The aim of the study was to evaluate the factors that affect the health of both infants and young mothers. In such a case, 60 young mothers living in the area of Mecca of 14 to 16 years old were considered. The results showed that 53.3% of the mothers have finished their pregnancy with normal weight, while 40% of the mothers got pregnant when they were less than 16 years old, which lead to acquiring a lot of diseases. On the other hand, 60% of the mothers preferred the governmentally runned hospitals to deliver their babies and 83% of the cases delivered normally. Most of the studied cases delivered for the second time with one-year gap between the first pregnancy and the second one (28%). The percent of natural feeding among were screened. The results showed that only 11.65 of the cases breast-feed their children. The miscarriage happened only once in 26% of the cases and twice in 6.6% of the cases. The health of the children was normally good in 73% of the children while 50% of the children suffered from physiological jaundice, vomiting (21%), constipation (13%). In genera, there was direct relationship between the weight of the child and its health. The study of nutritional history of the cases clarified that most of the mothers preferd to have white bread with a level of 66.6% then rice (31.67%), followed by brown bread, potato (31.67), 25% consequently. There was an increase in sugar consumption (71.67%) then chocolate (51.61%). Protein uptake was mainly by eating chicken once a week (75%) with recognizable decrease in the protein milk uptake and therefore this study stressed on the importance of spreading of the health awareness regarding different issues including the nutritional habits.

The agricultural policy in Egypt showed great importance for improving organic agriculture technology to produce clean and safe crops and foods. This will have positive economic and environmental response on human beings, animals, plants and soils. The present study aimed to clarify success opportunities for cultivating cotton, summer potatoes and wormwood under organic system in Egypt. The study made also a comparison between organic and chemical agriculture in sandy soils, by testing investment efficiency for organic agriculture in the sandy soils. The study states that total area of organic agriculture was about 26.3 thousand feddan in 2003, and this area is increasing at about 1941 feddan a year. These areas expected to be nearly 35 thousand feddan in year 2010. The economic production that realize the economic efficiency could not be obtained at least before 5-7 years to gain complete use from adding organic matter to sandy soil. The preference of organic agriculture over chemical agriculture is due to its advantage in enhancing mechanical soil properties and avoiding chemical pollution of agriculture. Another advantage of organic agriculture is to keep environmental balance of living organisms in soil and enhancing vertical agricultural increase in sandy soils to add indirectly new agriculture area to present agricultural land. The two criteria used in the study; net cash flow and cost/ benefit ratio indicated the advantage of organic agriculture over chemical agriculture for cotton, potatoes and wormwood crops. Meanwhile, the internal rate of return in case of chemical cropping was higher than that of organic agriculture for cotton and summer potatoes. This may be due to the great loss of nutrient elements occurred by leakage, and thus decreasing total benefit from adding organic matter in the first years of organic agriculture. The increase of the internal rate of return of the two crops organically cultivated in the sandy soils is an indicator for its economic

A sample of wheat grain var. Research-32, cultivated locally in the Republic of Yemen was treated and milled into flour of 72% extraction.  Main chemical components of the flour were determined, then the flour was portioned out to three sets.  Each set was made into dough with similar constituents except the type of fat, where Al-Kamaria ghee, Al-Mumtaz butter and Crude sesame oil were added to the first, the second and the third sets respectively. Three samples of each set with levels of 15, 25 and 35 % were prepared.  Rheological properties of the dough were tested and compared with those of dough samples made of SNABLE wheat flour, which were prepared and treated under similar conditions.  Physical and organoleptic characteristics of cookies made of both Research-32 and SNABLE flours were evaluated also.  Results indicated that concentrations of total protein and wet gluten in Research 32 wheat flour were found to be significantly (0.05=α) higher than those of SNABEL flour.  Though of their high values of water absorption and degree of stability, Research 32 dough samples were characterized with moderately low calculated proportional number, which indicates the suitability of Research 32 wheat flour for use in making cookies of good quality.  Statistical analyses of data obtained through testing physical and organoleptic properties of cookies made of Research 32 dough mix with 35% fat showed that cookies were found to be of high and acceptable quality among Yemeni consumers at 0.05 level of significance.

A pot experiment was carried out to evaluate the effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) inoculation timing on growth and flowering of Chrysanthemum morifolium cuttings. AMF inocula were either directly applied to cutting (AMFC), or applied at transplanting stage (AMFT). The data showed: a significant difference in plant growth of AMF treatment compared with non-inoculated treatment at transplanting stage. Rooting rate in AMF treatment was 99% whereas it was 77% in non-mycorrhizal inoculated. The colonization rate was 53.9% in AMF treatment, while no in non-AMF treatment. Tap root length and number of lateral roots in AMF treatments were twice of those recorded for non-AMF treatments. Inoculation of AMF significantly increased shoot and root growth at transplanting stage. After transplantation, chrysanthemum plants in AMFC and AMFT treatments had 76.42 and 64.24% colonization rate, respectively. Plant height, leaf area, root length, fresh and dry weight of shoots, stems and roots in AMF inoculation treatments (AMFC and AMFT) increased significantly than those of control plants. AMF inoculation significantly shortened flowering time compared with non-AMF plants. Fresh weight, width and length of flowers in AMFC and AMFT treatments were generally higher than those in control. However, a significant increase in fresh weight, width and length of flowers was found in AMFC compared with AMFT treatment. A significant increase of macronutrient concentrations in leaves was observed for AMFC treatment compared with control. Mn concentration in AMFC and AMFT was more than double of that in control. In roots, macro and micronutrient concentrations were generally higher in AMFC than AMFT or control treatments

Flusilazole and triflumizole residues in apple fruits were chemically determined at different periods after spraying of these fungicides under field conditions. The obtained results indicated that, seven days after flusilazole application, unwashed apple fruits were found contained higher residues (0.322 ppm) than the allowed tolerance level (0.2 ppm), while washed and peeled fruits were contained lower residues (0.149 and 0.087 ppm, respectively) after the same period from experiment. These residues were rapidly decreased by elapse of time, so unwashed, washed and peeled apple fruits were contained levels below the allowed MRL i.e. 0.092, 0.008 and <0 ppm, respectively after fourteen days of flusilazole application Accordingly, unwashed apple fruits could be marketed safely 14 days after flusilazole application, while washed and peeled fruits could be used safely after seven days. In the case of triflumizole, unwashed apple fruits were contained 2.030 ppm after five days of application. Such residue is higher than the tolerance value (2.0 ppm), while washed and peeled fruits were contained residues below the tolerance permissive values i.e. 1.010 and 1.970 ppm after three and one days of application, respectively. These values were rapidly decreased by time prolongation, so, unwashed, washed, and peeled apple fruits were contained residues below the allowed tolerance of 1.280, 0.490 and 0.160 ppm at seven days after triflumizole application, respectively. Accordingly, unwashed apple fruits could be marketed safely seven days after triflumizole application, while washed and peeled fruits could used safely three and one days after application, respectively.

Two whitefly species, Aleurotuberculatus jasmini Takahashi and Dialeurodes kirkaldyi (Kotinsky) were found infesting Arabian jasmine shrubs, Jasminium sambac at the Botanic Garden of Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Shoubra, Qalyubiya, Egypt. To obtain basic ecological data for both species, samples of Arabian jasmine leaves were conducted every ten-day intervals throughout one complete year (January to December 2004). Seasonal fluctuations of alive total population, nymphs and adults (empty exuviae) of the both species indicated that the D. kirkaldyi was more dominant one than A. jasmini throughout the tested year. Three periods of seasonal abundance for both species were established. Three annual field generations were estimated for D. kirkaldyi, which lasted 170, 90 and 100 days, respectively. While A. jasmini passed throughout five annual field generations, which lasted 80, 80, 70, 60 and 70 days, respectively. The effects of nine ecological factors (7 physical +2 biotic) on the population dynamics of alive nymphs population for both species were estimated. Each factor gave variable effects for both species while the combined effects of these nine factors were responsible as a group for about 74.2% and 95.5% of the changes in nymphal population densities of D. kirkaldyi and A. jasmini, respectively.

Identification of bitter orange petitgrain bigarade oil produced in Egypt was studied by GC/MS on carbowax – 20M colum. It was found that linalyl acetate, which represented more than 25% of the whole oil was considered to be the major component of ester fraction; while linalool, which ranged from (30-33.7%) was the main alcohol components. On the other hand, limonene, (E)-β-ocimene,myrcene and β-pinene were the highest monoterpene hydrocarbons. Room temperature (about 20°C), 4 and -18°C were used for storing the samples for 6 mounths. No pronounced effect was noticed on the composition of petitgrain oil with the exception of slight effect on the color, acid number and solubility (v/v 70% alcohol) when samples stored at 20°C. Statistical analyses proved that 4 ºC could be considered the best fit temperature at which no significant changes occur in both the major chemical analyses and the main identified volatile constituents.

The work was conducted to clarify the efficiency of certain insecticides on the population of whitefly B. tabaci and incidence of yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) in tomato field. The experiment was carried out during Nili plantation of two successive seasons at El-Fayoum governorate. The obtained data showed that the alternate use of etofenprox /thiamethoxam; imidacloprid/ thiamethoxam; acetamiprid/ etofenprox; single continuous application of etofenprox; etofenprox / imidacloprid; acetamiprid/ imidacloprid; thiamethoxam/ acetamiprid; imidacloprid; thiamethoxam and acetamiprid gave excellent initial mortality over 90% on the adult stage of B. tabaci and incidence of tomato yellow leaf curl virus without significant differences between treatments. Thimethoxam as soil drench proved to be the most effective insecticide against adult and immature stages of whitefly, while acetamiprid achieved the lowest mortality for these two stages as well as short residual mortality. On the other hand, alternation of etofenprox / imidacloprid showed the highest initial mortality on nymphs. Residue levels in tomato fruits were also investigated at 30, 45 and 60 days after application of tested insecticides. For imidacloprid residues were found in amounts nearly above maximum residue levels MRLs 30 days while degraded to amounts below MRL by the progression of time to 45 and 60 days after application. Application of imidacloprid in alternate spray program with thiamethoxam; etofenprox; acetamiprid resulted in residues below MRL at the 3 preharvest intervals. Acetamiprid when used at the recommended rate showed the residue of 0.36 mg/kg at early season and then decreased to 0.08 mg/kg at late season. Alternate use of acetamiprid with thiamethoxam; etofenprox or imidacloprid reduce MRLs in tomato fruits. The successive applications of etofenprox alone at the recommended rate resulted in residues above MRL after 30 and 45 days and approximately near MRL at 60 days. On the other hand, the half rate in alternative use with imidacloprid; acetamiprid or thiamethoxam showed residues below MRL at all sampling intervals. Thiamethoxam when used in single successive applications gave residues of 2.5, 1.9 and 1.5 mg/kg at the 3 preharvest intervals, respectively

Seven cotton genotypes involving cvs. Giza 70, Giza, 77, Giza 86 and Giza 83 and the exotic varieties; Pima S7 and SeaIsland, as well as, the American Upland variety Tamcot C.E., were crossed in a diallel pattern, excluding reciprocals, in 2000 season to produce 21 F1 hybrids. Parents and F1­­'swere evaluated in 2001 season for eight economic traits. Mean squares due to genotypes were highly significant for all traits, revealing the presence of sufficient variability in the population. Significant desired negative mid and better parent heterosis were found for fiber-to-seed attachment force and days to flowering. Significant positive heterosis was also observed for yield and its components. The variances due to general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability, (SCA) were significant for all studied traits, indicating the importance of both additive and non additive gene action in the inheritance of these characters. The GCA/SCA ratio was found to be greater than unity, indicating predominance of additive and additive x additive types of gene action in the inheritance of these traits. Based on GCA effects, the Upland variety Tamcot C.E. proved to be the best general combiner for earliness, boll weight, seed index, seed cotton yield and lint cotton yield/ plant. Giza 83 seemed to be good combiner for fiber-to-seed attachment force, Giza 86 for lint percentage and Pima S7 for number of bolls per plant.

The effect of incorporating accustomed edible mushroom (Agaricus campestris) into processed cheese spread (PCSs) on the chemical, microbiological and organoleptic properties was evaluated. Tiny pieces of mushroom accustomed with steeping into citric acid and boiling in emulsifying salt solution were added to the blend of the cheese spread base at the levels of 5,10 and 15 %. The resulting PCSs were stored at 7°C for 3 months. Significant differences (p < 0.05) were recorded among the chemical composition of PCSs made without and with addition of mushroom. The incorporation of mushroom into PCSs resulted in higher contents of total solids, total protein, SN, ash, total carbohydrates and fiber, as well as pH values than the control spread. On the other hand, control treatment made without mushroom possessed the highest content in F/DM. Addition of mushroom to the base blend did not significantly affect (p > 0.05) in the salt and TVFA contents. The standard plate and psychrotrophic counts of PCSs made without and with mushroom showed slight differences when fresh and during the storage period. The standard plate counts slightly increased during the storage period reaching the maximum counts after one month, and then decreased with prolonged storage. Psychrotrophic bacteria gradually increased in all treatments throughout the storage period. On the other hand, no colonies were found from yeasts and molds, coliform and mesophilic anaerobic spores in all samples examined. Obvious differences (p < 0.05) were noticed in the organoleptic evaluation scores among all treatments of PCSs. The flavours of PCSs with mushroom were generally better and preferable when fresh and throughout the storage period. Addition of 15 % mushroom caused an over pieces of mushroom, which defected the body & texture and appearance & colour of the resulting spread. Therefore, PCSs with improved nutritional and functional values as well as acceptable organoleptic properties and good microbiological quality could be made by incorporation of accustomed edible mushroom into the base blend at the levels of 5 and 10% with refrigerated expiry period more than 3 months.