This study aimed to investigate the response of four ecotypes of milk thistle from Isfahan, Kohgiluyeh va Boyer Ahmad, Khuzestan-Omidiyeh, and Hungary to three irrigation regimes (irrigation after 40%, 60%, and 80% maximum allowable depletion of available soil water (evaluated in 2020-2021 under five different planting dates (September 27th, October 17th, November 6th, November 26th, and March 10th) at the research farm of Isfahan University of Technology in Iran. The experiment was conducted as a combined analysis of a split-plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications. The results showed that the highest and the lowest grain yield and shoot dry weight of milk thistle plants were obtained under the October 17th and March 10th planting dates, respectively. Water deficit at both levels decreased grain yield, shoot dry weight, number of flowers per plant, plant height, flowering degree-days, and physiological maturity degree-days, but increased grain and shoot water use efficiencies. The "Kohgiluyeh and Boyer Ahmad" ecotype exhibited the highest seed yield, shoot dry weight, seed/shoot water use efficiency, and harvest index, making it a promising candidate for breeding programs aimed at creating adaptive cultivars of the milk thistle plant. Based on the study's findings, it can be concluded that milk thistle should be planted in the fall season from late September to mid-November under similar climate conditions.

In order to evaluate yield and yield components in intercropping barley with vetch, a two-year field experiment was conducted at the Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Station of Miandoab. The arrangement consisted of 9 mixing treatments with densities of 200 Vetch plant + 300 Barley plant, 200 Vetch plant + 500 Barley plant, 200 Vetch plant + 700 Barley plant, 400 Vetch plant + 300 Barley plant, 400 Vetch plant + 500 Barley plant, 400 Vetch plant + 700 Barley plant, 600 Vetch plant + 300 Barley plant, 600 Vetch plant + 500 Barley and 600 Vetch plant + 700 Barley plant per square meter and sole culture of both crops. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design with four replications. The result showed The highest spikes per square meter, thousand kernel weight, biological yield, and grain yield in barley were observed in the sole culture of barley. Also, the highest plant height, number of seeds per plant, thousand kernel weight, biological yield, and grain yield in vetch belonged to the sole culture of vetch. However, the highest Land equivalent ratio (LER) belonged to treatments of 200 Vetch plants + 500 Barley plants by 1.49,

In order to investigate effects of deficit irrigation and sowing date on qualitative characteristics of oil and fatty acids in Safflower cultivars, a split factorial experiment was conducted based on a randomized complete blocks design with four replications at the research farm of Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zanjan, during the 2015-2016 growing season. In this experiment, irrigation levels included optimal irrigation and deficit irrigation (50% of water requirement) as main plots and combined two sowing dates including (20 March and 20 April) and three spring safflower cultivars (i.e. Gholdasht, Soffeh, and Sina) were allocated to subplots in a factorial arrangement. Drought stress and late sowing date decreased chlorophyll content, seed yield, and oil content. The results showed that deficit irrigation caused decrease in seed yield and oil content. Late sowing date caused a decrease in seed yield. The highest seed yield was obtained on optimal irrigation and on the sowing date 20 March (2036 kg/h) and the lowest seed yield was obtained on 50% of water requirement and the sowing date 20 April (1675.4 kg/h). Among the studied cultivars, the highest seed yield (1986.91 kg/ha) was obtained from Soffeh cultivar. With the sowing date and deficit irrigation, iodine number decreased and acid value increased. Among fatty acids, the content of linoleic and linolenic acids decreased due to deficit irrigation and late sowing date and the amount of oleic and stearic acids was the highest in the second sowing date, while palmitic acid had the highest amount in the first sowing date. Therefore, to obtain the highest yield and the highest oil quality Soffeh cultivar, optimal irrigation and early sowing date are recommended.

In order to investigate the effect of integrated application of biological and organic fertilizers on absorption and phosphorus physiological efficiency in medicago sativa in Aran and Bidgol citiy in 2013, A factorial experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Experimental factors include four levels of biofertilizers (control, nitroxin fertilizer, Fertilizer Phosphate-2 and the combination of Nitroxin and Fertilizer Phosphate-2) and Four levels of organic fertilizer (control, cow manure, sheep manure and chicken manure) were 10 tons per hectare. The results showed that the use of biological fertilizers had a significant effect on plant height, stem dry weight, leaf dry weight, leaf-to-stem ratio, grain yield, biological yield and harvest index at a significant level of 1%. Also, the effect of organic fertilizers on plant height, stem dry weight, leaf dry weight, leaf-to-stem ratio, grain yield, biological yield, harvest index, physiological efficiency and phosphorus use efficiency were significant at 1% level. Among the comparison of the averages of intraction effects, the highest physiological efficiency of phosphorus related to the treatment (no inoculation with biological fertilizer + consumption of 10 tons per hectare of cow manure) with an average of 35.78 kg of grains produced per kg of phosphorus used and the lowest amount of physiological efficiency of phosphorus. It belonged to the treatment (not using biological fertilizer + not using organic fertilizer.

n order to investigate AMF and phosphorus fertilizer effects on bitter gourd under different irrigation regimes, an experiment was conducted in the research farm of the faculty of agriculture of Tarbiat Modares university in 2020 as a split factorial based on a randomized complete blocks design with three replications. Three irrigation regimes including full irrigation, moderate irrigation deficit, and severe irrigation deficit were randomized in the main plot units and the factorial combination of two species of fungi Glomus mosseae and Glomus intraradices along with control (without fungi) and an amount of phosphorus with a control without phosphorus was randomly placed in the sub-plot units. The results showed that under water dificit stress, fruit yield, total chlorophyll, leaf phosphorus, and colonization percentage decreased compared to full irrigation, and proline, MDA, leaf ion leakage, CAT and APX enzymes, and coumaric acid increased. The use of AMF and phosphorus fertilizer under full and low irrigation conditions reduced MDA and improved fruit yield and the other investigated plant traits. The highest fruit yield (3133.27 g.m-2) was allocated to the plants under inoculation with Glomus mosseae species and phosphorus application under full irrigation regime. The highest amount of fruit coumaric acid (almost 11 ppm) was obsereved in inoculated plants with Glomus mosseae species and application and non-application of phosphorus fertilizer under severe irrigation deficit. According to the obtained results, it is possible to suggest the use of two species of Glomus mosseae and Glomus intraradices and sufficient phosphorus element to improve the yield and quality of bitter gourd fruit under water dificit stress and full irrigation.

The use of biological and organic fertilizers as alternatives to chemical fertilizers increases the efficiency of the cycle of food elements, improves and stabilizes the quantitative and qualitative grain yield by maintaining the appropriate productivity of soil and water resources in sustainable agriculture. This experiment was conducted to determine the effects of combined application of organic and biological fertilizers on nitrogen agronomy efficiency and phosphorus content of white bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in 2015. The study was conducted as a factorial experiment arranged in a randomized complete blocks design with three replications. Treatments included four organic fertilizers (control, farmyard manure, mushroom compost, and vermicompost) and four biofertilizers (control, inoculation with azotobacter, barvar2, and azotobacter+ barvar-2). Application of nitroxin biofertilizer had the highest effect on all traits. The highest protein yield (2779 kg ha-1) related to nitroxin biofertilizer treatment + organic control and the lowest one (950 kg ha-1) was obtained when no organic and biofertilizers were applied. The highest and the lowest of phosphorus content (2.34% and 1.03%) belonged to nitroxine + mushroom compost and Barvar-2 + organic control, respectively. The highest (11.53 kg kg-1) and the lowest (0.0001 kg kg-1) nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) were achieved in control treatment + animal manure and when no organic and biofertilizers were applied, respectively. Therefore, the highest (11.53 kg kg-1) and the lowest (0.0001 kg kg-1) NUE were obtained in control + animal fertilizers and when no fertilzers were applied. Considering that the simultaneous application of biological fertilizers (nitroxin + Barvar-2) and animal manure is superior in terms of grain harvest index (35%), therefore, it was more priority and recommendable in the region

For this purpose and identify the best bread wheat lines in terms of yeild and stability, an experiment was carried out during the two crop years of 2020-2021 and 2021-2022 in the research farm of Safi Abad Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center, Dezful. 407 new wheat lines were evaluated along with 4 regional control varieties, in the first year & 88 best lines of the first year were evaluated along with Mehrgan and Chamran 2 varieties, in the second year. One of the main reasons for this decrease in yield can be attributed to the increase in the temperature of March in the second year (20 degrees Celsius) compared to the first year (16 degrees Celsius), which caused the average grain filling period from 49.5 days in the first year to reach 46.7 days in the second year. Finally, according to the total measured traits of each line during two crop years, lines No. 384, 365, 356, 383, 355, 389 and 424 were selected as the best lines. Pedigree study of the top lines, it was found that in the pedigree of the top 5 lines, there is a common parent named BORL14, which probably made these lines superior to the other tested lines. According to these results, it is possible to propose and implement the use of this line to improve the wheat breeding program in the hot and dry areas of the south.

After soybean and oil palm, rapeseed has the third place in supplying vegetable oil in the world, so that it accounts for 14.7% of the total production of vegetable oil. The current research was carried out using modeling approach in order to simulate the replacement of wheat cultivation with rapeseed cultivation in terms of water and economic productivity in four locations (Aleshtar, Khorramabad, Pol-e Dokhtar, and Kuhdasht) in Lorestan province. APSIM model was used to simulate the growth and yield of wheat and rapeseed crops. The model validation results showed that it accurately simulates wheat and rapeseed grain yield with nRMSE of 8.6%. The results showed that wheat cultivation (3524.4 kg) had a higher grain yield than rapeseed cultivation (2750.2 kg). In addition, wheat cultivation system (1.45 kg m-3) compared with rapeseed cultivation (1.15 kg m-3) had higher water productivity. However, the difference between these two cultivation systems in terms of irrigation productivity was not considerable (0.11 kg m3). Also, economic productivity and net income of rapeseed cultivation system were 0.220 million tomans per cubic meter and 59.9 million tomans per hectare, respectively, while they were 0.014 million tomans per cubic meter and 41.1 million tomans per hectare, respectively, for wheat cultivation system. In general, the results approved that moving from wheat cultivation to rapeseed cultivation can be environmentally and economically sustainable in the agro-ecosystems of Lorestan province, especially in Khorramabad county.

Considering the high production potential of quinoa plant, especially under stressful conditions such as drought and salinity, it is necessary to introduce new and high-yielding genotypes for cultivation in different regions of Iran. The objective of this research was to evaluate the diversity of 26 new and foreign quinoa genotypes in terms of morphophenological characteristics. The experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design with three replications in greenhouse of Rice Research Institute of Iran (RRII), Rasht, in 2021. The results of analysis of variance showed that there was a very significant statistical difference among the studied genotypes for all measured traits. Factor analysis using the principal components method identified three main and independent factors that explained 39.19, 24.63, and 15.94%, respectively, and in total about 80% of the total variance. In addition, cluster analysis based on Ward's minimum variance grouped the studied 26 quinoa genotypes into three separate clusters; including 14, 7, and 5 genotypes, which very largely corresponded to grouping of the principal components. In total, the results of the current study showed that among the studied 26 quinoa genotypes, genotype No. 12 with 1000-grain weight, panicle length, and grain yield higher than the other genotypes as well as dwarfism and earliness characteristics was the most valuable genotype of this experiment. Furthermore, genotypes No. 4, 8, 17, and 18 for grain yield, genotypes No. 7, 13, and 15 for earliness, and genotype No. 14 for dwarfism, were the promising genotypes of this research, which can be used to transfer earliness and dwarfism to high-yielding genotypes in future breeding programs.

In conditions where don't have enough water for irrigation, intercropping of forage plants is one of the ways to achieve sustainable agriculture. Biochemical and physical properties of soil tillage system can affect the yield of plants in intercropping. Therefore, with the aim of investigating the forage yield and competitive indices of intercropping, this experiment was performed in the cropping seasons of 2020-2021. Treatments included conventional, minimum, and no tillage system. Intercropping patterns also included monoculture of forage sorghum and maize, alternate row cultivation maize and forage sorghum and alternate cultivation on planting rows. The results showed that the highest plant height (295 cm) and leaf area (6.88) was obtained in intercropping and conventional tillage. The highest forage yield was also observed in sorghum monoculture. However, the land equivalent ratio of mix intercropping with 1.17 showed the superiority of intercropping over monoculture. Evaluation of competitive indicators such as dominance index, relative crowding coefficient, and competitive ratio showed that forage maize is the predominant plant in intercropping conditions. The system productivity index with 8.11 showed that intermediate cultivation on planting rows was superior to other treatments in conventional tillage conditions. The results showed that in conventional tillage and intercropping conditions, acceptable yield was obtained; this advantage can increase water efficiency and use of sorghum in intercropping.