Antimicrobial resistance is a global health threat. It has been studied in humans and domestic animals, but there is a lack of data on wild animals. The objective of this study is the elucidation of its patterns in Staphylococcus spp. isolated from wild mammals of the Autonomous Community of Aragón (Spain). A total of 103 mammals (Artiodactyla, Carnivora, Chiroptera, Erinaceomorpha, and Lagomorpha) were studied. A recovery centre provided 32 and hunting 71. Nasal and faecal samples yielded 111 staphylococci, which were identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization–time of flight mass spectrometry. A susceptibility test to 11 antibiotics was carried out, and statistical analysis was performed. Some differences were detected in bacterial prevalence depending on how the mammal fed. Artiodactyla, mainly hunted, were predisposed to carry coagulase-positive staphylococci. The staphylococci species recovered were resistant to at least two classes of antibiotics, and were disseminated in all of the geographical areas studied. Resistant staphylococci are widely distributed in the wild mammals in the areas of the study, but the resistance quantified in them is lower than that to be expected if the use of antibiotics in farms had a direct influence on the wildlife and its environment. On the other hand, resistance to antibiotics restricted to human use was widely disseminated in various wild animal species.

High-throughput sequencing (HTS) identifies random viral fragments in environmental samples metagenomically. High reliability gains it broad application in virus evolution, host-virus interaction, and pathogenicity studies. Deep sequencing of field samples with content of host genetic material and bacteria often produces insufficient data for metagenomics and must be preceded by target enrichment. The main goal of the study was the evaluation of HTS for complete genome sequencing of field-case rabies viruses (RABVs). The material was 23 RABVs isolated mainly from red foxes and one European bat lyssavirus-1 isolate propagated in neuroblastoma cells. Three methods of RNA isolation were tested for the direct metagenomics and RABV-enriched approaches. Deep sequencing was performed with a MiSeq sequencer (Illumina) and reagent v3 kit. Bioinformatics data were evaluated by Kraken and Centrifuge software and de novo assembly was done with metaSPAdes. Testing RNA extraction procedures revealed the deep sequencing scope superiority of the combined TRIzol/column method. This HTS methodology made it possible to obtain complete genomes of all the RABV isolates collected in the field. Significantly greater rates of RABV genome coverages (over 5,900) were obtained with RABV enrichment. Direct metagenomic studies sequenced the full length of 6 out of 16 RABV isolates with a medium coverage between 1 and 71. Direct metagenomics gives the most realistic illustration of the field sample microbiome, but with low coverage. For deep characterisation of viruses, e.g. for spatial and temporal phylogeography during outbreaks, target enrichment is recommended as it covers sequences much more completely.

The helminth community infecting Miniopterus natalensis was studied at two localities, the De Hoop Nature Reserve (DHNR) (n = 57), Western Cape Province and Pretoria (n = 12), Gauteng Province, South Africa. Hosts from the DHNR had formed part of an earlier, unrelated study and were all pregnant females. A single hymenolepidid cestode species, the nematodes Molinostrongylus ornatus and Litomosa chiropterorum together with nematodes of the subfamily Capillariinae were present at both study sites, while a single digenean, Allassogonoporus sp., was only found in hosts from the DHNR. The prevalence of helminth infections was high at both localities, 68.4 % in the DHNR and 77.7 % in Pretoria, whereas the mean intensity of infection was low at the DHNR (3.76 ± 3.15), but higher in Pretoria (10.4 ± 9.9). Molinostrongylus ornatus and, to a lesser extent L. chiropterorum, were the main contributors to the higher intensities in Pretoria. The species richness ranged from 0 to 4 at both localities.

Em morcegos hematófagos, o hábito de compartilhar alimento poderia contribuir na transmissão oral do vírus da raiva. Para verificar esta hipótese, 10 morcegos Desmodus rotundus em cativeiro foram alimentados com sangue suíno desfibrinado, contendo suspensão de cérebros de camundongos infectados com vírus rábico PV. Outros 10 camundongos receberam sangue contendo suspensão cerebral de camundongos infectados com vírus de morcego hematófago (T-9/ 95). Um grupo de 10 camundongos foi inoculado intramuscularmente com suspensão de vírus T-9/95. Outros 20 morcegos foram mantidos sem tratamento e alimentados com sangue desfibrinado por 158 dias. Todos os animais encontrados mortos durante o período de observação ou sacrificados no final do experimento foram necropsiados e os cérebros e órgãos não-nervosos foram colhidos para a confirmação da raiva. Quatro morcegos inoculados intramuscularmente apresentaram raiva clínica, com sinais persistindo por 1-2 dias e os períodos de sobrevivência variaram de 11-14 dias. O diagnóstico da raiva inicialmente foi realizado somente com os fragmentos do cérebro, submetendo-os às provas de imunoflurescência direta (IFD) e inoculação em camundongos (IC). Subseqüentemente, os cérebros e os órgãos não-nervosos foram reexaminados com as técnicas de IFD, IC e heminested-polymerase chain reaction (ht-PCR). A ingestão do vírus PV causou raiva em dois morcegos, com período de sobrevivência de 25 e 32 dias, enquanto que os três morcegos que ingeriram o isolado T-9/95 apresentaram períodos de 26-31 dias. Embora encontrando resultados discrepantes entre as técnicas diagnósticas utilizadas, os vírus ingeridos pelos morcegos foram detectados no sistema nervoso central e outros órgãos não-nervosos, como nos morcegos inoculados intramuscularmente.

Em morcegos hematófagos, o hábito de compartilhar alimento poderia contribuir na transmissão oral do vírus da raiva. Para verificar esta hipótese, 10 morcegos Desmodus rotundus em cativeiro foram alimentados com sangue suíno desfibrinado, contendo suspensão de cérebros de camundongos infectados com vírus rábico PV. Outros 10 camundongos receberam sangue contendo suspensão cerebral de camundongos infectados com vírus de morcego hematófago (T-9/ 95). Um grupo de 10 camundongos foi inoculado intramuscularmente com suspensão de vírus T-9/95. Outros 20 morcegos foram mantidos sem tratamento e alimentados com sangue desfibrinado por 158 dias. Todos os animais encontrados mortos durante o período de observação ou sacrificados no final do experimento foram necropsiados e os cérebros e órgãos não-nervosos foram colhidos para a confirmação da raiva. Quatro morcegos inoculados intramuscularmente apresentaram raiva clínica, com sinais persistindo por 1-2 dias e os períodos de sobrevivência variaram de 11-14 dias. O diagnóstico da raiva inicialmente foi realizado somente com os fragmentos do cérebro, submetendo-os às provas de imunoflurescência direta (IFD) e inoculação em camundongos (IC). Subseqüentemente, os cérebros e os órgãos não-nervosos foram reexaminados com as técnicas de IFD, IC e heminested-polymerase chain reaction (ht-PCR). A ingestão do vírus PV causou raiva em dois morcegos, com período de sobrevivência de 25 e 32 dias, enquanto que os três morcegos que ingeriram o isolado T-9/95 apresentaram períodos de 26-31 dias. Embora encontrando resultados discrepantes entre as técnicas diagnósticas utilizadas, os vírus ingeridos pelos morcegos foram detectados no sistema nervoso central e outros órgãos não-nervosos, como nos morcegos inoculados intramuscularmente. | In vampire bats, food sharing behavior would contribute for the oral transmission of rabies virus among the roostmates. To test this hypothesis, 10 captive Desmodus rotundus bats were fed defibrinated swine blood containing mice brain suspension of PV-strain of rabies virus. Other 10 bats were fed blood mixed with a mice brain suspension of T-9/95 vampire-bat-field isolate of rabies virus. Another group of 10 bats was inoculated intramuscularly with a mice brain suspension of the T-9/95 isolate. Other 20 bats were maintained without treatment and fed defibrinated swine blood for 158 days. All animals found dead during the observation period or those sacrificed at the end of the experiment were necropsied and specimens such as the brain and non-nervous tissues were collected for rabies examination. Four bats inoculated intramuscularly developed clinical rabies, with signs lasting 1-2 days, and the survival periods ranged from 11-14 days. The initial rabies diagnosis was based on direct fluorescent antibody (dFA) and mouse inoculation test (MIT) performed only on brain specimens, and subsequently, brains and the non-nervous materials were further reexamined by means of dFA, MIT and heminested-polymerase chain reaction (ht-PCR) technique. The intake of the PV-strain caused rabies in 2 bats, with survival period of 25 and 32 days, while the three bats ingesting the T-9/95 isolate presented periods of 26-31 days. Although discrepant results were found among the diagnostic tests, viruses have disseminated to the central nervous system and other organs, as seen in bats inoculated intramuscularly.

Rabies virus was isolated from a frugivorous bat, Artibeus lituratus, captured in downtown Rio Claro, SP, Brazil, in 1997. There was not any animal rabies since 1986, and this is the first isolation of rabies virus in a frugivorous bat in Rio Claro. Implications of Public Health were discussed. | O vírus rábico foi isolado de morcego frugívoro Artibeus lituratus, capturado no município de Rio Claro, SP, em bairro residencial, em 1997. Neste município, o último caso de raiva animal ocorreu em 1986, sendo este o primeiro relato do isolamento em morcego frugívoro. As implicações em Saúde Pública foram discutidas.

O vírus rábico foi isolado de morcego frugívoro Artibeus lituratus, capturado no município de Rio Claro, SP, em bairro residencial, em 1997. Neste município, o último caso de raiva animal ocorreu em 1986, sendo este o primeiro relato do isolamento em morcego frugívoro. As implicações em Saúde Pública foram discutidas.