Thirty-eight tracheobronchial aspirates (TBA) were collected from twenty 1 to 6-month-old foals, which were free of clinical signs of respiratory tract or other infectious disease. We collected TBA from 9 of the foals 3 times when they were approximately 8, 16, and 24 weeks old. Aspirates were examined cytologically after staining with modified Wright-Giemsa, Gram, toluidine blue, and prussian blue stains. Aerobic bacterial culturing was performed on all aspirates. Of the 20 initial TBA, 4 (20%) were normal cytologically on the basis of previously defined criteria for TBA from clinically normal horses, 6 (30%) had a high percentage of eosinophils (> 5%), 8 (40%) were classified as indicative of subacute inflammation, and 2 (10%) were classified as indicative of acute inflammation. Nine (45%) were positive for mast cells and none were positive for hemosiderin-laden macrophages (hemosiderophages). Of the 9 foals from which samples were collected at 16 and 24 weeks of age, results were similar, except for an increase in the number of TBA classified as indicative of chronic inflammation (33% and 22% respectively) and the number positive for hemosiderophages (33% and 88%, respectively). One TBA was considered nondiagnostic because of pharyngeal contamination. Culturing of 12 of the 37 aspirates (32%) yielded a potential microbial pathogen. Only 2 were positive cultures from the same foal. The following organisms were isolated: beta-hemolytic Streptococci spp (4), Actinobacillus/Pasteurella spp (4), Rhodococcus equi (2), unidentified nonenteric Gram-negative rod (1), and Escherichia coli (1). Thirty-four of the 37 aspirates (92%) yielded light growth of various organisms considered to be nonpathogenic and normal inhabitants of the upper respiratory tract. It was concluded that the presence of inflammatory cells, eosinophils, and mast cells in the tracheobronchial aspirates from clinically normal foals is a common finding. These cytologic findings were consistent in the samples collected from foals at 8, 16, and 24 weeks of age. It was also concluded that bacteria with recognized pathogenicity can be isolated from TBA from clinically normal foals and were most frequently isolated from 1- to 2-month-old foals or those with cytologic evidence of inflammation, even in the absence of clinical signs of respiratory tract disease.

The present study was conducted in order to get the normal blood chemical values of Korean Jindo dogs. Blood samples were taken from 160 (male 34, female 126) healthy Jindo dogs in Jindo area. The mean values of serum total protein (TP), albumin (Alb) and globulin (Glb) content, cholesterol (Chole), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), inorganic phosphate (P), potassium (K), sodium (Na) and chloride (Cl) concentration in the group of less than one year old were 6.64 (male 6.62, female 6.64), 3.63 (male 3.57, female 3.65) and 3.00 (male 3.05, female 2.99) g/100ml, 170.97 (male 166.46, female 172.68) mg/100ml, 1.45 (male 1.43, female 1.46), 5.76 (male 5.62, female 5.81), 4.80 (male 4.95, female 4.75), 4.84 (male 4.72, female 4.89), 148.93 (male 148.79, female 148.98) and 110.22 (male 110.42, female 110.14) mEq/L, respectively, whereas the TP, Alb and Glb content, Chole Mg, Ca, P, K, Na and Cl concentration in the group of one year old and more were 6.88 (male 6.84, female 6.89), 3.65 (male 3.63, female 3.66) and 3.23 (male 3.21, female 3.23) g/100ml, 167.48 (male 173.80, female 166.48) mg/100ml, 1.40 (male 1.36, female 1.40), 5.69 (male 5.53, female 5.71), 4.62 (male 4.73, female 4.60), 4.88 (male 4.90, female 4.87), 149.86 (male 149.60, female 149.90)and 110.03 (male 110.70, female 109.92) mEq/L, respectively. The ratios of mean serum albumin to globulin (A/G), calcium to inorganic phosphate (Ca/P) and sodium to potassium (Na/K) in the group of less than one year old were 1.21 (male 1.17, female 1.22), 1.20 (male 1.14, female 1.22) and 30.77 (male 31.52, female 30.47), respectively, whereas the A/G, Ca/P and Na/K in the group of one year old and more were 1.13 (male 1.13, female 1.13), 1.23 (male 1.17, female 1.24) and 30.71 (male 30.53, female 30.78), respectively. The mean values of Alb content, Mg, Ca and K concentration, A/G and Ca/P ratio appeared to be higher in the female than in the male, whereas the reverse was the case with P concentration. No differences were found between male and female in the TP and Glb content, Chole, Na and Cl concentration and Na/K ratio.

A survey on the prevalence and distribution of antibodies to BLV was performed by the agar-gel immunodiffusion test over a period from 1983 to 1985. More than 2,407 serum samples were collected from Holstein cattle raised in the eastern part of Saitama prefecture where suburban dairy farm is operated. The average positive rate of this period was 4.9 %. The rates of reactive samples varied from 2.6 to 9.8 % among the age groups of cattle from younger than one year to 14 years of age. The positive rate increased gradually with age. The positive rates also varied widely from 0 to 21 % among areas surveyed. Furthermore, there were large differences in this rate among farms even in the same area. The results were interpreted and discussed in connection with the enzootic feature of BLV infection.

Nintey nonanesthetized 7- to 16-week-old pigs were studied, using 2-dimensional echocardiography that permits orientation of a targeted M-mode beam perpendicular to structures being studied and allows serial studies of the same cardiac regions. Normative data were obtained and included body weight and measurements of left atrial diameter, mitral valve excursion, aortic root diameter, left ventricular end-diastolic and end-systolic diameters, and left ventricular fractional shortening. A positive correlation was found between body weight and measurements of left atrial diameter, mitral valve excursion, aortic root diameter, left ventricular end-diastolic and end-systolic diameters, and fractional shortening. A correlation was found between body weight and age. Best-fit analysis resulted in all measurements fitting either a first- or second-degree polynomial.

Sulfadiazine (SDZ)/trimethoprim (TMP; 30 mg of SDZ/TMP/kg of body weight) was given IV to the same 6 male calves at 1, 7, and 42 days of age and to 2 additional calves at 7 days of age. Serum concentrations of SDZ and TMP were best represented by a 2-compartment open model, but in 42-day-old calves, CSF concentrations of both drugs were best represented by a 1-compartment open model with first-order input. Between 1 and 42 days of age, the elimination half-life (t1/2(beta)) of SDZ decreased from 5.7 to 3.6 hours, and total body clearance (CLtot) increased from 1.43 to 1.88 ml/min/kg; the area under the curve (AUCo leads to x) decreased from 291.5 to 225.4 mg/L.h. The distribution coefficient (Vd(area)/kg of body weight) decreased with age, changing from 0.72 to 0.59 L/kg, between 1 and 42 days of age. Therapeutic concentrations of SDZ in serum (greater than 2 micrograms/ml) were maintained for 24 hours in 1-day-old calves and for about 15 hours in 7- and 42-day-old calves. The elimination rate of TMP increased about 9-fold; t1/2(beta) was 8.4, 2.1, and 0.9 hours, respectively, at 1, 7, and 42 days of age. Other values also reflected an increase in TMP elimination rate with age: CLtot increased from 2.8 to 12 to 28.9 ml/min/kg, k13 increased from 0.336 to 0.654 to 1.664/h and AUC(0 to infinity) decreased from 32.8 to 7.9 to 3.1 mg/L/h, respectively. Therapeutic concentrations (greater than 0.1 microgram/ml) were maintained for 15 hours, 8 hours, and about 6 hours in 1-, 7-, and 42-day-old calves, respectively. Penetration of SDZ and TMP into the CSF in 42-day-old calves was substantial; ratios of AUC(CSF)/AUCserum were 0.60 and 0.69, respectively. Therapeutic concentrations of drugs in CSF were maintained if serum concentrations were above therapeutic concentrations; elimination rates of both drugs from the CSF equaled those of serum. Sulfadiazine was excreted mainly unchanged; the percentage of dose excreted unchanged in 24 hours increased from 22.1 to 47.8 to 50.8% in 1-, 7-, and 42-day-old calves, respectively, paralleling the increase in CLtot. Trimethoprim was extensively biotransformed; the percentage of dose excreted unchanged in the urine in 24 hours decreased from 12.8 to 8.7 to 3.5%. Sulfadiazine and TMP were concentrated in the urine, and therapeutic concentrations of both drugs in urine were maintained for greater than 24 hours in calves of all ages.

This study was carried out to determine suitable selection factors for recipients and embryos which could improve pregnancy rates following bovine embryo transfer. The experiment included 52 surgical transfers from February, 1985 through June, 1986 performed on Kyongbuk Breeding Center in southern Korea. The pregnancy rate was highest when recipients were in estrus within 6 hours before the donor to 12 hours after the donor (78.3 % versus 50 % for recipients in estrus earlier or later). Pregnancy rates were acceptable following culture under field conditions for up to 17 hours. More recipients over 15 months of age (76.1 %) remained pregnant than those under 15 months (66.7 %). Embryos transferred during the months from February to July resulted in higher pregnancy rates than those transferred during the remaining 6 months (77.3 % versus 57.1 %). Transferrable embryos were classified A (best) to C (worst); those graded A or B resulted in significantly higher pregnancy rates than those graded C (81.8 % and 73.3 % versus 25.0 %, p0.05). Pregnancy rates among recipients of the Korean native breed tended to be higher than among Holstein recipients (100 % versus 71.1 %). Similarly, when the embryo was transferred to the right uterine horn, pregnancy rates tended to be higher than when it was transferred to the left (81.3 % versus 65 %). Pregnancy rates did not differ according to the stage of development of the embryo; they were for morulae, tight morulae, blastocysts, and advanced blastocysts, respectively : 75.0 %, 66.7 %, 75.0 %, and 77.4 %

This investigation was conducted on 249 Jindo dogs aging from 2 to 12 months to determine body type and external appearance of the dogs. The withers height of male dogs growed rapidly during the period between 2 months and 7 months of age, and was 22.94cm and 49.77cm, respectively. Afterward the growth rate slowed down up to 12 months, 53.33cm. The growth rate of female was similar to male, and the withers height was 22.91cm, 46.81cm, 48.70cm at 2, 6 and 12 months of age. For male and female the body length was 27.21, 27.23cm at 2 months, 51.40cm, 51.62cm at 6 months, 58.33, 52.15cm at 12 months, respectively. Growth rate of the body length was very rapid from 2 to 6 months of age, but afterwards the growth rate was slow and somewhat retarded. For male and female, the withers height to body length ratio was 100 : 109.4 and 100 : 107.1 in 12 months old group. Cross over between the sexes in growth rate occurred between 5.3 to 6.5 months of age for wither height, between 6.0 to 7.2 months for body length, respectively. The average chest girths of male and female were 31.46, 30.46cm at 2 months, 54.92, 52.20cm at 7 months, 60.25, 57.90cm at 12 months, respectively. The growth rate of chest girth was rapid between 2 to 7 months of age and gradual between 7 to 12 months. The average skull lengths of male and female were 11.76, 11.32cm at 2 months, 21.83, 19.60cm at 12 months, respectively. The average head widths of male and female were 8.37, 7.94cm at 2 months, 15.47, 12.46cm at 12 months. Erected type of ear was completed from oblique type at 6 months in male and 7 months in female. On our detailed examinations, we concluded that Jindo dogs completed their growth at 6 to 7 months of age

The frequency of appearance of HI antibody against Japanese encephalitis virus was investigated over the three-year period 1982 through 1984. The sample population consisted of 1306 cattle in Saitama prefecture (located in central Japan), and 536 cattle in Kagoshima prefecture (located in southern Japan). During the study period, there was no significant difference in the average antibody-positive rate between cattle in Kagoshima (68.8 %) and those in Saitama (65.5 %). Variations in the monthly antibody-positive rate and mean monthly antibody titer in the Saitama cattle followed a mountain-like pattern with the peak observed during summer. In the Kagoshima cattle, both parameters also increased in summer and these increases persisted even in winter. The distribution of antibody-positive rate as a function of age ranged from 64.0 % to 82.8 % in Saitama, though no correlation was observed between these two factors. In the Kagoshima cattle, however, the antibody-positive rate increased with age as follows; the values averaged 29.4 % in the one-year-old cattle group, 50.0 % in the two-year-old group, 47.4 % in the three-year-old group and 74.5 % in the four-year-old group. There was no significant correlation between the mean antibody titer and age in either Saitama cattle (15.3-22.5) or Kagoshima cattle (20.0-32.3)