Avian orthopedic issues, particularly fractures, pose significant challenges due to birds' unique skeletal anatomy. Their bones, including the humerus (upper wing bone), are often pneumatic (air-filled) and fragile, making fracture management complex. Traditional methods, such as intermedullary pins and plates offer some solutions but have limitations. This study investigated the efficacy of two pin materials for stabilizing humerus fractures in pigeons: Steinman pins (commonly used in veterinary orthopedics) and polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) pins. We created controlled fractures in the humerus of thirty young adult pigeons. These fractures were then stabilized with either Steinman pins or PMMA pins. Radiographic examinations and histological analysis were performed 2, 4, and 6 weeks post-surgery to assess bone healing progress in both groups. The findings revealed comparable healing outcomes between the two pin types, suggesting that PMMA pins could be a viable alternative for stabilizing fractures in birds, offering the additional benefit of sparing them a second surgery for pin removal.

This study assessed the scolicidal activity of Lythrum salicaria and Lycopus europaeus methanolic extracts on the protoscoleces of Echinococcus granulosus using ultrasound-assisted extraction. Protoscoleces were obtained from sheep livers and lungs and were exposed to extracts at concentrations of 125, 250, and 500 mg/mL for 1, 10, 20, and 30 minutes. Over the exposure period, both plant extracts demonstrated progressively stronger scolicidal activity at all tested doses. At the lower concentrations of 125 and 250 mg/mL, L. salicaria generally exhibited a higher protoscolicidal effect compared to L. europaeus. However, the difference in efficacy was more pronounced at 125 mg/mL. On the other hand, at the 500 mg/mL concentration, the L. europaeus extract showed considerably greater scolicidal activity than the L. salicaria extract. Statistical analysis revealed that concentration had the biggest impact on mortality, followed by plant species and exposure time. The interaction between concentration and plant type impacted mortality the most, indicating that both factors influenced the overall effectiveness. In conclusion, both L. salicaria and L. europaeus methanolic extracts showed promise as potential candidates for future studies aimed at developing natural agents to control E. granulosus.

Purpose of the study: This investigation aimed to assess the impact of trona on the cardiovascular risk markers and physio-biochemical profiles of rats administered graded dosages over 28 days. Five groups (n = 5) of rats—A, B, C, D, and E—were randomly assigned, with E acting as the control. For 28 days, rats in groups A, B, C, and D were administered trona at doses of 50, 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg, correspondingly. All over the investigation, distilled water was provided to the animals in the control group. We measured body weights, oxidative stress, hematology, hepatorenal profiles, somatic organs, fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels, and cardiovascular risk indices (CVRI). Findings: Rats administered 400 mg/kg had higher FBG levels (p < 0.05) than the control group. Group D showed decreases (p < 0.05) in erythrocytic indices, total protein level, and heart-body index with concurrent increases (p < 0.05) in total leucocyte counts (TLC) and creatinine levels in comparison to the control group. Rats in groups B, C, and D showed higher levels of catalase activity (p < 0.05) compared to the control group. Rats given 100 mg/kg or above of trona showed increases (p < 0.05) in CVRI compared to controls. Conclusions: There were dose-dependent harmful effects on the erythrocytic indices, high exposure to T2DM (type-2 diabetes mellitus), and increased CVRI levels in rats dosed orally with ≥100 mg/kg trona for 28 days.

Increased antibiotic use in the ostrich industry could lead to the emergence of virulent antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains transmissible to human. This study investigated the genotypic and phenotypic characteristics of the phylogenetic groups of Escherichia coli (E. coli) isolates from ostrich and reveal their health risk potential. One hundred twenty-nine confirmed presumptive commensal (44) and suspected pathogenic (85) E. coli isolates from ostrich flocks in Mashhad, Northeast Iran, were phylo-typed by the Clermont quadruplex polymerase chain reaction. The phylogenetic profile of the isolates was comparatively investigated based on antimicrobial susceptibility, resistance, and virulence gene profiles. Results indicated that both groups of presumptive commensal and pathogenic isolates were mostly distributed within phylogroups A (with proportions 31.81% and 32.94%, respectively) and B1 (with proportions 36.36% and 31.76%, respectively). Multi-drug resistance was highest within the phylogroup B2 (p ≥ 0.05). The phylogroup B1, typically known for commensal strains, unlike B2, showed the most negligible proportions of isolates which were devoid of resistance genes (p ≥ 0.05) and virulence genes (p ≥ 0.05). The findings of this study expanded the horizon of the genotypic and phenotypic characteristics of the phylogenetic groups of E. coli isolates from ostrich. Moreover, we indicated a complicated inconsistency between both characteristics. Therefore, more comprehensive and comparative studies on E. coli isolates from ostrich and human are favoured in future research.

A 12-year-old 4.3 kg intact female Terrier presented with a history of lethargy, anorexia, and melena for one month. The animal was dull and depressed. Dermatologic examination revealed some focal erythematous, crusty, and papulopustular lesions over the ventral abdomen. Ultrasonographic evaluation displayed an abnormal parenchymal pattern of the liver, which was noticed in the cranial part of the abdomen with diffuse hepatic involvement with irregular, hypoechoic, and heterogeneous ill-defined areas [a honeycomb-like echotexture]. Lateral thoracocervical radiograph showed numerous well-defined, small lytic lesions [polyostotic punched-out lesions] in the dorsal spinous process of axis bone in C2-C5 and pelvis that were likely metastatic lesions. Despite hospitalization and treatment, the dog died after 2 weeks and a necropsy was performed. At postmortem examination, a 5-cm mass was observed in the pancreas adjacent to duodenal loops which was finally diagnosed as a pancreatic tumor. Abnormal laboratory findings included elevated blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, cholesterol, total bilirubin, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase, and calcium. Histopathological examination of the affected pancreas revealed neoplastic cells which were arranged mainly as solid nests or clusters and the amounts of the tumor stroma among the cellular clusters or individual neoplastic cells were scant. According to an immunohistochemical study which was positive for chromogranine A, the condition was diagnosed as a pancreatic islet cell tumor. Although rare, pancreatic islet tumors should be included in the differential diagnosis of abdominal discomforts, pancreatic inflammation, and hepatopathies. The final diagnosis of the tumor is achieved by combining imaging techniques and advanced histopathologic evaluations.

This research paper presents a comprehensive morphologic and morphometric analysis of the forelimb bones (scapula, humerus, radius, and ulna) of the common eland (Taurotragus oryx) that are facing the threat of extinction. The study aims to contribute essential anatomical and clinical data, as well as facilitate biomedical research and educational endeavors. Bone specimens sourced from the Bangladesh National Zoo, Dhaka, were subjected to a standard hot water maceration technique, followed by sun-drying and treatment with 5% hydrogen peroxide. The scapula displayed a distinct triangular flat shape with a well-developed spine, and demarcating supraspinous and infraspinous fossae. Scapular weights were recorded at 698 gm (right) and 718 gm (left). The humerus, a robust and elongated bone measuring an average of 35.9 cm, exhibited a compressed cylindrical diaphysis and expanded epiphyses, with the right humerus weighing 944 gm and the left, 1016 gm. Notably, the humeral shaft displayed distinct regional compressions and expansions. The radius, slightly oblique and broader than the ulna, demonstrated cranial-caudal flattening. In contrast, the ulna, the longest bone at an average of 41.6 cm in the forearm, displayed distinct anatomical features. These findings offer valuable insights for comparative anatomical investigations within this taxonomic group and hold significance for clinical applications and educational purposes.

Chlamydiosis is an important disease in sheep, camel, goats, cats, birds, and cattle, which is caused by different species of the genus Chlamydia. Chlamydiosis of ruminants is a zoonosis and is especially worrying for pregnant women in contact with animal shelters. Chlamydiosis in camels can cause abortion, cervical adhesion, ovarian hydrobursitis, and reproductive failure in male camels. Chlamydia in camels can remain asymptomatic for a long time. Infected camels may play an important role in the transmission of Chlamydia to other animal species. Chlamydiaceae family members are currently placed in one genus and seven species. Among these seven species, Chlamydia abortus is of special importance in camels. It is possible to detect and distinguish chlamydial species by PCR and specific primers. The present study is the first study of Chlamydia abortus in the Iranian dromedary camel, which is very important. A total of 100 blood samples with anti-coagulant were taken from apparently healthy male and female camels in the south of Kerman province. Next, DNA was extracted from each blood sample using a blood DNA extraction kit according to the manufacturer's instructions. PCR was performed using rOMP90_3 specific primer to evaluate the presence of Chlamydia abortus. None of the samples were positive for Chlamydia abortus. According to the results, it can be said that Chlamydia abortus is probably not common in camels in the south of Kerman province of Iran.

Peganum harmala contains pharmacologically active compounds and has been utilized for various purposes over the years. Due to public health concerns about snakebite envenoming, this study aimed to assess the potential antagonistic effects of this plant against the lethal impact of snake (Naja naja oxiana) venom. This study used five protocols and 56 adult albino mice in seven equal groups (A, B1, B2, C, D, E, and F). In protocol I (control), group A received only 4 mg/kg of venom, while groups B1 and B2 received the P. harmala extract at doses of 15 and 30 mg/kg, respectively. In protocol II, group C was simultaneously administered 15 mg/kg of the extract and 4 mg/kg of venom. In protocol III, group D received 4 mg/kg of venom, followed by the administration of 15 mg/kg of the extract after 20 min. In protocol IV, group E was treated with venom-extract pre-incubated for 20 min at the same doses. In protocol V, group F received 30 mg/kg of the extract orally 60 min before the injection of venom at 4 mg/kg. The route of injection was IP. The average time of death after venom injection was 31 ± 5 min. Groups B1 and B2 survived, while the animals in group C died after 29 ± 7 min, group D after 18 ± 4 min, group E after 17 ± 5 min, and group F after 22 ± 3 min. In conclusion, P. harmala does not protect against Naja naja venom and accelerates its lethal effect in an unknown way.

HS is still a frequently reported endemic disease, with outbreaks in Indonesia. HS vaccines distributed in Indonesia exhibit various limitations. This study computationally evaluated the B-cell epitope of the 37-kDa OmpH derived from the amino acid sequence of Pasteurella multocida from the NTT and Katha strains and compared the epitopes of the two strains. Amino acid sequences were obtained from NCBI and analyzed for multiple sequence alignment, and homology was analyzed using the BLASTp program at NCBI. Epitope prediction was performed using the IEDB B-cell epitope and ABCPred prediction tools. The VaxiJen v.2 online platform was used for antigenicity analysis, and IEDB was used for epitope conservancy analysis. The results of the homology analysis revealed that local NTT isolates had a high (>95%) identity with the Katha strain and isolates from China, India, Iran, Japan, and the USA. The epitope predictions from both methods were cross-checked, overlapping epitopes were shortlisted, and only five epitopes were predicted. Among the five, one epitope, ALEVGLN, appeared to be antigenic to both NTT and Katha strains. The antigenic sequence of 37 kDa OmpH can be used for peptide-based vaccine development and immunotherapeutic design.

FIP is a systemic infectious disease of cats of coronavirus origin. The lack of clear signs of the presence of the virus before clinical form presentation, and the absence of easy and inexpensive diagnostic tests to confirm virus presence are among the problems for controlling and preventing the spread of the virus. In addition, there is not yet any approved medications or treatment protocols for this disease. In this paper, the gene co-expression  network was first reconstructed and modulated using the STRING database and Cytoscape software. The GO and pathways of the modules were obtained using the DAVID and KEGG databases. The most important possible pathways are proteasome, protein processing in the endoplasmic reticulum, protein export, aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis, phagosome, tuberculosis, and T cell receptor signaling pathway. In the other part of the study, the gene-drug network regeneration strategy was used to identify a potential medicine reconstructed using the DGIdb database and Cytoscape software using the drug-gene network. BORTEZOMIB, CARFILZOMIB, OPROZOMIB, IXAZOMIB CITRATE, MARIZOMIB, BCG VACCINE, IC14, NELFINAVIR, and RITONAVIR are some of our recommended drugs for this disease. Although our computational strategy predicts repurposable candidate drugs against FIP, more detailed experimental trials and clinical analyses of drug performance, toxicity, and validation are necessary to achieve an accurate and improved treatment protocol.