt during 2015 and 2016 seasons to study the response of cotton plant to application of some nutrients to improve the performance of cotton plant under irrigation of saline water to increase growth, yield and yield components and fiber quality of Giza 90 cotton cultivar.  The experimental design was a split plot design with four replications. Main plots included saline water solutions treatments (control, 2000, 4000, 6000 and 8000 ppm), sub plot included four nutrients application (Potassium Humate, Algex, Poly Ethylene Glycol (PEG) 6000 and Potassein compared with control). The obtained results could be summarized as follows: Irrigation with saline  water over seasons significantly decreased plant height, number of fruiting branches/plant, number of open bolls /plant, boll weight, seed index, seed cotton yield per plant, fiber length, uniformity index, fiber strength and micronaire value,  while, lint % was significantly increased. Nutrients application had significant effect on growth parameters, yield and its components and fiber properties under study, All nutrients treatments gave the highest values of growth parameters, yield and its components and fiber properties as compared with the control in both seasons. In general, plants sprayed with PEG gave the highest averages of plant height, number of fruiting branches/plant. Potassium Humate gave  the highest averages of yield and its components and fiber properties followed by plants sprayed with Algex, while the plants sprayed with PEG as came the last in these respect in both seasons. Interaction between irrigation with slain water and nutrients application by salinity tolerance inducers had a significant effect on plant height, number of fruiting branches per plant,  boll weight,  number of open bolls /plant, seed index, seed cotton yield /plant and fiber quality under study in both seasons. Plants treated with foliar nutrients under salinity condation scored the highest average of growth parameters, yield and its components and fiber properties. Potassium Humate, Algex, PEG and Potassein applications to plants under normal and salinity conditions had positive effects on improving the performance of cotton plants, which increased plant growth and yield especially under salinity conditions.

The study aimed to identify an evaluation of pre-service training on the performance of agriculture Faculty students, Mansoura University in the transfer of extension knowledge to their peers in public health field. The data were collected from 504 students representing an accident sample from the second and third levels of the Faculty for determination of the training needs in public health field during the period from October to November 2016 by personal interview. A purposive sample of 12 students was chosen and trained to transfer extension knowledge, the highest needed field, to their peers during the period from September to December 2017.  Arithmetic mean, (t) test paired and (t) test for independent samples were used as statistical tools for analyzing data and deducing results. 1- The highest needed training field from the studied public health fields was smoking and addiction (52.58%). 2- The trained students who evaluated the training session exhibited a high level of satisfaction (87.7%). 3-  There were significant differences (P < 0.01) between the knowledge degree  means of the students before and after the training program implementation related to knowledge transfer in the smoking and addiction field. 4- There were significant differences (P < 0.01 ( between the knowledge degree means of the two groups which received knowledge from the trained specialist and non-specialist students before and after knowledge transfer process in the smoking and addiction field. 5- There were insignificant differences between the knowledge degree means of the two groups which received knowledge from the non-trained specialist and nonspecialist students before and after knowledge transfer process in the smoking and addiction field. 6- There were significant differences in the knowledge degree means between the two specialist groups which methodologically and non-methodologically received knowledge in the smoking and addiction field.  There were significant differences in the knowledge degree means between the two nonspecialist groups which methodologically and nonmethodologically received knowledge in the smoking and addiction field.

A considerable rhizopheric bacteria and mycorrhizae collectively known as plant growth promoting microorganisms (PGPM) have ability to induce acquire resistance in plant against pathogens and to provide benefits to their hosts. Grapevine viruses cause reducing yield and shortening the life span of infected plants in the vineyard. The current study aims to improve quality of Grape fan leaf virus (GFLV) infected grape plants via the soil inoculation with PGPM. Pot experiments were conducted under greenhouse during two seasons 2014/15 and 2015/16 in a Virology Greenhouse, Microbial. Dep. Fac. Agric., Ain Shams Univ. Cairo, Egypt. Grape cv. Flam grafted with GFLV infected stick and cultivated in inoculated soil with rhizopheric PGPB and mycorrhiza (VAM). GFLV was detected in infected leaves by DAS-ELISA. Plant growth parameters and chemical immune acquired resistance were assessment in GFLV infected grape cv. flam. The results were clearly indicated that PGPM inoculation in soil improved of plant growth in the second season (2015/16) compared with first season (2014/2015(. PGPM (Bacillus sp., Pseudomonas sp. and Serratia sp. isolates and VAM) improved quality of GFLV infected grape plants via increased plant growth parameters (leave number, stem diameter, plant length, and phosphorus and potassium components in leaves). PGPM induced acquire resistance in plant against GFLV; it was found that, significant increase of proline and SA contents in GFLV infected grape  leaves compared as healthy ones. The results revealed that chlorophyll a; b and carotenoids were significant decreased while inoculated PGPM in soil showed significant increase compared with healthy control ones. Expressed proteins and resistance enzymes (POD and PPO) of antiviral proteins were significant increase in PGPM application of GFLV infected grape growth related no inoculated PGPM ones. So that the current study recommended that the combination among VAM and PGPB soil inoculation improved quality of GFLV infected grape plant under greenhouse conditions.

Silicon (Si) is an element, not essential, but is beneficial for some plants. The Freundlich model was used to describe Si adsorption on soil samples incubated with different Si and phosphorus (P) concentrations. Soil incubated samples were: T1 soil had no Si or P (control); T2, T3 and T4 soils contained 50, 100, and 200 mg Si L-1, respectively. T5 and T6  soils contained 50 mg Si L-1 in combined with either 7 or 10 mg P L-1 along with T7 and T8 soil  contained 100 mg Si L-1 in combined with either  7  or 10 mg P L-1. In final, T9 and T10 soil contained 200 mg Si L-1 in combined with either 7 or 10 mg P L-1. A series of adsorption experiments were performed using sodium metasilicate pentahydrate (Na2O3Si.5H2O) solution prepared to have concentrations representing 0, 14, 28, 42 and 56 mg Si L-1. The supernatant of Si concentration was determined. The amount of element adsorbed was calculated as the difference between applied element concentrations and that remaining in solution after equilibration. Adsorption isotherms were determined at room temperature (25 oC±1).   Results revealed that a positive trend was generally found; increases in amount of adsorption onto soil with increasing Si concentration and equilibrium concentration in concerned solution either applied separately or applied + initial available Si concentration in soil. The Freundlich equation provides a good fit to the sorption data for all incubated soil samples and R2 values were ranged from  0.82 to 0.97. Present study indicated that adsorption capacity value (Kf) decreased from T1 to T3 soil samples then increased at T4 sample, and intensity adsorption values (1/n) gave almost an opposite trend to that of capacity adsorption (Kf) values.   Moreover, adsorption of Si onto soil incubated with different Si concentrations in combined with P2 decreased as compared to P1. Opposite trend was obtained with equilibrium Si concentration in concerned solution. Also, present study showed that the higher values of Kf obtained in P1 soils (T5, T7 and T9), compared to Kf values of P2 soils (T6, T8 and T10), and intensity adsorption values (1/n) gave almost an opposite trend to that of capacity adsorption (Kf) in both P1 and P2 soils. Finally, large Si sorption capacity and low Si affinity for the surface sites were observed in soil incubated with high Si concentration compared to soil incubated with low ones.

Weeds are severely competition with wheat crop and it highly reduces crop yield. So, the present study was conducted on wheat cultivations during two seasons 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 to evaluated phytotoxicity effects of some herbicides on wheat (Triticum aestivum). Effectiveness of these herbicides on weed control in wheat crop and yield evaluation and quality of wheat was evaluated as well after treatment by herbicides. The field experiment was carried out in agricultural experimental station of Etay El-barod, El-Beheira Governorate, using randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four replicates for each treatment and unweeded check, having two rates of both herbicide recommended and double recommended rates (R, 2R). Treatments comprised of post-emergence application of pyroxsulam, flumetsulam+ florasulam, tribenuron-methyl, diclofop-methyl and tralkoxydim. The results indicated an increase in wheat plant height with all herbicides used compared to unweeded check. Tribenuron-methyl and flumetsulam + florasulam treatments did not cause any visible phytotoxicity, while pyroxsulam, diclofop-methyl and tralkoxydim treatments recorded a low indexes of phytotoxicity on wheat plants which disappeared completely after 8 weeks from post application, compared to unweeded check. Results also, indicated that all herbicide treatments decreased weed density. Herbicide treatments achieved the highest weed control expressed in lowest fresh weight after 56 days from application for broadleaved, grassy and  total weeds. Herbicide treatments caused an excellent increase in yield attributes (spike length, biological and grain yield) and yield quality (weight of 1000 grains, total carbohydrates and crude protein) compared to unweeded check in both seasons. The maximum grain yield was recorded at two trials by pyroxsulam compared to unweeded check.