The present study was designed to determine the effect of the antioxidants; taurine, ascorbic acid '' AA '' and beta-mercaptoethanol '' β-ME '' separately or in combination, on reproductive performance of adult male rats suffering from cadmium chloride "CdCl2" - induced oxidative stress. A total of 180 mature male Albino rats were equally divided into 9 groups; the rats of the 1st were administered distilled water while those of the 2nd group were administered 1/100 LD50 of CdCl2. Rats of the remaining groups were administered 1/100 LD50 of CdCl2 followed 3 days later by 1 / 50 LD50 of either taurine, AA and β-ME or a combination of AA and taurine, AA or β-ME, taurine and β-ME as well as AA, taurine and β-ME, respectively for 2 successive months. The results revealed that application of CdCl2 for 8 successive weeks decreased pituitary and serum levels of gonadotropins (gametogenic hormone”FSH” and interstitial cell stimulating hormone “ICSH”) as well as serum testosterone “T” level, altered semen quality, and decreased serum level of total antioxidant capacity with increased serum malondialdhyde "MDA" level. On the other side, application of different antioxidants to CdCl2 –induced oxidative stress increased pituitary and serum levels of gonadotropins and serum level of T as well as improved semen quality, increased serum level of total antioxidant capacity and decreased serum level of MDA. In addition, the best improvement in male reproductive performance was achieved after administration of AA and taurine separately or in combination while the least improvement was obtained when β-ME was applied alone.

Biological hazards associated with oxidative stress resulted in defective in vitro embryo production “IVEP”. Reactive oxygen species “ROS” may originate from embryo metabolism and/or embryo surroundings. In an attempt to overcome such challenge, the present study correlates between the influence of 3 antioxidants and buffalo oocyte development up to morula and blastocyst stages. It was found that taurine addition (either alone or concomitant with ascorbic acid “AA” or mannitol) to media during in vitro maturation “IVM” has the potency to enhance IVEP in buffaloes. On the other side, AA and mannitol either alone or in combination are invalid to improve developmental rate of mature buffalo oocytes to reach morula and blastocyst stages.In a second experiment, the best treatment (taurine and AA) was added to both in vitro fertilization “IVF” and culture “IVC” media. This treatment resulted in significant elevation of the cleavage rate and morula development without influencing blastocyst rate as compared with their corresponding values following the addition to IVM medium alone. Thus, it could be concluded that addition of taurine with AA into both IVM and IVF media enhances maturation of buffalo oocytes and activates the cells to undergo cleavage and morula development.

Assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) are widely used as a tool to improve reproductive per¬formance in both humans and animals. In particular, in the veterinary field, ARTs are used to improve animal genetics, recover endangered animals, and produce offspring in the event of sub¬fertility or infertility in males or females. However, the use of ARTs did not improve the fertilization rate in some animals due to various factors such as the difficulty in reproducing an anatomical and humoral substrate typical of the natural condition or due to the increase in catabolites and their difficult elimination. The in vitro environment allows the production and increase in the concentration of substances, including reactive oxygen species (ROS), which could be harmful to gametes. If produced in high concentration, the ROS becomes deleterious, both in vitro and in vivo systems. It has been seen that the use of antioxidants can help neutralize or counteract the production of ROS. The present study aims to report the latest findings regarding the use of antioxidants in ARTs of some domestic species, such as dogs, cats, and horses, compared to other animal species, such as cattle, in which ARTs have instead developed more widely. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2021; 8(1.000): 173-184]

Objective: The work aimed to determine the state of lipid peroxidation products and the activity of the antioxidant system in cats with aseptic inflammation and purulent-inflammatory processes of varying severity. Materials and Methods: The intensity of the process of lipid peroxidation- antioxidant system processes in blood plasma was evaluated using commercial kits. The level of diene conjugates (DC), the content of malondialdehyde (MDA), the level of medium-weight molecules were deter¬mined from lipid peroxidation indices. The state of antioxidant protection was assessed by indi¬cators of superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, catalase (CT), ceruloplasmin (CP) concentration, glutathione peroxidase activity, glutathione reductase (GLR), and total antioxidant activity (AOA). Results: With aseptic inflammation in the blood of cats, a slow activation of peroxidation reactions occurred. The DC indicator increased by 1.4 times, the SOD level rose by 1.38 times, the amount of GLR by 1.04 times, and the activation of total AOA by 9.06. In sepsis, the values of DC, MDA, and medium-weight molecules increased by 4.4, 8.4, and 8.8 times, respectively. With abscesses in the blood of cats, an increase in CT, CP, and GLR is observed against a background of a decrease in glutathione peroxidase. With purulent wounds, the total AOA of plasma increases by 2.5 times; with abscesses, the total AOA increases by 1.9 times, and with sepsis, it decreases by 1.5 times. Conclusion: With surgical infections in cats, deep biochemical changes or irreversible biochemical changes (in sepsis) occur that indicate a significantly enhanced catabolic orientation of metabolic processes and the accumulation of toxic metabolites, which leads to damage and a decrease in tissue regenerative capacity. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2021; 8(2.000): 210-217]

Bucks reproductive performance can be improved by artificial insemination technique, that affected by many factors the most important one is semen quality, which is affected by the methods of semen preservation cooling and freezing. The goal of this study was to assess the effect of adding different concentrations of antioxidant as Nano-selenium to the diluted buck semen during preservation by cooling in both summer and winter seasons. Eight mature healthy Zaraibi bucks were used in the study. Semen samples were collected by an electro- ejaculator twice per week during summer 2021 (August, September) and winter (January, February). Samples were pooled and diluted by extender then divided to experimental groups: Group 1: Nano-selenium: 100 μL / 100 ml and Group 2: 200 μL / 100 ml.  Then the groups cooled for measuring some semen parameters and seminal antioxidant activities after 1 h from adding and at 8 hours then every 8 hrs up to 64 hr. Nano selenium 200 μL / 100 ml has a favorable impact on diluted buck semen during cooling preservation during summer and winter.

This study aimed to introduce some natural alternatives that can be used in the treatment and control of coccidiosis in weaned rabbits. Moringa oleifera (M. oleifera) was used for its immune enhancer effect and its content of antioxidant bioactive compounds. In the current investigation, sixty domestic male rabbits were divided into six groups with 10 rabbits in each. Group 1 (G1): noninfected and non-treated group; G2 was noninfected and supplemented with M. oleifera extract in drinking water at 1.5 g/L; G3 was infected and non-treated (control positive); G4 was supplemented with M. oleifera extract in drinking water (1.5 g/L) one week before the experimental infection till the end of the experiment; G5 was infected and treated by M. oleifera extract in drinking water (1.5 g/L) at the 5th-day post-inoculation till the end of the experiment; G6 was infected and treated with amprolium 20% (1.2 g/L) at the 5th-day post-inoculation for five successive days. Rabbits were infected by a suspension containing 104 sporulated oocysts of Eimeria magna, E. media, and E. perforans. G3 exhibited the typical symptoms of coccidiosis with a mortality rate of 30%, while clinical signs in G4, G5, and G6 were lesser than in G3 with a mortality rate of 0%. There was a significant increase in body weight and a significant decrease in oocyst count in G4, G5, and G6 compared with G3. In Addition, a significant decrease (p>0.05) in the liver enzyme (ALT), A/G ratio, serum cholesterol, and triglycerides, with a significant increase (p>0.05) in serum total protein activities in the treated groups (G4, G5, and G6) compared to the control positive group. Serum AST, creatinine, and urea did not report any changes among treatments, and they were within the normal range. While antioxidant activities in tissue showed a significant reduction in the malondialdehyde (MDA), a significant increase in SOD (superoxide dismutase), and GSH (glutathione reduced) activities in the treated groups compared to the control positive group. Histopathological changes of the intestine showed better profiles in the supplemented groups. Besides, histopathological changes in the intestine and the microscopical lesion score were significantly reduced in the challenged groups supplemented and treated with M. oleifera and amprolium. In conclusion, M. oleifera could be effective in controlling rabbit coccidiosis.

          The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of dietary nucleoforce® supplementation on the antioxidative status and the molecular expression of IGF-1, IL-1ß and IL-6 genes in broiler chickens. 240, one-day old Ross 308 broiler chicks were randomly allocated into four equal groups, each of which contained 60 birds and was divided into three replicates with 20 birds for each replicate. Birds in the first group fed basal diet and considered as a control group (C), whereas birds of the second (200N), third (350N), and fourth (500N) groups fed diet supplemented with 200, 350 and 500 g/ton nucleoforce®, respectively from zero day till the end of the experiment. At days 21 and 49 of age, two birds from each replicate were randomly chosen, slaughtered, and dissected to collect blood and tissue samples. The concentrations of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in serum were calculated as an indicator for the antioxidant status. Gene expression of insulin-like growth factors 1 (IGF-1) in liver, interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in spleen was performed using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). The obtained results revealed that the highest nucleoforce® concentration (500g/ton) resulted in time dependent significant increases in both SOD and GPx. This study also indicated that nucleotides supplementation resulted in significant up regulations of growth and immune related gene expression with the best results were obtained with the highest nucleotides concentration. In conclusion, dietary nucleoforce® inclusion can improve the performance of broiler chickens and enhance their antioxidative and immune status.

Moringa Oleifera (MO) is a miracle plant of huge medical significance. It could be used to suppress the aggressiveness of various tumors as well as ameliorate the consequences of chemotherapeutic agents. In the present study; 49 albino rats were used to evaluate the effect of MO nanoparticles (MONPs) in DMBA-induced breast cancer rats (BC-induced) treated with doxorubicin (DOX). Cardiotoxicity, antioxidant markers, and protein profile were evaluated. Serum and mammary glands samples were collected for both biochemical and histopathological examinations. Rats were classified into control and BC-induced rats. The last group was further divided into 6 groups to evaluate the synergistic and prophylactic effects of MONPs. There was a significant reduction in the levels of tumor, and cardiotoxicity markers with a significant increase in the antioxidants/oxidants and proteins profile in BC-induced rats treated synergistically or/and prophylactically with MONPs and DOX. In conclusion, the prophylactic use of MONPs and synergistic use of MONPs and DOX induced a magnificent resistance against cardiotoxicity induced by doxorubicin and ameliorated the aggressiveness of breast cancer as well as the oxidative stress induced in rats.

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of supplementation with a combination of vitamins A, E, and C and volatile oils (Superimmune®) on milk production, somatic cell count (SCC), and antioxidant parameters in dairy cows. For this purpose, 30 lactating Holstein cows were used at an early stage of lactation. The cows were randomly allocated to five groups (six each). The first group was supplemented daily with 20 ml of Superimmune® (200,000 IU vit. A, 100mg vit E and 20mg vit. C, Eucalyptus oil, lavender oil, and peppermint oil). The second group was supplemented with 200,000 IU vit. A: third group with 100 mg vit. E), and the fourth group (20 mg vit. C. The fifth group was maintained without treatment (control). Milk production, somatic cell counts, and antioxidant parameters were measured before treatment and at one- and two-months post-treatment. Cows that received Superimmune® showed a significant decrease in somatic cell count compared with the other groups at one-month post-treatment (p<0.05) and onward. There was also a significant increase in total antioxidant capacity (TAC) (p<0.01), glutathione reductase (GR) (p<0.05), and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) (p<0.01) in cows that received a combination compared to the other groups). However, there was a significant decrease in the malondialdehyde (MDA) levels (p<0.01). Milk production showed a non-significant increase in cows receiving a combination of vitamins compared to the other groups. The results of the present study indicate that a combination of vitamins and volatile oils may have a better effect on somatic cell counts and milk antioxidant parameters in dairy cows than supplementation with a single vitamin.