The aim of the study was to investigate the mitigative effects of bisoprolol (BIS) in cadmium-induced myocardial toxicity on oxidative stress and its inhibitive effect on nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-kB) signalling in rats.

In several nations of the Middle East, camel meat is a significant source of animal-derived protein, vitamins, and minerals. In the Arab and African continents, camels are extremely significant. The study was conducted to determine the residual levels of heavy metals (lead, cadmium, nickel, and chromium). Camel meat plays a significant role in these regions as a source of protein, but it may also contain many toxic substances as residues contamination with heavy metals, which are considered serious threats not only due to their toxicity but also because of bioaccumulation in the food chain. The average lead levels in the analyzed samples of muscles, kidneys, and livers were 0.11±0.03, 0.47±1.18, and 0.7±0.13 mg/kg, respectively. The mean concentrations of cadmium in muscles, livers, and kidneys, however, were 0.13±0.04, 0.43±0.12, and 0.85±0.34 mg/kg, respectively. While the residual chromium levels in the muscles, livers, and kidneys were, respectively, 0.1±0.45, 0.21±0.11, and 0.25±0.07 mg/kg. The residual level of all the metals in different tissues were found to be substantially different, with a p-value <0.05, whereas nickel was 0.13, 0.16, and 0.23 mg/kg. In conclusion, liver and kidneys has higher concentrations of the tested metals compared with muscles. However, the recorded concentrations of the tested metals lies within the acceptable limits set by the regulatory authorities.

Meat contamination is a problem that must be addressed since it can affect consumers' health. Standard acceptable limits for heavy metals in meat and organs have been established by many international organizations. Livestock including sheep, cattle, camels, and goats side by side with other poultry species are the most significant sources of meat for protein. Heavy metal contamination in animal products may be harmful to people's health. The earth's crust naturally contains heavy metals, but uncontrolled human activity has significantly changed their geochemical cycles and biological equilibrium. This causes a buildup of metals in animal tissue that contain secondary metabolites, which gives rise to a specific pharmacological action. Humans can have negative health effects from prolonged exposure to heavy metals as lead, cadmium, arsenic, and mercury. This review showed that most of the studies conducted in different countries on heavy metals were mostly in red meat, and the research was few in the cases of domesticated birds and very rare in game birds, although it is considered a good example for investigating heavy metals in the environment

Tribulus terrestris (Tt) is a herb distributed worldwide due to its beneficial claims on many diseases. This study aimed to study the role of Tt against Cadmium (Cd)-induced toxicity on thyroid gland of adult male albino rats. Twenty-four rats were subdivided into four groups; (Control group) without any treatment, (Tt + Cd group) with a daily oral dose of Tt (5 mg/ kg b. wt.) for eight weeks, from the beginning of the ninth week, they injected i.p. with 2 mg/kg of CdCl4 for 8 days, (Cd group) injected i.p. with 2 mg/kg of CdCl4 for 8 days, (Cd + Tt group) injected i.p. with 2 mg/kg of CdCl4 for eight days, from the ninth day they were given a daily oral dose of Tt (5 mg/ kg b. wt.) for eight weeks. Results revealed that levels of T4 and TAC decreased while levels of TSH and MDA increased in Cd group resulted in follicular cells degeneration, increasing the amount of collagen fibers, and increased positive immunoreactivity of PCNA. Administration of Tt before Cd injection increased levels of T4 and TAC while decreased levels of TSH and MDA. administration of Tt after Cd injection didn't affect T4, TSH, MDA and TAC levels. The pre-treatment with Tt protects the thyroid tissue from those destructive changes by Cd while the post-treatment did not treat them.  In conclusion, Tribulus terrestris is highly effective in shielding the thyroid gland from further damaging effects of Cd -induced oxidative stress when utilized as prophylactic antioxidant rather than treatment therapy.

In the aquatic environment, pollution with heavy metals is a major issue. Some of them are essential heavy metals because they play biological roles for aquatic organisms. Other heavy metals, however, are regarded as dangerous even at low concentrations. Heavy metal levels that are harmful may be caused by industrial, mining, and agricultural operations. Water contamination and changes to the physicochemical properties of the aquatic environment will result from this. The harmful toxic consequences of this pollution on fish raise questions about its possible impacts on human health. The most prevalent heavy metals are arsenic, cadmium, lead, and mercury, which are systemic toxicants and have an impact on human health. These metals are classified as carcinogens by the United States Environmental Protection Agency and the international agency for research on cancer because they cause organ damage even at low exposure levels. This review was created to contribute to the understanding of the environmental impact, toxicology, and consequences of heavy metals on fish.