Research and production experiment on studying the efficiency of calve growing depending on the methods of their husbandry at the prophylactic and lactic periods was realized in the conditions of the Republic of Belarus. It was established, that calves which were kept in course of the analyzed periods in group cages of a calf-house at the age of 180 days had live weight on 9 kg (or on 5,4%) higher than cattle kept in course of the prophylactic period in individual cages of a prophylactorium calf house, and at the same time their live weight was on 3 kg higher (or on 1,7%) rearers kept in the same period in group cages on the open air conditions. The average daily live weight gain of cattle was also higher on 7,2 and 1,6%, respectively. However, in the conditions of the group husbandry of growing stock in the calf houses there was stated that the analyzed animals were more often ill, so it could be concluded that the presented animal husbandry method could be used only in favorable epizootic conditions in animal husbandry farms. In the conditions of an open air husbandry the ways of infection diseases incidence was substantially lower, and calves showed high development indices in case of complete feed diets application

Nowadays in connection with an interdiction for antibiotics use in animal feeding it is very actual to work out and apply new forms of probiotic preparations which should be as ecologically safe and harmless both to people and animal products. Probiotics make it possible to improve the digestibility of nutritive substances of forages, normalize metabolism, enrich with biologically active substances that promotes the increasing of their productivity. In the Republic of Belarus the probiotics are produced in the obviously insufficient quantity that creates problems of young stock livability. Influence of application of Akozil and Sublicin probiotics in diets of suckling calves on biochemical parameters of blood serum was analysed. It was stated that use of the analysed probiotics made it possible to decrease the level of urea and total cholesterol, to increase of the total protein content in blood serum of the experimental calves. There was noted the increasing of glucose level in blood serum of calves fed with Akozil. There was marked the tendency of more optimal level of calcium and phosphorus in calves having Sublicin in their diets. The obtained results testified the normalization of metabolic processes taking place in calves which were fed by the mentioned above probiotics

There was studied the influence of parasites on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of gastrointestinal microflora of animals. The digestive path represents open system by means of which contact of macroorganism to environment and present at it microbes is carried out. For normal functioning of digestive system the essential role is played by its microbiocenosis condition. During the research some regularities in the rumen and intestine microflora content under the influence of parasites (e.g. N. vitulorum and in assotiation with Eimeria spp. and Strongylata spp) have been postulated. They are expressed by quantity reduction of bifido- and lactoflora with simultaneous increase of content of conditional-pathogenic intestinal stick, aerobic bacillus and micromicet; decrease of quantitative and qualitative structure of protozoa rumen, decrease in their mobility, and also decrease in activity of cicatricial microflora. | Целью работы является изучение влияния паразитов на количественную и качественную характеристики микрофлоры желудочно-кишечного тракта животных. Пищеварительный тракт представляет собой открытую систему, посредством которой осуществляется контакт макроорганизма с внешней средой и присутствующими в нем микробами. Для нормального функционирования пищеварительной системы существенную роль играет состояние ее микробиоценоза. В ходе исследований установлены определенные закономерности в изменении микробиоценоза рубца и кишечника под влиянием паразитарных агентов у телят (а именно, при паразитировании Neoascaris vitulorum в виде моноинвазиии или в ассоциации с Eimeria spp. и Strongylata spp.), которые выражаются уменьшением количества бифидо- и лактофлоры с одновременным увеличением содержания условно-патогенной кишечной палочки, аэробных бацилл и микромицет; нарушением количественного и качественного состава простейших рубца, снижением их подвижности, а также снижением активности рубцовой микрофлоры.

There was studied the therapeutic efficiency of sorbent Lactofiltrum in a complex therapy of abomasoenteritis at calves. It represents the complex preparation containing 75% of hydrolytic lignins and 25% of lactulose. Action of lignins is based on ability to sorb and strongly to keep toxins of exogenous and endogenous origins, the pathogenic microorganisms which are present in enteral mediuim. Lactulose, a part of prebiotics Lactofiltrum, is a synthetic disaccharide. It is not exposed to splitting by enzymes in thin intestines. The active substance lactulose starts to operate in a thick gut where under the influence of intestinal microflora it is transformedto low-molecular organic acids, basically dairy, acetic, oil and propionic. Thanks to acidification of intestinal contents growth of putrefactive and pathogenic microflora chokes, osmotic pressure in a gleam of a thick gut increases. Lactofiltrum possesses high therapeutic efficiency. The experiment has shown 100% effectiveness in treatment. Economic effect is 1,63 rubles in control group and 3,52 rubles in experimental group from 1 ruble of expenditure. This treatment is economically profitable. In the tabular form the content of the general bilirubin, cholesterol, triglycerides and glucose in blood serum, urea and creatinine, daily average body weight gain and epizooty, morphological indicators of blood, dynamics of the general protein and albumens at calves with abomasoenteritis are presented. Lactofiltrum has a high therapeutic effect. Pharmacology action is associated with intestinal digestion normalization due to absorption of toxins and useful bacteria stimulation. The experiment has shown 100% effectiveness in treatment. This treatment is economically profitable.

In the conditions of the Republic of Belarus there were analyzed high productive traits of meaty calves and cross breeds bred in accordance with a system cow-calf, as well as the possibilities of using veal meat obtained in ecologically safe areas for infant food production. At the age of 6,5-7 months the weight of fresh carcass of bull-calves of sharolez breed in comparison with aberdin-angus х black-motley herdmates was on 41,6 kg (Р less than 0,001) higher, carcass yield and slaughter yield – on 13,8% (Р less than 0,001) and 13,6% (Р less than 0,001), respectively. The fat content in sharolez meat was 4,9% against 8,9%; protein - 21,9% against 18,8%. The black-motley suckling bull-calves surpassed their herdmates which were grown up by technology of dairy cattle breeding at the age of 6-6,5 months according to indexes of weight of fresh carcass - on 16,3 kg or 21,7% (Р less than 0,01); according to indexes in a slaughter yield - on 16,6% (Р less than 0,001); and according to indexes meat flesh in a carcass - on 1,5%. According to quality indexes, amino acid structure, acceptable concentration of toxic elements content, pesticides, antibiotics, radionuclides and other harmful substances the veal meat of calves which were bred on a system a cow-calve in ecologically pure zones proved to be important meat raw materials to produce infant food products.

In the conditions of the Republic of Belarus there was studied the clinical and biochemical status of pregnant cows, as well as the determination of the main reasons of disease incidence of new-born calves with dyspepsia (dyspeptic disorder). Realized clinical and biochemical studies showed that the inappropriate feeding of pregnant cows in animal breeding farms in housing season of husbandry caused the disorders of metabolic processes in the experimental animals. In blood there was noted the lowering of indexes of alkalinity reserve, glucose, phosphorous, carotine, disturbance of calcareous and phosphorous ratio. In other words, in pregnant cows there were stated the latent forms of osteodystrophia, hypovitaminosis A, hypoglycemia, and acidosis. All these factors caused the irritation and damage of liver and other organs. Mammary gland of diseased animals released colostrum milk of low quality and according to the content of nutritious and protective elements quantity it was of low quantity. Besides, derangements in calf feeding of pregnant nonmilking cows led to birth of calves with low resistance indexes to the influence of external environment factors.

In the conditions of the Republic of Belarus there was analyzed the efficiency of application of a probiotic lactic casein feed additive DKM which was developed in the Institute of Microbiology of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus. The analyzed additive contained specially selected lactic-acid bacteria with a high bioartificial potential of metabolites. In course of the experiment there was studied the consumption of fodders (milk; oats; mixed fodders) by experimental calves; dynamics of live weight gain in the beginning and at the end of the experiment; average daily weight gain. Also, there were analyzed the background indexes of blood serum of calves, as well as the indexes of blood serum of calves in a month after application of DKM additive. Research results showed that application of the feed additive DKM promoted better palatability and use of fodders and rendered positive influence on animal productivity. Also, there was marked the normalization of metabolism that was proved y the laboratory tests of blood serum.

Realized review of research works showed that pathologic behavior of ulcerous abomasitis of calves, its preventive maintenance and treatment, as well as the functional status of liver of heart of sick calves require more thorough analysis in the conditions of the Republic of Belarus. Research results proved the perspective direction of experimental investigation of ulcerous abomasitis of calves by means of ulceration of mucous membranes of fundic portion of fourth stomach y means of derangement of circulatory dynamics of organ portions. The proposed experimental model made it possible to obtain animals with pathology similar to the main clinical, biochemical and morphofunctional parameters with such unprompted pathology. Results of realized experiment on reconstitution of ulcerous abomasitis at 13 calves were presented. Indexes of total clinical blood analysis at different stages of experiment, white blood cell differential, biochemical blood indexes, and indexes of abomasal content of experimental calves were presented

Investigation of connection of experimental trichophytosis and relations between changes of clinical implications of disease and dimensions of some immunological indexes was realized in the conditions of the Republic of Belarus. At the first stage of the experiment there analyzed 48 guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus) infected with Trichopyton verrucosum. Phagocytic ability of phagocytes and level of circulating antibodies in indirect hemagglutination test were investigated each 5 days before and during disease. The second stage was realized by the example of 2,5-6 months old calves. In course of study there were analyzed blood and blood serum indexes, indexes of nonspecific resistance, as well as some indexes of cell-mediated immune response and antibody mediated immunity. Comparative analysis the following morphological and biochemical blood indexes of clinically healthy calves, calves after trichophytosis, and calves sick with mild, moderate and severe of disease were presented: erythrocytes; hemoglobin; leukocytes; basophils; eosinophiles; rods; microxyphils; lymphocytes; monocytes; ESR; total albumin; albumins; alpha globulins; beta globulins; gamma globulins; carotene; calcium; inorganic phosphorous; alkaline reserve; copper. The realized experiment made it possible to conclude that determination intensity of leukocyte absorption of microconidia of the agent, antibodies against the agent, and specific for cytoplasm fungus, morphological and biochemical blood indexes made it possible to control the development of inflammatory phenomenon in centers of infection, as well as to predict the formation of face, infiltrative and suppurant disease forms

Analysis of efficiency of prebiotics and probiotics and different systems of their application for the focused formation of bacteriocenosis of gastro-intestinal tract of calves was realized in the conditions of the Republic of Belarus. There were used 7 groups of calves: 1 – clinically healthy; 2 – calves with diarrheal syndrome which did not get preparations; 3 – calves were administrated daily with liquid probiotic Bifidoflorin Zhidkij in dose 20 ml in course of 20 days; 4 – calves were administrated daily with prebiotic Biofon with colostral milk or milk in dose 20ml in course of 20 days; 5 – calves were administrated daily with prebiotic Biofon-AIL in dose 20 ml in course 20 days; 6 – calves were administrated with probiotic Bifidoflorin Zhidkij simultaneously with prebiotic Biofon; 7 – calves were administrated with probiotic Bifidoflorin Zhidkij in combination with prebiotic Biofon-AIL. In course of studies there was analyzed the age-specific dynamics of bifidus bacteria, lactic acid bacillus, and Escherichia quantities in calves excrements. Research results showed that application of the proposed prebiotics and probiotics promoted the earlier and active contamination of intestines with obligate anaerobe gram-positive flora with its dominative position in relation to gram-negative nonsporeforming facultative anaerobic flora. At the stage of the second aging immunodeficiency the analyzed preparations rendered the resolving effect. The highest positive indexes were obtained after combined application of probiotic Bifidoflorin Zhidkij with prebiotic Biofon-AIL