Apple cider vinegar is a fermented compound that contains acetic acid, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, organic acids, minerals, and vitamins. Vitamin A is involved in the development of the immune system and plays regulatory roles in cellular immune responses and humoral immune processes. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of apple cider vinegar and vitamin A on hematological parameters and immunoglobulin G levels in Gezel lambs. 10 healthy Gazel lambs were used for the study. The lambs were randomly grouped into three groups (control (n = 3), Apple cider vinegar (n = 4), and Vitamin A (n = 3) group). Vitamin A was administrated at a dose of 44,000 IU/kg every ten days for four treatments. ACV was administered orally by drenching (0.5 ml/kg of 6% ACV solution (600 mg ACV), every day, for 40 days). Hematological parameters were determined using standard methods. Total immunoglobulin G concentration was assayed using the turbidimetric immunoassay method. The data obtained before and after drug administration were analyzed by paired T-test and the data of different groups were analyzed using Independent-sample T-test.White blood cells, lymphocytes, and IgG in lambs were significantly increased after administration of Apple cider vinegar (p < 0.05). IgG and lymphocytes were significantly higher in lambs under oral administration of Apple cider vinegar compared to the lambs in the control group (p  < 0.05). White blood cells, neutrophils, and IgG were significantly increased in lambs after vitamin A administration (p < 0.05). Neutrophils and IgG were significantly higher in lambs under vitamin A injection compared to the lambs in the control group (p < 0.05). Administration of vitamin A and apple cider vinegar in sheep is safe. They also improve the immune system.

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of silymarin on diclofenac-induced acute liver and kidney poisoning in domestic pigeons (Columba livia). The use of NSAIDs leads to adverse drug effects, such as cardiovascular and gastrointestinal hemorrhage and renal side effects. The vast amount of pharmacological attributes possessed by silymarin describes the remarkable content of research aimed at understanding its effect in the remedy of diverse diseases. Fifteen pigeons were randomly assigned into three groups (1, 2, and 3). Group 1 pigeons served as the negative control group and only were given tap water. Groups 2 and 3 were administered diclofenac (15 mg/kg PO q12h) since the start of the study for 24 h. The third group of pigeons was treated with silymarin (35 mg/kg) plus diclofenac, beginning 12 hours after diclofenac exposure, with the silymarin treatment continuing q12h for 48 h. Blood samples were taken from the birds at times 0, 12 h, 24 h, and 48 h of the experiment for serum biochemistry analysis. The results indicated that the treatment of pigeons with silymarin reduced the serum level of AST, ALT, UA, and urea while increasing ALB and TP. Clinical observations also indicated the presence of toxication symptoms, including loss of appetite, diarrhea, and lethargy. These symptoms improved faster in the silymarin group. It can be concluded that silymarin reduces acute liver and kidney damage caused by diclofenac in pigeons.

Diabetes is one of the most common metabolic diseases worldwide which affects all organs, including the reproductive system. Today, many researchers use medicinal plants instead of chemical agents to achieve fewer side effects. Ferula assa-foetida L. is one of the medicinal plants used to treat many diseases traditionally for years. The present study evaluated the antidiabetic and protective effects of Ferula assa-foetida L. on the testis of streptozotocin-induced diabetic male rats. The histomorphologic study of diabetic rats treated with Ferula assa-foetida L. extract showed a significant improvement in testes. Histological studies revealed that treatment with the Ferula assa-foetida L. extract significantly increased sperm count in the seminiferous tubules and reduced fibrosis. Our study confirmed the improving effects of Ferula assa-foetida L. on histomorphometric and biochemical parameters in diabetes and related testicular damage, which are partially attributed to the bioactive compounds and antioxidants in Ferula assa-foetida L.

The World Health Organization (WHO) reports that human taeniasis is a neglected tropical disease. It has a worldwide distribution, even in developed countries. Three species of Taenia (Tania saginata, Taenia solium, and Taenia asiatica) can infect humans. The definitive hosts are humans, while intermediate hosts are cattle or pigs. Consuming raw or undercooked beef can lead to Taenia saginata taeniasis, while the primary source of infection for T. asiatica and T. solium is raw or undercooked pork. Taenia saginata taeniasis is the most prevalent in Islamic countries such as Iran, in which pork consumption is very low. It has been reported that human taeniasis has a prevalence between 0.0028% to 3% in Iran. Little is known about the molecular characterization of T. saginata in Iran. In this study, T. saginata was diagnosed based on its morphological and molecular characteristics. This is the first report on the molecular definition of Taenia saginata from Sistan and Baluchestan, Iran.

The powder derived from human placenta (HP) was successfully used in regenerative medicine. The purpose of this study was to fabricate powder from the human placenta and evaluate it by histological analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction. The placenta was decellularized chemically and then lyophilized by a lyophilizer (FTS Systems Bulk Freeze Dryer Model 8–54) for 24 hours at -56 °C and 5 mm Hg until they were totally dried. The assessment used histological analysis, Scanning Electron Microscopy, and x-ray diffraction. The hematoxylin and eosin stain demonstrated that cellular populations and nuclear residues were totally absent from HP tissue. The freeze-drying process of preparing acellular human placenta powder resulted in structures that are made up of highly interconnected, open networks of pores. The particle size mean diameter was approximately ranging from a minimum of 89.44 µm to a maximum of 172.82 µm, and the pore sizes ranged between 44.28 µm and 81.40 µm. Using conventional diffraction database cards, the X-ray diffraction analysis of acellular human placenta powder demonstrated the existence of the constituent organic and inorganic components. It was discovered that the presence of semi-crystalline or amorphous organic components, such as chondroitin sulfate, collagen, and hyaluronic acid. The study concluded from the structural powder that it can be used in regeneration treatments such as treating the spinal cord in animals.

Feed and food contamination by toxigenic fungi and their aflatoxins is one of the main threats to animal and human health worldwide and in the agricultural and industrial sectors. This study evaluated the contamination magnitude by Aspergillus species in dairy farms, aflatoxin AFB1 in cow feeds, and aflatoxin AFM1 in milk and local cheese (Dangke). One hundred twenty-two swabs from farms, 12 roughage feeds, 16 concentrated feeds, 39 fresh cow milk, and six cheese samples were analyzed for Aspergillus spp., AFB1, and AFM1 contamination. Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus niger were detected in 13.93% and 7.38% of the swab samples, respectively. The roughage feeds showed low levels of AFB1, detected in 8.33% with contamination of 7.32 µ/kg, while concentrated feed was detected in 37.5% of specimens, with contamination levels of 27.8 µg/kg. Aflatoxin AFM1 was detected in raw milk samples and represented approximately 69.2% of samples, with a mean of 7.31 µg/kg. All local cheese samples were free of AFM1. There were critical points regarding HACCP inside the farms, which play significant roles in contamination by fungi and aflatoxins. Fungal contamination and aflatoxins pose dangerous public health problems to humans, especially infants and older people. Therefore, monitoring programs for mycotoxins are critical in reducing contamination.

Colibacillosis outbreaks are a global issue affecting the poultry industry. There is no cross-immunity among the strains of APEC. If a vaccine induces cross-immunity, it will play a key role in preventing colibacillosis. Herein, a sonicated trivalent colibacillosis vaccine containing O78:K80, O2:K1, and O1:K1 serotypes, with Alum as an adjuvant, was used to assess cross-immunity against E. coli O26. Ninety-six broiler chickens were randomly assigned to four groups: Group A was vaccinated and exposed to O78; Group B was unvaccinated but exposed to O78; Group C was vaccinated and exposed to O26; Group D was unvaccinated but exposed to O26. At 14 days old, chickens in groups A and C received a single dose of the vaccine, while groups B and D received normal saline subcutaneously. At 35 days old, all groups were challenged with O78 and O26 as described above. Clinical signs and lesions, isolation of the bacterium, weight gain, food intake, FCR, and antibody titers against the O antigens of the vaccine strains and O26 were recorded. The results indicated that 2 weeks post-vaccination, titers to the O antigens of the vaccine strains were significantly higher in the vaccinated groups than in the unvaccinated groups (p ≤ 0.05). Following the challenge, no significant difference was observed in food intake and FCR between the groups (p > 0.05); however, the growth rate in group A was significantly higher than in group B (p ≤ 0.05). At 42-49 days old, the vaccinated groups had the highest growth rate, which was statistically significant compared to the unvaccinated groups; and FCR in group A was significantly better than in group B (p ≤ 0.05). In conclusion, it appears that in addition to homologous immunity, the vaccine also induces cross-immunity against O26.

The involvement of Helicobacter-like agents in EGGD is not clear. Much evidence supports the presence of Helicobacter in the horse’s stomach, but it is not so clear about the donkey. The present study was conducted to evaluate the presence of Helicobacter in the stomach of donkeys and assess the best method for its identification and its possible participation in EGGD and serum antioxidant status. Gastric juice sampling and biopsy from NMP and PA were performed by gastroscopic method from 12 donkeys. Histopathology and RUT were used to identify Helicobacter. TAC, THIOL, NO, and DPPH were measured to assess the antioxidant status of serum. Helicobacter was detected only by the RUT method in one donkey (8.33%), but it is unlikely that this infection was effective in causing EGGD. The RUT results for the three samples of gastric juice, NMP, and PA were not different. Histopathology of NMP and PA did not show Helicobacter infection. Helicobacter is present in the stomach of a donkey but does not change the antioxidant status of serum. The RUT is more efficient than H&E histopathology for the assessment of H. pylori in the equine stomach, and the RUT of gastric juice is preferable to tissue samples because it is easy, fast, and non-invasive. In conclusion, further studies using more accurate methods are recommended to evaluate the effect of Helicobacter in the gastric diseases of donkeys and other equine.

Wound healing and finding a solution for fast healing are among of the major issues of today’s world. This study aimed to assess the effect of Tragacanth gum hydrogel as a three-dimensional scaffold of MSCs along with a wound dressing of human amniotic membrane in the healing of full-thickness skin wounds in rat. In this study, 54 Albino female rats (150 g) were divided into control, hydrogel, and hydrogel+stem cell groups. Under general anesthesia, two bilateral full-thickness wounds were created on the dorsal area by a 9.8-millimeter biopsy punch. Rats were euthanized on days 3, 10, and 21 for histopathology and cell tracking by PCR evaluation of tissue samples. The histopathological results showed that no significant difference was seen on days 3 and 21, and there were significant differences only on day 10. In terms of epithelialization, the treatment groups were significantly different from the control group  hydrogel+MSCs had a statistically significant difference with the control group in terms of granulation tissue formation. Cell tracking results with PCR on days 3, 10, and 21 in the hydrogel+MSCs group showed that MSCs were found only on day 3. The results of the present study showed that the use of stem cells together with the Tragacanth gum hydrogel as a scaffold and the use of human amniotic membrane as a dressing can cause fast healing of full-thickness wounds.

A 36 hours old foal was presented with abdominal pain and undefication that did not respond to medical treatment. Physical examination revealed marked abdominal distension, mild tachycardia, tachypnea and high rectal temperature. Radiographic and ultrasonographic investigations confirmed the meconium impaction and large colon involvement. The case was recommended for urgent exploratory celiotomy. Close observation during surgery showed distention of small and large intestine and 360° volvulus of left colon associated with meconium impaction in small colon. After decompression and correction of large colon, impacted meconium was removed from the lumen via small colon enterotomy. The foal was recovered uneventfully and did not show any complication during 2 weeks follow up. This report suggested failure to pass meconium can cause other gastrointestinal disorders in neonatal foals.