Mycoplasma is an important respiratory tract pathogen worldwide, causing respiratory tract infection in small ruminants ( sheep and goats). It is a bacterium that causes acute respiratory illness ranging in severity from mild respiratory illness to severe pneumonia. Mycoplasmosis in small ruminants is a serious and major problem in Iran. This study was determined to isolate Mycoplasma species and detect antibacterial effect of Oxytetracycline, Tylosine, Chloramphenicole, Erythromycine, Enrofloxacin and Florfenocole on respiratory Mycoplasma subsp in small ruminantes by Macro culture technique. As, there is no an effective vaccine against Mycoplasma disease, treatment and controlling is mainly by chemotherapy. Basically, it was approved that uncontrolled usage of antimicrobial elements has caused the development of antimicrobial resistance. The antimicrobial susceptibility test showe some Mycoplsma species –specific differences, with M.capricolum subsp. It was more susceptible to erythromycine and Tylosine, while Florfeniclole and Chloramphenocole were the least effective for all three Mycoplasma species. It is observed that there was not any significant difference in antimicrobial susceptibility between goat and sheep isolates or between isolate from different regions in affected province. Results showed that some isolates of M.capricolum.and M. putrefaciens had minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) level with Oxytetracyclin as was the same with two isolates of M.mycoides subsp. mycoides LC with Tylosine. It seems resistance factor against antimicrobials is involved.

The harmful effects of many chemical food preservatives are well established, so this has triggered interest in natural methods of preservation. Monolaurin, a monoester of lauric acid, founds naturally in some foods and has various antiviral and antibacterial activities. Evaluation of the effects of monolaurin separately and in combination with lactic acid bacteria (LAB) starter culture on growth of vegetative cells of Bacillus cereus ATCC11778 in manufactured cheeses was the purpose of this research. In this study, the number of B. cereus in four groups of cheese (C1: without starter culture and monolaurin, T1: without starter culture; with monolaurin, C2: with starter culture; without monolaurin, T2: with starter culture and monolaurin) was counted on days 0, 1, 3, 5, and 7 of manufacture. In T1 group, monolaurinin concentrations of 800, 1200, 1600 and 2000 ppm decreased the number of B. cereus by 1.2, 2.1, 3 and 3.4 logs, respectively in comparison with C1 group. InT2 group with the same concentrations of monolaurin, the number of B. cereus in comparison with C2 group was not significantly affected (p>0.05). In C2 group, starter culture decreased the number of B. cereus by 2.9 logs in comparison with C1 group. In contrary, the combination of starter culture with monolaurin in T2 group increased the number of B. cereus by 0.6 logs in comparison with C2 group. Furthermore, in C2 and T2 groups by increasing the storage time, the number of B. cereus decreased. According to these results, it can be concluded that in cheese samples of T1 group, monolaurin separately showed the inhibitory effects on the growth of B. cereus cells while in cheese samples of T2 group, the combination of monolaurin with starter culture did not demonstrate the synergistic inhibitory effects on the growth of this bacterium. Therefore, simultaneous use of monolaurin with starter culture is not recommended for improving the microbial shelf-life of Iranian white fresh cheese.

The present study was carried out to determine the seroprevalence and risk factors of canine leishmaniasis in a population of owned and strayed dogs in Mashhad, north-east Iran. Of 300 serum samples obtained from dogs, 8.67% (26/300) were positive for Leishmania infantum by Indirect Florcense Antibody Test (IFAT). The sero-prevalence rates in owned and stray dogs were 9.5% (19/200) and 7% (7/100) respectively. Significant differences were observed between the age groups (P < 0.05); dogs less than one year old showed the highest seroprevalence rate (17.4 %). The seroprevalence rate for leishmania infection in male and female dogs were 10.43 % (17/163) and 6.57% (9/137) respectively. In addition, the seroprevalence rate for leishmania infection in small and large breeds of dogs were 10.5% (6/57) and 8.2% (29/243) respectively. No significant difference was found between sex and breed of the studied dogs. The number of lymphocytes were significantly higher in the leishmania-infected dogs than dogs which were not infected (P

Avian intestinal spirochaetosis (AIS) is an intestinal infection caused by anaerobic spirochaetes of the genus Brachyspira, including B. pilosocoli. The purpose of this study was isolation and identification of B. pilosocoli from laying hen flocks, located in Mashhad suburb, Khorasan Razavi province, Iran, and investigating the frequency of the infection. One hundred and eighty cloacal swab samples from 18 randomly selected flocks (10 samples /flock) were cultured anaerobically on selective agar and confirmed as intestinal spirochaete by its spirichaetal form using phase contrast microscopy. Then, the samples were subjected to PCR amplification followed by DNA sequencing. A total of 24 samples from 8 flocks were selected as suspected cases by culture and phase contrast microscopy. Upon PCR amplification by specific primers, only 9 cultures belonged to 3 flocks appeared to be B.pilosicoli. Sequence analysis of the amplicons confirmed the identity of all isolated ones. Based on the results obtained, it was concluded that B. pilosicoli might be strongly involved in AIS among laying hen flocks of this geographical region. The results could also be considered as an indicator for large scale investigation into the true prevalence of the infection. This study is the first report of infection in laying hens flocks of Iran.

Nosema apis is an obligate intracellular parasite belonging to phylum Microsporidia. This para site is known as main causative agent of nosemosis in honeybees especially in the European honeybee (Apis mellifera). Nosemosis can cause queen supersedure, reduction of honey yield and dwindling the population of honeybees. A total number of 54 apiaries were randomly sampled from April to July 2011 and April to July 2012 in North Khorasan province, Iran. Collected samples were examined for infection to N.apis. In the collected bees from 30 apiaries, any Nosema infection was not observed in spring 2011, while of 24 apiaries sampled in spring 2012, 12 (50%) apiaries were infected with N. apis. The seasonal rainfall of spring in 2012 in the study area was 53% higher than the same period of last year. It was concluded that there has been a direct relationship between rainfall and frequency of N. apis infection in apiaries of North Khorasan province.

Polydipsia/polyuria syndrome is not a common manifestation in birds. Hyperglycemia was found on plasma chemistry in an African Grey Parrot (Psittacus erithacus), which was presented with polyphagia and self mutilation symptoms. Radiography demonstrated signs of mild renalomegaly, air sac involvement which proved to be due to mycoplasma spp. infection on bactriological examination. The polydipsia, polyphagia and polyuria were treated successfully by insulin regime but self mutilation around the neck was to be most consistent sign for 45 days since the bird presented to our Faculty’s clinic. The exact origin of the Polydipsia/polyuria and mild hyperglycemia remains unclear but the history of long time topical cortone therapy might be involved.

A 2- year- old male, intact domestic short hair cat was referred to the Veterinary Clinic of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad with a history of inappetence, vomiting, dysuria,stranguria, depression and continuous urine leakage from the skin injury in perineal region. After physical examinations, temperature, pulse and capillary refill time (CRT) were decreased and pale mucosal membranes and dehydration were observed. Palpation of the abdominal region was painful and kidneys were enlarged.Penis was not present in its normal anatomical position. In biochemical analysis, significant rise in BUN (urea nitrogen) and creatinin were noticed.In abdominal radiographs and ultrasonography evaluations distention of the urinary bladder and blockage in urinary tract were identified. According to these results presence of an obstruction was confirmed in the penile urethra, and consequently, perineal urethrostomy (PU) was performed for correction of obstruction and renewed urine outflow. Normal urination established in our patient after PU surgery and common postsurgery complications did not occurred.

Lead poisoning associated to residuals of batteries recycling was diagnosed in a small herd of Holstein cattle. In this outbreak, 10 animals showed clinical signs of lead poisoning, 5 dead and others saved after chelating therapy with CaNa2EDTA.Mean blood lead level of clinically intoxicated cattle was 0.624 ± 0.388 ppm and the levels varied between 0.320 and 1.300 ppm. Blood and milk lead levels of 9 exposed but unaffected cattle ranged 0.250 to 0.590 and 0.060 to 0.290 ppm respectively. Although blood and milk lead levels of those cattle sharply decreased after removal of lead source, some of them showed higher than acceptable levels when samples analyzed 60 days later.Products of all lead exposed cattle may not be safe for human consumption for several weeks and analysis should be performed to ensure their safety.