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Short-term heart-rate variability in healthy small and medium-sized dogs over a five-minute measuring period
2020
Baisan, Radu Andrei | Condurachi, Eusebiu Ionuț | Vulpe, Vasile
Five-minute heart-rate variability (HRV) measurement is a useful tool for assessing the autonomic nervous system (ANS) balance in humans, but there are no studies on healthy dogs. The aim of the study was, therefore, to provide the reference ranges in small and medium-sized breeds for short-term HRV time and frequency domain (TFD) analyses. A total of 79 healthy dogs were included in the study between 2015 and 2019. Grouping by age with the breakpoint at six years and subgrouping by reproductive status and sex was imposed. All the dogs were included after physical and cardiological examinations and blood analyses. The TFD of HRV were analysed from a five-minute-long digital ECG recording after removal of non-sinus complexes. There were no statistically significant differences in any TFD parameters between age, reproductive status or sex groups. A mild increase in all time domain parameters and the high-frequency (HF) band was observed in older dogs, and the low frequency (LF):HF ratio decreased in these dogs. In males, the time domain parameters and HF band increased slightly. The normal ranges for HRV derived from short-term ECG recording in the usual clinical environment now have proposed reference ranges. Our findings suggest that accommodation time, age, sex, or reproductive status do not influence the results derived from these recordings, indicating that this method is reliable for assessing the ANS function in small and medium-sized dog breeds.
Show more [+] Less [-]Therapeutic effects of revascularisation on the healing of free bone grafts in dogs
2020
Zheng, Jia-San | Ruan, Hong-Ri | Shuang-Qiu, | Jing-Nie, | Hou, Kai-Wen | Rui-Wu,
The therapeutic effect of subcutaneous embedding and revascularisation on the repair of canine bone defects caused by open fracture was examined. A total of 12 adult beagle dogs were randomly split into a control group (group C) and a test group (group T). A section of the radius was removed from each dog under general anaesthesia and the deficit supported by an orthopaedic implant. Group T had the section surgically implanted next to the blood vessel–rich saphenous vein and Group C had it cryopreserved at −80°C. After eight weeks, the bone was surgically implanted back into the matching radial deficit. Bone healing was evaluated by gross morphological and X-ray examinations, post-mortem histology, and successive blood measurements of key bone biochemical markers. At 12 weeks, the bone healing boundary was disappearing more quickly in group T dogs than in their group C counterparts. X-ray and histological examinations showed that the cortical repair of group T subjects was complete and the bony plate arrangement was more regular than that in group C. The levels of bone biochemical markers also proved that the healing state of group T was better. The results showed that the degree of healing, osteoclast activity, and bone formation status of group T were better than those of group C, proving that the vascularised bone graft had a significantly shorter healing time than the cryopreserved bone graft.
Show more [+] Less [-]Comparison of a barium chloride test with ELISA for pregnancy detection in cows
2020
Dana, Omer Ismaeel | Ghaidan, Mnnat Talib | Mukhtar, Rafiq Hamakarim | Dyary, Hiewa Othman
Early detection of pregnancy is vital for appropriate reproductive management programmes to facilitate the rapid re-insemination of non-pregnant females and reduce the calving interval. A barium chloride test was compared with a commercial progesterone ELISA to detect pregnancy in non-descriptive cows and investigate if it could be applied as an alternative to ELISA in the field. Blood and urine samples were collected from 74 cows with recorded insemination dates. The progesterone ELISA and barium chloride assay were implemented to detect progesterone (P4) in blood and urine specimens, respectively. The cows' reproductive systems were examined after they were slaughtered to determine the uterus's status. Macroscopic examination of the uterus was used as a reference standard for both tests. The sensitivity rates of the P4 ELISA and barium chloride test to detect pregnant cows were 100.0% and 79.4%, and to detect the corpus luteum (CL) were 83.0% and 87.0%, respectively, their sensitivity increasing in the presence of the CL. The ELISA and barium chloride tests were 79.7% and 52.7% accurate in the diagnosis of pregnancy. The accuracy of the barium chloride test in CL detection increased to 81.0%, and that of the ELISA to 86.4%. There were no significant differences (P = 0.052) between the barium chloride assay and ELISA when they were utilised for the identification of the CL. The barium chloride test can be an inexpensive and time-saving alternative to ELISA in pregnancy diagnosis when the insemination date is known.
Show more [+] Less [-]Integrin alpha-v/beta3 expression in equine lungs and jejunum
2020
Le, Nguyen Phuong Khanh | Gerdts, Volker | Singh, Balijit
Integrin alpha-v/beta3 (αvβ3) recognizes arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) sequences and has important functions in cell adhesion, signaling, and survival. However, the expression of integrin αvβ3 in the equine lungs and jejunum is not well understood. The objective of this study was to explore the hitherto unknown expression of integrin αvβ3 in the lungs and jejuna of the horse using light and electron immunocytochemistry. Immunohistochemistry showed integrin αvβ3 on the epithelium, the immune cells in Peyer's patches, the smooth muscle, and the endothelium of equine jejuna. In equine lungs, we recognized integrin αvβ3 on the endothelium of blood vessels, the alveolar septa, the bronchial lymph nodes, and the cartilages, although the expression of integrin αvβ3 was weak on the epithelium of bronchioles. In conclusion, these are the first data to show the expression of integrin αvβ3 in equine lungs and jejuna.
Show more [+] Less [-]Establishment of a method for evaluation of the efficacy of a classical swine fever virus subunit vaccine in rabbits
2020
Cao, Zhi | Zhang, Heng | Yang, Qian | Zhang, Hui | Fan, Gencheng
OBJECTIVE To establish a method for evaluation of the efficacy of a classical swine fever virus (CSFV) subunit vaccine in rabbits as determined via humoral immune responses to the virus. ANIMALS 40 specific pathogen–free rabbits. PROCEDURES Rabbits were randomly assigned to 4 groups (10 rabbits/group) for SC injection of 0.05, 0.1, and 0.2 mL of a CSFV subunit E2 vaccine (representing 1.15, 2.3, or 4.6 μg of E2 protein/dose, respectively) or saline (0.9% NaCl) solution. Blood samples were collected 21 days after vaccination for measurement of the antibody response against CSFV via ELISA and virus neutralization methods. On the same day, the CSFV Chinese (C) strain was injected into an ear vein. Vaccine efficacy was determined by monitoring of rabbits for pyrexia for 4 days and measurement of viral copies in spleen lysates at the end of the study. Reproducibility of the antibody response was tested with 2 other batches of the vaccine at the minimum immunization dose identified for the initially tested batch. RESULTS The E2 protein dose of the initially tested vaccine was positively correlated with the antibody response and protection rate in rabbits. The identified minimum immunization dose per rabbit was 0.1 mL, representing an E2 protein content of approximately 2.3 μg, and reproducibility of the antibody response to vaccination with the 2 other batches at this dose was good. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE A method was established in rabbits for evaluation of the efficacy of a CSFV subunit vaccine that could help in the optimization of later large-scale vaccine production and quality control processes as well as in the clinical application of the vaccine.
Show more [+] Less [-]Cardiovascular and respiratory effects of carbon dioxide pneumoperitoneum in the domestic rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus)
2020
Kabakchiev, Claudia | Valverde, Alex | Singh, Ameet | Beaufrere, Hugues
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) on cardiorespiratory parameters during pneumoperitoneum with carbon dioxide in domestic rabbits. Six juvenile female New Zealand white rabbits were assigned to randomized sequences of IAP (0, 4, 8 mmHg) in a crossover study. The following parameters were measured at each IAP: direct arterial blood pressure (ABP); cardiac output, (CO), cardiac index, and stroke volume index (CI, SVI); heart rate; end-tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO(2)); arterial blood gases (PaCO(2), PaO(2)); peak inspiratory pressure (PIP); and peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO(2)). Between IAPs, the abdomen was desufflated for a 5-minute washout period. Mixed linear regression models were used for statistical analysis. Heart rate, SpO(2), and ABP were not significantly affected by IAP, although there was a positive increase in ABP with IAP. Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO(2)) was increased at an IAP of 8 mmHg and ETCO(2) and PIP were greater with each IAP applied. Cardiac output and CI were significantly decreased with IAP and, although SVI showed the same trend, it was not statistically significant. In conclusion, pneumoperitoneum with carbon dioxide causes an increase in ETCO(2), PaCO(2), and PIP, whereas cardiac output and CI decrease. These cardiorespiratory changes should be considered when determining the optimal IAP for laparoscopic procedures in rabbits.
Show more [+] Less [-]The effect of inspired oxygen concentration on oxidative stress biomarkers in dogs under inhalation anesthesia
2020
Chongphaibulpatana, Patarakit | Kumagai, Yuu | Fukui, Daisuke | Katayama, Masaaki | Uzuka, Yuji
This study investigated oxidative stress biomarkers at 3 different oxygen concentrations in dogs under general anesthesia to determine whether high-concentration oxygen increases oxidative stress. Six healthy beagles were randomly assigned to receive 3 anesthesia protocols (inhalation of 40%, 60%, and 100% oxygen) during 3 hours of general anesthesia with sevoflurane, with at least one week in between each protocol. For each experiment, blood samples were collected at 0, 3, 6, and 24 hours after inhalation of oxygen. Derivatives of reactive oxygen metabolites, biochemical antioxidant potential, superoxide dismutase, and 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine in the blood did not significantly differ among the 3 groups at any time point. This study is the first comparing high concentrations of oxygen with low concentrations of oxygen for anesthesia in dogs. According to our findings, 100% oxygen may not alter the oxidative stress level in dogs during general anesthesia with sevoflurane for 3 hours.
Show more [+] Less [-]Comparison of analgesic efficacy and fetal effects between transdermal administration of fentanyl and intramuscular administration of buprenorphine in pregnant sheep
2020
Padgett, Ashley L. | Lepiz, Mauricio L. | Mackay, Evelyn E. | Driskill, Austin J. | Ivanov, Ivan V. | Fajt, Virginia R. | Konarik, Megan M. | Mays, Travis P. | Washburn, Shannon E.
OBJECTIVE To compare analgesic efficacy and fetal effects between transdermal administration of fentanyl and IM administration of buprenorphine in pregnant sheep. ANIMALS 12 healthy pregnant ewes. PROCEDURES Before study initiation, each ewe was confirmed pregnant with a single fetus between 113 and 117 days of gestation. Ewes were randomly assigned to receive buprenorphine (0.01 mg/kg, IM, q 8 h for 48 hours beginning 1 hour before anesthesia induction; n = 6) or fentanyl (a combination of transdermal fentanyl patches sufficient to deliver a dose of 2 μg of fentanyl/kg/h applied between the dorsal borders of the scapulae 24 hours before anesthesia induction; 6). Ewes were anesthetized and underwent a surgical procedure to instrument the fetus with an arterial catheter and place a catheter in utero for collection of amniotic fluid samples. Physiologic variables and behavioral changes indicative of pain were assessed, and amniotic fluid and blood samples from ewes and fetuses were collected for determination of drug concentrations at predetermined times. RESULTS Both protocols provided acceptable postoperative analgesia with no adverse effects observed in the ewes or fetuses. Compared with the buprenorphine protocol, the fentanyl protocol induced more profound analgesia, decreased the requirement for isoflurane during surgery, and was associated with a shorter anesthesia recovery time. Fetal indices did not differ significantly between the 2 analgesic protocols. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results indicated that both protocols provided acceptable analgesia. However, the fentanyl protocol was superior in regard to the extent of analgesia induced, inhalant-sparing effects, and anesthesia recovery time.
Show more [+] Less [-]Effectiveness of MB-102, a novel fluorescent tracer agent, for conducting ocular angiography in dogs
2020
Pirie, Christopher G. | Rogers, Thomas E. | Dorshow, Richard B.
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effectiveness of a novel fluorescence tracer agent, MB-102, for conducting ocular angiography in dogs. ANIMALS 10 ophthalmologically normal dogs (2 to 4 years old) and 10 dogs with retinal degeneration or primary open-angle glaucoma (< 6 years old). PROCEDURES While anesthetized, all dogs received sodium fluorescein (20 mg/kg, IV) or MB-102 (20 or 40 mg/kg, IV) first and then the other dye in a second treatment session 2 days later in a randomized crossover design. Anterior fluorescence angiography was performed on one eye and posterior fluorescence angiography on the other. Imaging was performed with a full-spectrum camera and camera adaptor system. Filter sets that were tailored to match the excitation and emission characteristics of each angiographic fluorescent agent were used. RESULTS All phases and phase intervals during anterior and posterior segment angiography were identified, regardless of the dye used. However, agent fluorescence and visualization of the iridal blood vessels were hindered in some dogs, irrespective of agent, owing to the degree of iridal pigmentation present. No significant difference was noted between the 2 dyes in any phase or phase interval, and slight improvement in image contrast was observed with MB-102 during the venous phases owing to a reduction of vessel wall staining in both normal and diseased eyes. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results suggested that MB-102 would be useful for conducting ocular angiography in dogs.
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